Programmed Heterostructures for Enhanced Electrical Conductivity.

Interfacial electron transport in multicomponent systems plays a crucial role in controlling electrical conductivity. Organic-inorganic heterostructures electronic devices where all the entities are covalently bonded to each other can reduce interfacial electrical resistance, thus suitable for low-power consumption electronic operations. Programmed heterostructures of covalently bonded interfaces between ITO-ethynylbenzene (EB) and EB-zinc ferrite (ZF) nanoparticles, a programmed structure showing 67 978-fold enhancement of electrical current as compared to pristine NPs-based two terminal devices are created. An electrochemical approach is adopted to prepare nearly π-conjugated EB oligomer films of thickness ≈26 nm on ITO-electrode on which ZF NPs are chemically attached. A "flip-chip" method is employed to combine two EB-ZnFe2O4 NPs-ITO to probe electrical conductivity and charge conduction mechanism. The EB-ZnFe2O4 NPs exhibit strong electronic coupling at ITO-EB and EB-NPs with an energy barrier of 0.13 eV between the ITO Fermi level and the LUMO of EB-ZF NPs for efficient charge transport. Both the DC and AC-based electrical measurements manifest a low resistance at ITO-EB and EB-ZF NPs, revealing enhanced electrical current at ± 1.5 V. The programmed heterostructure devices can meet a strategy to create well-controlled molecular layers for electronic applications toward miniaturized components that shorten charge carrier distance, and interfacial resistance.

Chromomycins from soil-derived Streptomyces sp. inhibit the growth of human non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting c-FLIP.

Three chromomycin derivatives, chromomycins A3 (1, CA3), A5 (2, CA5), and monodeacetylchromomycin A3 (3, MDA-CA3), were identified from the soil-derived Streptomyces sp. CGMCC 26516. A reinvestigation of the structure of CA5 is reported, of which the absolute configuration was unambiguously determined for the first time to be identical with that of CA3 based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data analysis as well as NMR and electronic circular dichroism calculations. Compounds 1-3 showed potent cytotoxicity against the non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells (A549, H460, H157-c-FLIP, and H157-LacZ) and down-regulated the protein expression of c-FLIP in A549 cells. The IC50 values of chromomycins in H157-c-FLIP were higher than that in H157-LacZ. Furthermore, si-c-FLIP promoted anti-proliferation effect of chromomycins in NSCLC cells. In nude mice xenograft model, 1 and 2 both showed more potent inhibition on the growth of H157-lacZ xenografts than that of H157-c-FLIP xenografts. These results verify that c-FLIP mediates the anticancer effects of chromomycins in NSCLC.

Studying lipid flip-flop in asymmetric liposomes using 1H NMR and TR-SANS.

The specific spatial and temporal distribution of lipids in membranes play a crucial role in determining the biochemical and biophysical properties of the system. In nature, the asymmetric distribution of lipids is a dynamic process with ATP-dependent lipid transporters maintaining asymmetry, and passive transbilayer diffusion, that is, flip-flop, counteracting it. In this chapter, two probe-free techniques, 1H NMR and time-resolved small angle neutron scattering, are described in detail as methods of investigating lipid flip-flop rates in synthetic liposomes that have been generated with an asymmetric bilayer composition.

Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of high-quality hepatobiliary phase imaging with shortened timing and utility in patients with compromised liver function.

PURPOSE: To compare high flip angle (FA) hepatobiliary-phase (hHBP) imaging with variable time intervals to conventional HBP (cHBP) to assess the impact of increased FA on image quality in shortened HBP imaging. METHODS: Data from 218 patients, divided into normal liver group (n = 184) and decompensated liver group (n = 34), who underwent liver magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including 10-min, 15-min, 20-min hHBP, and cHBP were analyzed. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-ratio (CR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), signal intensity ratios (SIRs), and relative enhancement (RE) of the liver were calculated for quantitative analysis. Sharpness, noise, and artifacts of the image, contrast media visibility, overall image quality, and lesion conspicuity were evaluated by two abdominal radiologists. RESULTS: Quantitative analysis showed that SNR, RE, SIR for liver/muscle, liver/spleen, and CR of all hHBP images demonstrated a significantly higher value compared to cHBP images in the normal liver group (p < 0.001). These values were also superior in the normal liver group compared to the decompensated liver group (p < 0.01). In qualitative analysis, both normal and decompensated liver groups exhibited significantly superior image sharpness in all hHBP images compared to cHBP images and the overall image quality of the 15-min and 20-min hHBP did not show significant difference compared to cHBP. All values tended to be better in the normal liver group than the decompensated liver group with statistical significance except for lesion conspicuity (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: High-FA HBP has proven to be a valuable image acquisition method, potentially shortening liver MR imaging time while maintaining acceptable image quality.

