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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the incompleteness and trend of incompleteness of the race/color variable in hospitalizations due to COVID-19 whose outcome was death, in Brazil, between April 2020 and April 2022. METHODS Ecological time series study on the incompleteness of the race/color variable in hospitalizations due to COVID-19 whose outcome was death in Brazil, its macro-regions and Federative Units (FU), by joinpoint regression, calculation of Monthly Percent Change (MPC) and Average Monthly Percent Change (AMPC), based on data from the Hospital Information System of the Unified Health System (SIH/SUS). RESULTS The incompleteness of the race/color variable in COVID-19 hospitalizations with a death outcome in Brazil was 25.85%, considered poor. All regions of the country had a poor degree of incompleteness, except for the South, which was considered regular. In the period analyzed, the joinpoint analysis revealed a stable trend in the incompleteness of the race/color variable in Brazil (AMPC = 0.54; 95%CI: -0.64 to 1.74; p = 0.37) and in the Southeast (AMPC = -0.61; 95%CI: -3.36 to 2.22; p = 0.67) and North (AMPC = 3.74; 95%CI: -0.14 to 7.78; p = 0.06) regions. The South (AMPC = 5.49; 95%CI: 2.94 to 8.11; p = 0.00002) and Northeast (AMP = 2.50; 95%CI: 0.77 to 4.25; p = 0.005) regions showed an increase in the incompleteness trend, while the Midwest (AMPC = -2.91 ; 95%CI: -5.26 to -0.51; p = 0.02) showed a downward trend. CONCLUSION The proportion of poor completeness and the stable trend of incompleteness show that there was no improvement in the quality of filling in the race/color variable during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, a fact that may have increased health inequalities for the black population and made it difficult to plan strategic actions for this population, considering the pandemic context. The results found reinforce the need to encourage discussion on the subject, given that the incompleteness of health information systems increases inequalities in access to health services and compromises the quality of health data.
RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a incompletude e a tendência da incompletude da variável raça/cor nas internações por covid-19 cujo desfecho foi óbito, no Brasil, no período entre abril de 2020 e abril de 2022. MÉTODOS Estudo ecológico de série temporal sobre a incompletude da variável raça/cor nas internações por covid-19 cujo desfecho foi óbito no Brasil, suas macrorregiões e Unidades Federativas (UF), pela regressão por joinpoint, cálculo da Monthly Percent Change (MPC) e Average Monthly Percent Change (AMPC), a partir de dados do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH/SUS). RESULTADOS A incompletude da variável raça/cor nas internações por covid-19 cujo desfecho foi óbito no Brasil foi 25,85%, considerada ruim. Todas as regiões do país tiveram grau de incompletude ruim, exceto a Região Sul, considerada regular. No período analisado, a análise jointpoint revelou tendência de estabilidade na incompletude da variável raça/cor no Brasil (AMPC = 0,54; IC95% -0,64 a 1,74; p = 0,37) e nas regiões Sudeste (AMPC = -0,61; IC95% -3,36 a 2,22; p = 0,67) e Norte (AMPC = 3,74; IC95% -0,14 a 7,78; p = 0,06). As regiões Sul (AMPC = 5,49; IC95% 2,94 a 8,11; p = 0,00002) e Nordeste (AMPC = 2,50; IC95% 0,77 a 4,25;p = 0,005) apresentaram crescimento na tendência da incompletude, enquanto a Região Centro-Oeste (AMPC = -2,91; IC95% -5,26 a -0,51; p = 0,02) teve tendência de redução. CONCLUSÃO A proporção de preenchimento ruim e a tendência de estabilidade da incompletude revelam que não houve melhoria na qualidade de preenchimento da variável raça/cor durante o período da pandemia da covid-19 no Brasil, fato que pode ter ampliado as iniquidades em saúde para população negra e dificultado o planejamento de ações estratégias para essa população, considerando o contexto pandêmico. Os resultados encontrados reforçam a necessidade de fomentar a discussão sobre o tema, tendo em vista que a incompletude dos sistemas de informação em saúde amplia desigualdades no acesso aos serviços de saúde e compromete a qualidade dos dados em saúde.
Subject(s)
Information Systems , Time Series Studies , Black People , Pandemics , Health of Ethnic Minorities , Ethnic Inequality , COVID-19ABSTRACT
RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo ecológico foi estimar desigualdades nas instalações para atividades físicas e esportes (AF) nas escolas públicas de Educação Básica brasileiras (n=70.276), conforme a proporção de matrículas de estudantes autodeclarados negros. Os resultados mostraram que escolas urbanas e rurais com maior proporção de matrículas de estudantes negros (≥60%) apresentaram menos pátio descoberto, quadra coberta e descoberta, parque infantil, estúdio de dança e materiais para a prática desportiva e recreação. Essas desigualdades são traços do racismo, que é estruturante na sociedade brasileira e é institucionalizado na oferta de condições desfavoráveis ao engajamento em AF nas escolas públicas que atendem um maior número de alunos pretos e pardos.