Implicit Versus Explicit Learning a Novel Skill for High School Students.

The aim of the study was to compare the effects of implicit learning using dual task-paradigm, with explicit learning on learning a novel skill, and if the performance is maintained over a prolonged period of time. Twenty-six high school adolescents (n = 26, boys n = 15, girls n = 11, age: 16 ± 0.66 years) performed a four-week front-flip learning program, where participants underwent two hours front flip practice in total between the pre- and post-test session followed by two tests; three and six months after the post-test, in which the front-flip was not practiced. Performance was evaluated by two independent gymnastics judges. Both groups increased performance at the post test, with significantly higher scores in the explicit group compared with the implicit group. Probably benefiting from error correction to select positive action outcomes and avoid negative ones consciously. However, the explicit group was also the only group that significantly decreased performance again at first retention test, suggesting that their reliance on the retrieval of declarative knowledge from working memory was subject to decay. While it seems that performance learned via implicit learning may deteriorate more slowly, but also continuously throughout six months suggesting that the directly accumulated procedural knowledge may need for proper reinforcement and practice.

Modeling asymmetric cell membranes at all-atom resolution.

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are a useful tool when studying the properties of membranes as they allow for a molecular view of lipid interactions with proteins, nucleic acids, or small molecules. While model membranes are usually symmetric in their lipid composition between leaflets and include a small number of lipid components, physiological membranes are highly complex and vary in the level of asymmetry. Simulation studies have shown that changes in leaflet asymmetry can alter the properties of a membrane. It is therefore necessary to carefully build asymmetric membranes to accurately simulate membranes. This chapter carefully describes the different methods for building asymmetric membranes and the advantages/disadvantages of each method. The simplest methods involve building a membrane with either an equal number of lipids per leaflet or an equal initial surface area (SA) estimated by the area per lipid. More detailed methods include combining two symmetric membranes of equal SA or altering an asymmetric membrane and adjusting the number of lipids after equilibration to minimize an observable such as differential stress (0-DS). More complex methods that require specific simulation software are also briefly described. The challenges and assumptions are listed for each method which should help guide the researcher to choose the best method for their unique MD simulation of an asymmetric membrane.

Predicting lipid sorting in curved membranes.

Most biological membranes are curved, and both lipids and proteins play a role in generating curvature. For any given membrane shape and composition, it is not trivial to determine whether lipids are laterally distributed in a homogeneous or inhomogeneous way, and whether the inter-leaflet distribution is symmetric or not. Here we present a simple computational tool that allows to predict the preference of any lipid type for membranes with positive vs. negative curvature, for any given value of curvature. The tool is based on molecular dynamics simulations of tubular membranes with hydrophilic pores. The pores allow spontaneous, barrierless flip-flop of most lipids, while also preventing differences in pressure between the inner and outer water compartments and minimizing membrane asymmetric stresses. Specifically, we provide scripts to build and analyze the simulations. We test the tool by performing simulations on simple binary lipid mixtures, and we show that, as expected, lipids with negative intrinsic curvature distribute to the tubule inner leaflet, the more so when the radius of the tubular membrane is small. Compared to other existing computational methods, relying on membrane buckles and tethers, our method is based on spontaneous inter-leaflet transport of lipids, and therefore allows to explore lipid distribution in asymmetric membranes. The method can easily be adapted to work with any molecular dynamics code and any force field.

Esophageal impedance planimetry during per-oral endoscopic myotomy guides myotomy extent.

INTRODUCTION: Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is the standard treatment for achalasia. Functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP) technology enables objective measurement of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) geometry, with literature linking specific values to improved post-POEM outcomes. Our study assesses FLIP's intraoperative use in evaluating myotomy extent in real-time. METHODS: Retrospective data from all patients undergoing POEM with intraoperative FLIP measurements were extracted from June 2020 to January 2023. The primary endpoint was intraoperative FLIP measurements, management changes, and symptom improvement (Eckardt score). RESULTS: Fourteen patients (age 56 ± 14 years, BMI 28 ± 7 kg/m2) were identified. Most patients were female (64%). Predominantly, patients presented with type II achalasia (50%). FLIP measurements were taken before and after myotomy, demonstrating increases in mean distensibility index (DI) 1.6 ± 1. 4 to 5.4 ± 2.1 mm2/mmHg (p < 0.05) and mean diameter (Dmin) 6 ± 1.8 to 10.9 ± 2.3 mm (p < 0.05) at 50 ml balloon fill. Additional myotomy was performed in one patient when an inadequate increase in FLIP values were noted. Mean operative time was 98 ± 28 min, and there were no intraoperative complications. At the 30-day follow-up, median Eckardt score decreased from mean a preoperative score of 7 ± 2 to a post-operative mean of 2 ± 3, with 10 patients (78%) having a score ≤ 2. In total, four patients experienced symptom recurrence, with repeat FLIP values revealing a significant decrease in DI from 7 ± 2.2 post-POEM to 2.5 ± 1.5 at recurrence. FLIP technology identified LES pathology in 3 out of 4 (75%) patients, facilitating referral to LES-directed therapy. CONCLUSION: Our study adds to the literature supporting the use of FLIP technology during the POEM procedure, with most patients achieving ideal values after a standard-length myotomy. This suggests the potential benefits of shorter myotomies guided by FLIP to achieve comparable outcomes and reduce postoperative GERD risk. Collaborative standardization of study designs and outcome measures is crucial for facilitating prospective trials and cross-setting outcome comparisons.

A Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Factor Inhibiting HIF Binding to a Tyrosine-flip Pocket for the Treatment of Obesity.

In animals limiting oxygen upregulates hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) promoting a metabolic shift towards glycolysis. Factor inhibiting HIF (FIH) is an asparaginyl hydroxylase that regulates HIF function by reducing its interaction with histone acetyl transferases. HIF levels are negatively regulated by the HIF prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs), which like FIH, are 2-oxoglutarate(2OG) oxygenases. Genetic loss of FIH promotes both glycolysis and aerobic metabolism. FIH has multiple non-HIF substrates making it challenging to connect its biochemistry with physiology. A structure-mechanism guided approach identified a highly potent in vivo active FIH inhibitor, ZG-2291, binding of which promotes a conformational flip of a catalytically important tyrosine, enabling selective inhibition of FIH over other JmjC subfamily 2OG oxygenases. Consistent with genetic studies, ZG-2291 promotes thermogenesis and ameliorates symptoms of obesity and metabolic dysfunction in ob/ob mice. The results reveal ZG-2291 as a useful probe for the physiological functions of FIH and identify FIH inhibition as a promising strategy for obesity treatment.

Exploring New COVID-19 Incertitude: JN.1 Variant- JN.1: The Queer Bird Among Omicron Sublineages.

COVID-19 pandemic is casting a long shadow, and the appearance of the JN.1 variety calls attention to the necessity of maintaining heightened awareness. It considers the strength that has been developed via immunization programs and the necessity of global collaboration to find a solution in light of the emergence of new strains of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Phylogenetically, the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB lineages, which include EG.5.1 and HK.3, are different from the SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 lineage, which was initially discovered in August 2023. More than 30 mutations in the spike (S) protein are carried by BA.2.86 compared to XBB and BA.2, suggesting a high potential for immune evasion. JN.1 (BA.2.86.1.1), a descendant of BA.2.86, appeared in late 2023 after the format had undergone evolution. JN.1 carries three mutations in proteins that do not include S, as well as S:L455S. As previously demonstrated, the HK.3 and other "FLip" variations possess the S:L455F mutation, which enhances transmissibility and immune escape capacity in comparison to the parental EG.5.1 variety. This mutation is a characteristic of JN.1. The COVID-19 virus is dynamic and evolves over time. New varieties can sometimes spread more quickly or effectively after these alterations. If that happens, the new variant has a chance to outpace the current varieties in terms of frequency.

Dynamical analysis of a discrete two-patch model with the Allee effect and nonlinear dispersal.

The dynamic behavior of a discrete-time two-patch model with the Allee effect and nonlinear dispersal is studied in this paper. The model consists of two patches connected by the dispersal of individuals. Each patch has its own carrying capacity and intraspecific competition, and the growth rate of one patch exhibits the Allee effect. The existence and stability of the fixed points for the model are explored. Then, utilizing the central manifold theorem and bifurcation theory, fold and flip bifurcations are investigated. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted to explore how the Allee effect and nonlinear dispersal affect the dynamics of the system.

Accelerated 3D metabolite T1 mapping of the brain using variable-flip-angle SPICE.