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to estimate inequality in physical activity and sports facilities at Brazilian public elementary schools, according to percent of self-reported black students. Our results showed that schools from urban or rural areas with a higher percentage of enrollments of self-reported black students (≥60%) presented fewer outdoor courtyards, sport court indoor and outdoor, playgrounds, dance studios, and materials for sports and recreation. These inequalities are a feature of racism, which is structural in Brazilian society and institutionalized in unfavorable conditions for engaging in physical activity and sports at public elementary schools where there is a higher number of black students.
RESUMEN Este estudio ecológico tuvo como objetivo estimar las desigualdades en las instalaciones para actividades físicas y deportivas (AF) en las escuelas públicas brasileñas de Educación Básica (n=70.276), según la proporción de matrículas de alumnos que se declararon negros. Los resultados mostraron que las escuelas urbanas y rurales con mayor proporción de matrículas de estudiantes negros (≥60%) tenían menos patio al aire libre, canchas interiores y exteriores, parques infantiles, estudios de danza y materiales para deportes y recreación. Esas desigualdades son rasgos del racismo, que es estructural en la sociedad brasileña y está institucionalizado al ofrecer condiciones desfavorables para la práctica de AF en las escuelas públicas que atienden a un mayor número de alumnos negros y pardos.
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Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é verificar a associação raça/cor e acesso a serviços de reabilitação pós-AVC. Estudo transversal de base populacional com 966 adultos (≥18 anos) pós-AVC, respondentes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde. Desfecho, acesso à reabilitação, e exposição (raça/cor) foram coletados de modo autorreferido. Variáveis sociodemográficas, histórico clínico, plano de saúde e limitação pós-AVC foram considerados para o ajuste. Regressão de Poisson com estimativa de variância robusta foi utilizada para estimar a associação nas análises bruta e ajustada. Da amostra total, 51,8% são autodeclarados negros ou outras raças, 61,4% demandam por reabilitação, sendo que apenas 20% têm acesso ao serviço de reabilitação. Dificuldade em acessar reabilitação foi referida por 57,5% dos autodeclarados amarelos ou indígenas, 43% dos negros, e 35,4% dos brancos. Na análise ajustada, negros têm 4% menos acesso à reabilitação se comparados com seus pares brancos (RP 1,04, IC95% 1,00-1,08). Pessoas da raça amarela ou indígena 17% menos acesso que brancos (RP 1,17, IC95% 1,13-1,20). No Brasil, autodeclarados negros, amarelos, indígenas e outros têm pior acesso à reabilitação pós-AVC quando comparados aos autodeclarados brancos, apontando iniquidades raciais na reabilitação em sobreviventes de AVC.
Abstract This article aims to verify the association between race/skin color and access to post-stroke rehabilitation services. It is a cross-sectional population-based study including 966 post-stroke adults (≥18 years) that responded to the National Health Survey (PNS). The outcome, access to rehabilitation, and exposure (race/skin color) were collected in a self-reported manner. Socio-demographic variables, clinical history, healthcare plan and post-stroke limitation were considered for the adjustment. Poisson regression with robust variance estimation was used to estimate the association in the crude and adjusted analyses. Based on the sample, 51.8% are self-declared black and 61.4% require rehabilitation, with only 20% having access to the rehabilitation service. Difficulty in accessing rehabilitation was reported by 57.5% of other self-declared races, 43% blacks, and 35.4% whites. In the adjusted analysis, 4% of self-declared black (PR 1.04, CI95%1.00-1.08) and 17% of self-declared yellow and indigenous (PR 1.17, IC95%1.13-1.20) have less access to rehabilitation than their white peers. In Brazil, self-declared black and yellow and indigenous people have worst access to post-stroke rehabilitation in comparison with self-declared white people, highlighting racial inequities in rehabilitation in stroke survivors.
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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to verify racial differences in the performance of Dental Specialities Centers in Brazil, according to the presence of active health ombudsman on four primary outcomes: (1) access and dental appointment, (2) reception services, (3) bond and responsibility, and (4) social participation. METHODS: Data came from the PMAQ-CEO national evaluation of public healthcare services, 2018-2019. The two main explanatory variables were the self-classified race at the individual level and the presence of the health ombudsman at the second level (level of services provision). Individual covariates included age, sex and schooling. Multilevel logistic regression was used to calculate the OR (Odds Ratios) in racial gaps according to the primary outcomes with individuals at the first level and public health services at the second level. RESULTS: The analytical sample comprised of 8993 respondents. Brown people were less likely to report better Access (27%), good reception services (31%), bond and responsibility (30%) and social participation (22%) than Whites. Black people showed similar patterns. Dental Specialities Centers that use health ombudsman for planning have attenuated racial inequities in all analysed dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: Dental Specialities Centers that use active health ombudsman for planning showed lower racial inequities in access, reception, bond and responsibility and social participation than those who did not use. Therefore, the health ombudsman should be implemented and used for planning better specialized dental services in Brazil.
Subject(s)
Health Services Accessibility , Brazil , Educational Status , Humans , Multilevel AnalysisABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the influence of community water fluoridation on ethnic inequalities in untreated dental caries among children and adolescents in Brazil while taking the human development context into account. METHODS: Data from a nationwide Brazilian epidemiological population oral health survey were used (SB Brazil 2010). Outcomes were caries prevalence measured by the proportion of individuals with one or more untreated decayed teeth and caries severity defined by the mean number of untreated decayed teeth (DT). Three different contexts were considered: 1-cities with no water fluoridation; 2-cities with water fluoridation and low Human Development Index (HDI); and 3-cities with water fluoridation and high HDI. The exposure was ethnic/racial group (White, Pardo, Black) and covariates were age, sex and household income. Multilevel logistic and negative binomial regressions were performed with 6696 children (aged 5 years) and 11 585 adolescents (aged 12 and 15-19 years). RESULTS: For both children and adolescents, ethnic differences in caries prevalence and mean DT were found in the nonfluoridated cities with low HDI and also in cities with high HDI, most of which were fluoridated. For example in nonfluoridated cities with low HDI, 5-year-old Pardo children were more likely to have untreated decay (OR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.46) and had more decayed teeth (RR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.34) than their White counterparts after adjusting for sex and household income. No statistically significant differences were observed in fluoridated cities with low HDI. CONCLUSION: Water fluoridation appears to be associated with reduced ethnic inequalities in dental caries prevalence and mean DT among children and adolescents in more disadvantaged settings.
Subject(s)
Dental Caries , Fluoridation , Adolescent , Brazil/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , DMF Index , Dental Caries/epidemiology , Dental Caries Susceptibility , Humans , PrevalenceABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate social inequalities of Brazilians in alcohol consumption and cell phone use while driving motor vehicles. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted with people who drive (n=23,474) in 2019. The outcomes adopted were cell phone use and alcohol consumption while driving, associated with the variables gender, age group, skin color, education and macro-region of housing and analyzed using the slope index of inequality using logistic regression. Results: The inequalities related to alcohol consumption and driving were identified in adults with brown skin color (7.8) linked to the North region (6.8). As for cell phone use while driving, they were higher for the younger age group (19.4) and individuals with higher education (27.1). Conclusion: Cell phone use and alcohol consumption while driving motor vehicles have social inequalities regarding the age group and education, and skin color and macro-region respectively.
RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar las desigualdades sociales de brasilenõs en el consumo de alcohol y el uso de teléfono celular durante la conducción de vehículos motorizados. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado con personas que condujeron (n=23.474) en 2019. Los resultados adoptados fueron el uso de teléfonos celulares y el consumo de alcohol durante la conducción, asociados a las variables sexo, grupo de edad, color de piel, educación y macrorregión de residencia. Las desigualdades se analizaron mediante el slope index of inequality y regresión logística. Resultados: Las desigualdades relacionadas con el consumo de alcohol y la conducción como desigualdades se identificaron en adultos de piel morena (7,8) vinculados a la región Norte (6,8). En cuanto a uso de teléfonos celulares en la conducción fueron mayores para el grupo de edad más joven (19,4), y obligatorias con la educación superior (27,1). Conclusión: El uso de teléfonos celulares y el consumo de alcohol en la dirección de vehículos motorizados tiene desigualdades sociales en cuanto a edad y educación, color de piel y región geográfica respectivamente.
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar as desigualdades sociais de brasileiros (as) no consumo de bebida alcoólica e uso de celular durante a direção de veículos motorizados. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado com pessoas que dirigiam (n=23.474) em 2019. Os desfechos adotados foram o uso de celular e consumo de bebida alcoólica durante a direção, associado as variáveis sexo, faixa etária, cor da pele, escolaridade e macrorregião de moradia e analisadas através dos índices slope index of inequality a partir de regressão logística. Resultados: as desigualdades relacionadas ao uso de álcool e direção as desigualdades foram identificadas em adultos de cor da pele parda (7,8) vinculados a Região Norte (6,8). Quanto ao uso de celular na direção foram maiores para faixa etária mais jovem (19,4) e indivíduos com maior escolaridade (27,1). Conclusão: uso de celular e consumo de álcool na direção de veículos motorizados possui desigualdades sociais referente a faixa etária e escolaridade, e a cor de pele e macrorregião respectivamente.