PURPOSE: To develop a practical method to enable 3D T1 mapping of brain metabolites. THEORY AND METHODS: Due to the high dimensionality of the imaging problem underlying metabolite T1 mapping, measurement of metabolite T1 values has been currently limited to a single voxel or slice. This work achieved 3D metabolite T1 mapping by leveraging a recent ultrafast MRSI technique called SPICE (spectroscopic imaging by exploiting spatiospectral correlation). The Ernst-angle FID MRSI data acquisition used in SPICE was extended to variable flip angles, with variable-density sparse sampling for efficient encoding of metabolite T1 information. In data processing, a novel generalized series model was used to remove water and subcutaneous lipid signals; a low-rank tensor model with prelearned subspaces was used to reconstruct the variable-flip-angle metabolite signals jointly from the noisy data. RESULTS: The proposed method was evaluated using both phantom and healthy subject data. Phantom experimental results demonstrated that high-quality 3D metabolite T1 maps could be obtained and used for correction of T1 saturation effects. In vivo experimental results showed metabolite T1 maps with a large spatial coverage of 240 × 240 × 72 mm3 and good reproducibility coefficients (< 11%) in a 14.5-min scan. The metabolite T1 times obtained ranged from 0.99 to 1.44 s in gray matter and from 1.00 to 1.35 s in white matter. CONCLUSION: We successfully demonstrated the feasibility of 3D metabolite T1 mapping within a clinically acceptable scan time. The proposed method may prove useful for both T1 mapping of brain metabolites and correcting the T1-weighting effects in quantitative metabolic imaging.

The modified Hardinge approach is not inferior to trochanteric flip osteotomy for Pipkin type IV femoral head fractures: a comparative study in 40 patients.

PURPOSE: To compare the modified Hardinge approach and trochanteric flip osteotomy for the treatment of Pipkin type IV femoral head fractures. METHODS:  This retrospective study included 40 patients who underwent surgical treatment for Pipkin type IV femoral head fractures between 2011 and 2020 and completed at least 1 year of follow-up. The clinical outcome of the Merle d'Aubigné-Postel score and radiological outcomes, including the quality of the fracture reduction, osteonecrosis of the femoral head, posttraumatic osteoarthritis, and heterotopic ossification, were compared between the two groups. Conversion to total hip replacement was recorded as the main outcome measure, analyzed by Kaplan-Meier curve and log-rank test. RESULTS: Nineteen and 21 patients were treated using the modified Hardinge approach (Group A) and trochanteric flip osteotomy (Group B), respectively. The estimated surgical blood loss was significantly higher in Group B (500.00 ± 315.44 mL vs. 246.32 ± 141.35 mL; P = 0.002). Two patients in Group B complained of discomfort caused by the trochanteric screws and requested implant removal. Radiographic outcomes did not differ significantly between the two groups. Clinical outcomes assessed using the Merle d'Aubigné-Postel score 1 year after injury were nearly identical (P = 0.836). Four (21.1%) patients in Group A and three (14.3%) patients in Group B underwent conversion to total hip replacement during the follow-up period; the log-rank test showed no significant difference (P = 0.796). CONCLUSIONS: The modified Hardinge approach resulted in reduced blood loss, with clinical and radiological outcomes similar to those of trochanteric osteotomy; thus, it is an acceptable alternative to trochanteric flip osteotomy.

Flip bifurcation analysis and mathematical modeling of cholera disease by taking control measures.

To study the dynamical system, it is necessary to formulate the mathematical model to understand the dynamics of various diseases which are spread in the world wide. The objective of the research study is to assess the early diagnosis and treatment of cholera virus by implementing remedial methods with and without the use of drugs. A mathematical model is built with the hypothesis of strengthening the immune system, and a ABC operator is employed to turn the model into a fractional-order model. A newly developed system SEIBR, which is examined both qualitatively and quantitatively to determine its stable position as well as the verification of flip bifurcation has been made for developed system. The local stability of this model has been explored concerning limited observations, a fundamental aspect of epidemic models. We have derived the reproductive number using next generation method, denoted as " R 0 ", to analyze its impact rate across various sub-compartments, which serves as a critical determinant of its community-wide transmission rate. The sensitivity analysis has been verified according to its each parameters to identify that how much rate of change of parameters are sensitive. Atangana-Toufik scheme is employed to find the solution for the developed system using different fractional values which is advanced tool for reliable bounded solution. Also the error analysis has been made for developed scheme. Simulations have been made to see the real behavior and effects of cholera disease with early detection and treatment by implementing remedial methods without the use of drugs in the community. Also identify the real situation the spread of cholera disease after implementing remedial methods with and without the use of drugs. Such type of investigation will be useful to investigate the spread of virus as well as helpful in developing control strategies from our justified outcomes.