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O objetivo foi analisar as desigualdades econômica, racial e geográfica nos comportamentos de risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis dos adultos brasileiros. Estudo transversal realizado com os dados do Vigitel (Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico) de 2019. Os comportamentos de risco analisados foram tabagismo, consumo abusivo de álcool, inatividade física, excesso de peso, consumo regular de refrigerante ou suco artificial e consumo não regular de frutas, legumes e verduras. As desigualdades nos comportamentos de risco foram avaliadas considerando escolaridade e macrorregião de moradia dos brasileiros, por meio do índice de desigualdade absoluta (slope index of inequality - SII). Gráficos equiplots também foram construídos para melhor ilustrar as desigualdades. Para todas as análises, foi utilizado o comando svy do Stata devido à complexidade do processo amostral. Foram avaliados 52.395 indivíduos. Desigualdades importantes nos comportamentos de risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis foram observadas: ter baixa escolaridade concentrou a grande maioria dos comportamentos de risco. Tabagismo e consumo de refrigerante foram mais observados na Macrorregião Sul do país. São necessárias políticas públicas que visem reduzir as desigualdades encontradas, permitindo a melhoria nos indicadores de saúde da população brasileira.
This study analyzes the economic, racial, and geographic inequalities in risk behaviors for chronic non-communicable diseases of Brazilian adults. This is a cross-sectional study conducted with data from the 2019 Vigitel (Risk and Protective Factors Surveillance System for Chronic Noncomunicable Diseases Through Telephone Interview). The analyzed risk behaviors were smoking, alcohol abuse, physical inactivity, overweight, regular consumption of soft drinks or artificial juice drinks, and non-regular consumption of fruits, legumes, and vegetables. Inequalities in risk behaviors were assessed considering Brazilian's schooling level and their dwelling region, via the slope index of inequality (SII). Equiplots graphs were also built to better illustrate the inequalities. Stata svy command was used for all analyses due to the complexity of the sampling process. In total, 52,395 patients were evaluated. Significant inequalities in risk behaviors for chronic non-communicable diseases were observed: most risk behaviors were concentrated in those with low schooling. Smoking and soft drinks consumption were more observed in the Southern region of Brazil. Public policies are necessary to reduce the inequalities found, allowing for improvement in health indicators of the Brazilian population.
El objetivo fue analizar las desigualdades económicas, raciales y geográficas en los comportamientos de riesgo sobre las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles entre los adultos brasileños. Estudio transversal, realizado con los datos de Vigitel (Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo y Protección para Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles por Entrevista Telefónica) 2019. Los comportamientos de riesgo analizados fueron el tabaquismo, el abuso del alcohol, la inactividad física, el sobrepeso, el consumo habitual de refrescos o zumos artificiales y el consumo no habitual de frutas, verduras y legumbres. Las desigualdades en los comportamientos de riesgo se evaluaron teniendo en cuenta la educación y el macrorregión de residencia de los brasileños, mediante el índice de inequidad absoluto (slope index of inequality - SII). También se construyeron gráficos equiplot para ilustrar mejor las desigualdades. Para todos los análisis, se utilizó el comando svy de Stata debido a la complejidad del proceso de muestreo. Se evaluó a un total de 52.395 personas. Se observaron importantes desigualdades en los comportamientos de riesgo para las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles: tener un bajo nivel educativo concentró la gran mayoría de los comportamientos de riesgo. El tabaquismo y el consumo de refrescos se observaron más en la región Sur del país. Se necesitan políticas públicas para reducir las desigualdades encontradas, permitiendo la mejora de los indicadores de salud de la población brasileña.
Subject(s)
Noncommunicable Diseases/epidemiology , Risk-Taking , Socioeconomic Factors , Brazil/epidemiology , Chronic Disease , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To carry out a critical review of the literature on the use of race, color, and ethnicity in the field of public health dentistry. METHODS A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE via PubMed for articles published between 2014 and 2019. Using a data extraction form, we collected information on (1) bibliographic characteristics of the selected papers; (2) race, color, and ethnicity of the study participants and their sociodemographic profiles; and (3) the extent to which the original publications followed the recommendations by Kaplan and Bennett (2003) on the use of race, color, or ethnicity in biomedical research. RESULTS Our initial search identified 2,032 articles, 53 of which were selected for full-text examination and assessment following pre-established eligibility criteria. Around 60% (n = 32) of the included studies did not justify the use of race, color, or ethnicity in their analyses, and 9% (n = 5) took these variables as indicators of the participants' genetic makeup. On the other hand, 68% (n = 36) of the reviewed papers considered race, color, and ethnicity as risk markers - not risk factors - for adverse oral health outcomes, whereas 80% (n = 42) adjusted racial/ethnic inequities for a range of socioeconomic and demographic factors in statistical models. Only one study (2%) explicitly took race, color, or ethnicity as a contextually dependent dimension of the participants' identities. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that research on oral health inequities is often based on reductionist and stigmatizing conceptions of race, color, or ethnicity. Such harmful misconceptions should be replaced with anti-racist narratives in order to effectively address racial oral health inequities.
Subject(s)
Humans , Ethnicity , Public Health Dentistry , BrazilABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Characterize the relationship between ethnic-racial inequity and type of health insurance in Colombia. METHODS: Cross-sectional study based on data from the 2019 Quality of Life Survey. We analyzed the type of health insurance (contributory, subsidized, or none) and its relationship to ethnic-racial status and predisposing variables (sex, age, marital status), demographic variables (area and region of residence), and socioeconomic variables (education, type of employment, income, and unmet basic needs) through simple and multivariate regression analyses. The association between ethnic-racial status and type of health insurance was estimated using odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals, through a multinomial logistic model. RESULTS: A statistically significant association was found between ethnic-racial status and type of health insurance. In comparison with the contributory system, the probabilities of being a member of the subsidized system were 1.8 and 1.4 times greater in the indigenous population (OR x 1.891; 95%CI: 1.600-2.236) and people of African descent (OR = 1.415; 95%CI: 1.236-1.620), respectively (p <0.01) than in the population group that did not identify as belonging to one of those ethnic-racial groups. CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between ethnic-racial status and type of insurance in the contributory and subsidized health systems in Colombia. Ethnic-racial status is a structural component of inequity in access to health services and heightens the disadvantages of people and population groups with low socioeconomic status.
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Abstract Background Cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) are the second leading cause of death in Brazil. Objective This study aimed to describe the epidemiological profile and to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of mortality from cerebrovascular disease in the elderly in Alagoas from 2000-2016. Methods This is a multilevel ecological study of all deaths from CVD in individuals aged 60 years or older. Data were collected from the Mortality Information System. The variables were submitted to descriptive analysis, trend analysis by Joinpoint Regression method and spatial analysis with Global Moran's and local statistics; 95% confidence interval and significance of 5% were considered in the analysis. Results There were 21,440 deaths in the study period, 50.4% (n=10,797) male, 40.5% (n=8,670) aged ≥ 80 years, 44.5% (n=9,465) of "brown" race, 30.1% (n=6,448) married and 36.5% (n=7,828) with less than four years of schooling. Female and male mortality rates were 460.24/100,000 and 602.23 / 100,000, respectively. An annual decreasing trend of -1.4% (p<0.001) in overall and male mortality was observed from 2007 on. The highest mortality rates were concentrated in the eastern region of Alagoas (Moran's I =0.766288; p=0.01). Twenty-two municipalities were in quadrant Q1 of Moran's scattering diagram and considered priorities. Conclusion Death from CVD in Alagoas occurred equally in men and women in the study period, mostly in individuals of mixed race, married, and with low education attainment. The highest rates were observed in the eastern region of the state . The results highlight the need for public policies aimed at healthy aging in the state. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cerebrovascular Disorders/mortality , Cerebrovascular Disorders/epidemiology , Socioeconomic Factors , Brazil , Aging , Cerebrovascular Disorders/ethnology , Mortality Registries , Ecological Studies , Multilevel Analysis , Healthy AgingABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Characterize the relationship between ethnic-racial inequity and type of health insurance in Colombia. METHODS: Cross-sectional study based on data from the 2019 Quality of Life Survey. We analyzed the type of health insurance (contributory, subsidized, or none) and its relationship to ethnic-racial status and predisposing variables (sex, age, marital status), demographic variables (area and region of residence), and socioeconomic variables (education, type of employment, income, and unmet basic needs) through simple and multivariate regression analyses. Association between ethnic-racial status and type of health insurance was estimated using odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals, through a multinomial logistic model. RESULTS: A statistically significant association was found between ethnic-racial status and type of health insurance. In comparison with the contributory system, the probabilities of being a member of the subsidized system were 1.8 and 1.4 times greater in the indigenous population (OR = 1.891; 95%CI: 1.600-2.236) and people of African descent (OR = 1.415; 95%CI: 1.236-1.620), respectively (p <0.01) than in the population group that did not identify as belonging to one of those ethnic-racial groups. CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between ethnic-racial status and type of insurance in the contributory and subsidized health systems in Colombia. Ethnic-racial status is a structural component of inequity in access to health services and heightens the disadvantages of people and population groups with low socioeconomic status.