Colour-dependent dishonesty in a game of chance.

We report an odd result of a coin-flip experiment which incentivises dishonest behaviour. Participants of two treatments were asked to flip a coin in private, of which one side was WHITE and the other side BLACK, and report the colour shown by the coin. Payoff depended on the reported colour: in one treatment WHITE was the more profitable outcome whereas in the other treatment BLACK was more profitable. Surprisingly, the magnitude of cheating, as reflected by the difference between the frequency of reporting the more profitable colour and its statistical expectation (50%) was not, more or less, the same in both treatments. Rather, significantly more participants cheated when BLACK was the profitable outcome. This result reappeared in two variants of the coin-flip task. We suggest that a sense of entitlement triggered by a WHITE outcome may explain this behaviour.

Tailoring the wrap: intraoperative functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) during hiatal hernia repair.

INTRODUCTION: The introduction of the functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) has provided objective, real-time feedback on the geometric variations with each component of a hiatal hernia repair (HHR). The utility of this technology in altering intraoperative decision-making has been scarcely reported. Herein, we report a single-center series of intraoperative FLIP during HHR. METHODS: A retrospective review of electronic medical records between 2020 and 2022 was conducted and all patients undergoing non-recurrent HHR with FLIP were queried. Patient and hernia characteristics, intraoperative FLIP values and changes in decision-making, as well as early post-operative outcomes were reported. Both diameter and distensibility index (DI) were measured at 40 ml and 50 ml balloon inflation after hiatal dissection, after hiatal closure, and after fundoplication when indicated. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients met inclusion criteria. Mean age was 62 ± 14 years and mean BMI was 28 ± 6 kg/m2. The majority (53%) were type I hiatal hernias. The largest drop in DI occurred after hiatal closure, with minimal change seen after fundoplication (mean DI of 4.3 ± 2. after completion of HH dissection, vs 2.7 ± 1.2 after hiatal closure and 2.3 ± 1 after fundoplication when performed). In 13 (39%) of cases, FLIP values directly impacted intraoperative decision-making. Fundoplication was deferred in 4/13 (31%) patients, the wrap was loosened in 2/13 (15%); the type of fundoplication was altered to achieve adequate anti-reflux values in 2/13 (15%) patients, and in 1/13 (3%) the wrap was tightened. CONCLUSION: FLIP measurements can be used intraoperatively to guide decision-making and alter management plan based on objective values. Long-term outcomes and further prospective studies are required to better delineate the value of this technology.

Regulation of iodine-glucose flip-flop in SW1736 anaplastic thyroid cancer cell line.

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: The alternative manner of iodide and glucose uptake found in different types of thyroid cancer, referred to flip-flop. ATC cells indicate low iodide uptake and high glucose uptake, which lack the morphology and genetic characteristics of well-differentiated tumors and become increasingly invasive. Importance placed on the discovery of innovative multi-targeted medicines to suppress the dysregulated signaling in cancer. In this research, we aimed to clarify molecular mechanism of Rutin as a phytomedicine on anaplastic thyroid cancer cell line based on iodide and glucose uptake. MATERIAL METHODS: The MTT test was employed to test cell viability. Iodide uptake assay was performed using a spectrophotometric assay to determine iodide uptake in SW1736 cells based on Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. For glucose uptake detection, ''GOD-PAP'' enzymatic colorimetric assay was applied to measure the direct glucose levels inside of the cells. Determination of NIS, GLUT1 and 3 mRNA expression in SW1736 cells was performed by qRT-PCR. Determination of NIS, GLUT1 and 3 protein levels in SW1736 cells was performed by western blotting. RESULTS: According to our results, Rutin inhibited the viability of SW1736 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR analysis exposed that NIS mRNA levels were increased in Rutin treated group compared to the control group. Accordingly, western blot showed high expression of NIS protein and low expression of GLUT 1 and 3 in Rutin treated SW1736 cell line. Rutin increased iodide uptake and decreased glucose uptake in thyroid cancer cell line SW1736 compared to control group. CONCLUSION: Multiple mechanisms point to Rutin's role as a major stimulator of iodide uptake and inhibitor of glucose uptake, including effects at the mRNA and protein levels for both NIS and GLUTs, respectively. Here in, we described the flip-flop phenomenon as a possible therapeutic target for ATC. Moreover, Rutin is first documented here as a NIS expression inducer capable of restoring cell differentiation in SW1736 cell line. It also be concluded that GLUTs as metabolic targets can be blocked specifically by Rutin for thyroid cancer prevention and treatment.