OBJETIVO: Caracterizar a relação entre as iniquidades étnico-raciais e o tipo de seguro de saúde na Colômbia. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com dados da Pesquisa de Qualidade de Vida 2019. Analisou-se o tipo de seguro de saúde (contributivo, subsidiado ou inexistente) e sua relação entre a condição étnico-racial e variáveis predisponentes (gênero, idade, estado civil), demográficas (zona e região de residência) e socioeconômicas (nível de escolaridade, tipo de emprego, renda e necessidades básicas não atendidas) por regressão simples e multifatorial. Estimou-se a associação entre a condição étnico-racial e o tipo de seguro de saúde em um modelo de regressão logística multinomial com razão de possibilidades (OR) e os respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS: Observou-se uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre a condição étnico-racial e o tipo de seguro de saúde. Em comparação ao esquema contributivo, a probabilidade de um indivíduo ser associado ao esquema subsidiado foi 1,8 e 1,4 vez maior entre indígenas (OR = 1,891; IC95%: 1,600-2,236) e afrodescendentes (OR = 1,415; IC95%: 1,236-1,620), respectivamente (p < 0,01) que no grupo populacional que não se declarou pertencer a um destes grupos étnicos-raciais. CONCLUSÕES: Existe uma associação entre a condição étnico-racial e o tipo de seguro de saúde nos esquemas contributivo e subsidiado na Colômbia. A condição étnico-racial constitui um componente estrutural da iniquidade no acesso aos serviços de saúde aprofundando as desvantagens das pessoas e grupos populacionais com nível socioeconômico baixo.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Objetivo. Caracterizar la relación entre la inequidad por la condición étnico-racial y el tipo de aseguramiento de salud en Colombia. Métodos. Estudio de corte transversal basado en datos de la Encuesta de Calidad de Vida 2019. Se analizó el tipo de aseguramiento de salud (contributivo, subsidiado o ninguno) y su relación con la condición étnico-racial y variables predisponentes (sexo, edad, estado civil), demográficas (zona y región de residencia) y socioeconómicas (educación, tipo de empleo, ingresos y necesidades básicas insatisfechas) mediante análisis de regresión simple y multifactorial. La asociación entre la condición étnico-racial y el tipo de aseguramiento de salud fue estimada utilizando razones de posibilidades (OR) y sus intervalos de confianza de 95%, mediante un modelo logístico multinomial. Resultados. Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la condición étnico-racial y el tipo de aseguramiento de salud. En comparación con el régimen contributivo, las probabilidades de estar afiliado al régimen subsidiado fueron 1,8 y 1,4 veces mayores en los indígenas (OR = 1,891; IC95%: 1,600-2,236) y afrodescendientes (OR = 1,415; IC95%: 1,236-1,620), respectivamente (p < 0,01), que el grupo de la población que no se reconoció como perteneciente a uno de esos grupos étnico-raciales. Conclusiones. Existe una asociación entre la condición étnico-racial y el tipo de aseguramiento en el régimen contributivo y subsidiado de salud en Colombia. La condición étnico-racial se manifiesta como un componente estructural de la inequidad en el acceso a los servicios de salud y profundiza las desventajas de las personas y grupos poblacionales con un bajo estatus socioeconómico.
ABSTRACT Objective. Characterize the relationship between ethnic-racial inequity and type of health insurance in Colombia. Methods. Cross-sectional study based on data from the 2019 Quality of Life Survey. We analyzed the type of health insurance (contributory, subsidized, or none) and its relationship to ethnic-racial status and predisposing variables (sex, age, marital status), demographic variables (area and region of residence), and socioeconomic variables (education, type of employment, income, and unmet basic needs) through simple and multivariate regression analyses. Association between ethnic-racial status and type of health insurance was estimated using odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals, through a multinomial logistic model. Results. A statistically significant association was found between ethnic-racial status and type of health insurance. In comparison with the contributory system, the probabilities of being a member of the subsidized system were 1.8 and 1.4 times greater in the indigenous population (OR = 1.891; 95%CI: 1.600-2.236) and people of African descent (OR = 1.415; 95%CI: 1.236-1.620), respectively (p <0.01) than in the population group that did not identify as belonging to one of those ethnic-racial groups. Conclusions. There is an association between ethnic-racial status and type of insurance in the contributory and subsidized health systems in Colombia. Ethnic-racial status is a structural component of inequity in access to health services and heightens the disadvantages of people and population groups with low socioeconomic status.
RESUMO Objetivo. Caracterizar a relação entre as iniquidades étnico-raciais e o tipo de seguro de saúde na Colômbia. Métodos. Estudo transversal realizado com dados da Pesquisa de Qualidade de Vida 2019. Analisou-se o tipo de seguro de saúde (contributivo, subsidiado ou inexistente) e sua relação entre a condição étnico-racial e variáveis predisponentes (gênero, idade, estado civil), demográficas (zona e região de residência) e socioeconômicas (nível de escolaridade, tipo de emprego, renda e necessidades básicas não atendidas) por regressão simples e multifatorial. Estimou-se a associação entre a condição étnico-racial e o tipo de seguro de saúde em um modelo de regressão logística multinomial com razão de possibilidades (OR) e os respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. Resultados. Observou-se uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre a condição étnico-racial e o tipo de seguro de saúde. Em comparação ao esquema contributivo, a probabilidade de um indivíduo ser associado ao esquema subsidiado foi 1,8 e 1,4 vez maior entre indígenas (OR = 1,891; IC95%: 1,600-2,236) e afrodescendentes (OR = 1,415; IC95%: 1,236-1,620), respectivamente (p < 0,01) que no grupo populacional que não se declarou pertencer a um destes grupos étnicos-raciais. Conclusões. Existe uma associação entre a condição étnico-racial e o tipo de seguro de saúde nos esquemas contributivo e subsidiado na Colômbia. A condição étnico-racial constitui um componente estrutural da iniquidade no acesso aos serviços de saúde aprofundando as desvantagens das pessoas e grupos populacionais com nível socioeconômico baixo.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Health Status Disparities , Health of Ethnic Minorities , Ethnic Inequality , Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data , Socioeconomic Factors , Logistic Models , Cross-Sectional Studies , ColombiaABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objectives. To analyze changes in racial/ethnic disparities for unintentional injury mortality from 1999-2016. Methods. Mortality data are from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) for all unintentional injuries, analyzed separately by injury cause (motor vehicle accidents [MVA], poisonings, other unintentional) for white,black, and Hispanic populations within four age groups: 15-19, 20-34, 35-54, 55-74 for males and for females. Results. Rates across race/ethnic groups varied by gender, age and cause of injury. Unintentional injury mortality showed a recent increase for both males and females, which was more marked among males and for poisoning in all race/ethnic groups of both genders. Whites showed highest rates of poisoning mortality and the steepest increase for both genders, except for black males aged 55-74. MVA mortality also showed an increase for all race/ethnic groups, with a sharper rise among blacks, while Hispanics had lower rates than either whites or blacks. Rates for other unintentional injury mortality were similar across groups except for white women over 55, for whom rates were elevated. Conclusions. Data suggest while mortality from unintentional injury related to MVA and poisoning is on the rise for both genders and in most age groups, blacks compared to whites and Hispanics may be suffering a disproportionate burden of mortality related to MVAs and to poisonings among those over 55, which may be related to substance use.
RESUMEN Objetivos. Analizar cambios en las disparidades por raza y grupo étnico en materia de mortalidad por traumatismos no intencionales de 1999 al 2016. Métodos. Los datos de mortalidad de todos los traumatismos no intencionales provienen del Centro Nacional de Estadísticas Sanitarias y se han analizado por separado por causa de traumatismo (colisiones automovilísticas, intoxicaciones y otras causas no intencionales) y por población blanca, negra e hispana, tanto en hombres como en mujeres, en cuatro grupos etarios: de 15 a 19, de 20 a 34, de 35 a 54 y de 55 a 74. Resultados. Las tasas en todos los grupos raciales y étnicos variaron según el sexo, la edad y la causa del traumatismo. La mortalidad por traumatismo no intencional mostró un aumento reciente tanto en hombres como en mujeres, que fue más marcado en el caso de los hombres, y por intoxicación en todos los grupos raciales y étnicos de ambos sexos. La población blanca mostró las tasas más elevadas de mortalidad por intoxicación y el incremento más acentuado en ambos sexos, con excepción de los hombres negros entre 55 y 74 años de edad. La mortalidad por colisión automovilística también registró un aumento en todos los grupos raciales y étnicos, con un incremento mayor en la población negra, mientras que la población hispana mostró tasas inferiores que la blanca o la negra. Las tasas de mortalidad por otros traumatismos no intencionales fueron similares en todos grupos salvo en el caso de las mujeres blancas de más de 55 años, cuyas tasas mostraron un incremento. Conclusiones. Los datos indican que, si bien la mortalidad por traumatismo no intencional relacionada con colisiones automovilísticas e intoxicación está en alza en ambos sexos y en la mayoría de los grupos etarios, la población negra en comparación con la blanca y la hispana puede estar presentando una carga desproporcionada de mortalidad relacionada con colisiones automovilísticas e intoxicación en personas mayores de 55, que podrían estar relacionado con el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas.