Disruption of Transmembrane Phosphatidylserine Asymmetry by HIV-1 Incorporated SERINC5 Is Not Responsible for Virus Restriction.

Host restriction factor SERINC5 (SER5) incorporates into the HIV-1 membrane and inhibits infectivity by a poorly understood mechanism. Recently, SER5 was found to exhibit scramblase-like activity leading to the externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the viral surface, which has been proposed to be responsible for SER5's antiviral activity. This and other reports that document modulation of HIV-1 infectivity by viral lipid composition prompted us to investigate the role of PS in regulating SER5-mediated HIV-1 restriction. First, we show that the level of SER5 incorporation into virions correlates with an increase in PS levels in the outer leaflet of the viral membrane. We developed an assay to estimate the PS distribution across the viral membrane and found that SER5, but not SER2, which lacks antiviral activity, abrogates PS asymmetry by externalizing this lipid. Second, SER5 incorporation diminished the infectivity of pseudoviruses produced from cells lacking a flippase subunit CDC50a and, therefore, exhibited a higher baseline level of surface-accessible PS. Finally, exogenous manipulation of the viral PS levels utilizing methyl-alpha-cyclodextrin revealed a lack of correlation between external PS and virion infectivity. Taken together, our study implies that the increased PS exposure to SER5-containing virions itself is not directly linked to HIV-1 restriction.

Exploring Flip Flop memories and beyond: training Recurrent Neural Networks with key insights.

Training neural networks to perform different tasks is relevant across various disciplines. In particular, Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are of great interest in Computational Neuroscience. Open-source frameworks dedicated to Machine Learning, such as Tensorflow and Keras have produced significant changes in the development of technologies that we currently use. This work contributes by comprehensively investigating and describing the application of RNNs for temporal processing through a study of a 3-bit Flip Flop memory implementation. We delve into the entire modeling process, encompassing equations, task parametrization, and software development. The obtained networks are meticulously analyzed to elucidate dynamics, aided by an array of visualization and analysis tools. Moreover, the provided code is versatile enough to facilitate the modeling of diverse tasks and systems. Furthermore, we present how memory states can be efficiently stored in the vertices of a cube in the dimensionally reduced space, supplementing previous results with a distinct approach.

Clinical feasibility of post-contrast accelerated 3D T1-Sampling Perfection with Application-optimized Contrasts using different flip angle Evolutions (SPACE) with iterative denoising for intracranial enhancing lesions: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Post-contrast T1-Sampling Perfection with Application-optimized Contrasts using different flip angle Evolutions (SPACE) is the preferred 3D T1 spin-echo sequence for evaluating brain metastases, regardless of the prolonged scan time. PURPOSE: To evaluate the application of accelerated post-contrast T1-SPACE with iterative denoising (ID) for intracranial enhancing lesions in oncologic patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For evaluation of intracranial lesions, 108 patients underwent standard and accelerated T1-SPACE during the same imaging session. Two neuroradiologists evaluated the overall image quality, artifacts, degree of enhancement, mean contrast-to-noise ratiolesion/parenchyma, and number of enhancing lesions for standard and accelerated T1-SPACE without ID. RESULTS: Although there was a significant difference in the overall image quality and mean contrast-to-noise ratiolesion/parenchyma between standard and accelerated T1-SPACE without ID and accelerated SPACE with and without ID, there was no significant difference between standard and accelerated T1-SPACE with ID. Accelerated T1-SPACE showed more artifacts than standard T1-SPACE; however, accelerated T1-SPACE with ID showed significantly fewer artifacts than accelerated T1-SPACE without ID. Accelerated T1-SPACE without ID showed a significantly lower number of enhancing lesions than standard- and accelerated T1-SPACE with ID; however, there was no significant difference between standard and accelerated T1-SPACE with ID, regardless of lesion size. CONCLUSION: Although accelerated T1-SPACE markedly decreased the scan time, it showed lower overall image quality and lesion detectability than the standard T1-SPACE. Application of ID to accelerated T1-SPACE resulted in comparable overall image quality and detection of enhancing lesions in brain parenchyma as standard T1-SPACE. Accelerated T1-SPACE with ID may be a promising replacement for standard T1-SPACE.