RESUMO Objetivos. Analisar as mudanças nas disparidades étnico-raciais da mortalidade por lesões acidentais no período 1999-2016. Métodos. Os dados de mortalidade foram obtidos do Centro Nacional de Estatísticas de Saúde (NCHS) dos Estados Unidos para todos os tipos de lesões acidentais e analisados em separado por causa de lesão (acidentes de trânsito de veículos a motor, envenenamento/intoxicação e outros tipos de acidentes) em grupos populacionais de brancos, negros e hispânicos de ambos os sexos divididos em quatro faixas etárias: 15-19, 20-34, 35-54 e 55-74 anos. Resultados. As taxas de mortalidade nos grupos étnico-raciais variaram segundo sexo, idade e causa de lesão. Houve um aumento recente na mortalidade por lesões acidentais nos sexos masculino e feminino, sendo mais acentuado no sexo masculino e por envenenamento/intoxicação em todos os grupos étnicos-raciais de ambos os sexos. A população branca apresentou as maiores taxas de mortalidade por envenenamento/intoxicação e o aumento mais acentuado na mortalidade em ambos os sexos, exceto por homens negros de 55-74 anos. Ocorreu também um aumento da mortalidade por acidentes de trânsito de veículos a motor em todos os grupos étnico-raciais, sendo mais acentuado em negros, e a mortalidade na população hispânica foi menor que em brancos ou negros. As taxas de mortalidade por outros tipos de acidentes foram semelhantes em todos os grupos, exceto em mulheres brancas acima de 55 anos que apresentaram taxas elevadas. Conclusões. Os dados analisados indicam que, apesar de a mortalidade por lesões acidentais por acidentes de trânsito de veículos a motor e envenenamento/intoxicação estar aumentando em ambos os sexos e na maioria das faixas etárias, em comparação a brancos e hispânicos, os negros possivelmente sofrem um ônus desproporcional de mortalidade por acidentes de trânsito e envenenamento/intoxicação no grupo acima de 55 anos que pode estar associada ao uso de substâncias químicas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Accidents/mortality , Mortality/ethnology , Racial Groups/statistics & numerical data , Ethnic Inequality , United States/epidemiology , Accidents/classification , Ethnicity/statistics & numerical data , Sex Factors , Age Factors , Health Status DisparitiesABSTRACT
Resumo O artigo é uma narrativa de pesquisa-formação na relação vivida entre professora e aluna produzido nas aulas de Educação Física na Educação Infantil. A história narrada mobiliza uma produção de saber/fazer que responde a um sentimento marcado pela existência do outro com objetivo de problematizar a história da cultura africana e as representações estéticas negras. O planejamento de ensino foi organizado por cenários da linguagem literária; oficina das bonecas Abayomi; jogos e brincadeiras da cultura africana e afro-brasileira. Foram percebidas algumas mudanças no comportamento das crianças negras, identificando-se um sentimento de pertencimento racial, visível na representatividade dos cabelos crespos e no fortalecimento da sua autoestima.
Abstract This article is a narrative about a formative-research experience on the interaction between teacher and student produced in Physical Education classes in early childhood education. The story narrated mobilizes production of know-how that responds to a feeling marked by the other's existence to discuss the history of African culture and black aesthetic representations. The Lesson Plan was organized according to literary language scenarios; Abayomi doll workshop; symbolic games in African and Afro-Brazilian culture. Some changes were observed in the behavior of black children, and a sense of racial belonging was identified, which was visible in the representativeness of curly hair and strengthening of their self-esteem.
Resumen El artículo es una narración de investigación/formación en la relación entre profesora y alumna producida en las clases de Educación Física en la Educación Infantil. La historia narrada moviliza una producción de conocimiento/acción que responde a un sentimiento marcado por la existencia del otro para problematizar la historia de la cultura africana y las representaciones estéticas negras. El plan de enseñanza fue organizado por escenarios del lenguaje literario, taller de muñecas Abayomi y juegos de la cultura africana y afrobrasileña. Se observaron algunos cambios en el comportamiento de los niños negros, identificando un sentimiento de pertenencia racial, visible en la representatividad del cabello crespo y en el fortalecimiento de su autoestima.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Race Relations , Behavior , Child Rearing , Black People , Education , Emotions , Self Concept , NarrationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To understand the implications of institutional racism in the therapeutic itinerary of patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) in the search for diagnosis and treatment of the disease. METHODS: Descriptive, qualitative study developed with 23 people with CRF in a regional reference hospital for hemodialysis treatment in Northeast Brazil. Two techniques of data collection were used: semi-structured interview and consultation to the NEFRODATA electronic medical record. For systematization and analysis, the technique of content analysis was used. RESULTS: Black and white people with CRF showed significant divergences and differences in their therapeutic itineraries: while white people had access to diagnosis during outpatient care in other medical specialties, black people were only diagnosed during hospitalization. In addition, white people had more access to private health plans when compared to black people, which doubles the possibility of access to health services. Moreover, even when the characteristics in the itinerary of black and white people were convergent, access to diagnosis and treatment proved to be more difficult for black people. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed the presence of institutional racism in the therapeutic itinerary of people with kidney disease in which black people have greater difficulty in accessing health services. In this sense, there is a need to create strategies to face institutional racism and to consolidate the National Policy for Comprehensive Health Care of the Black Population.