Percepciones sobre la institucionalización de la persona adulta mayor en Barranquilla, Colombia / Perceptions about the Institutionalization of the Elderly in Barranquilla, Colombia

Resumen Introducción: El crecimiento demográfico global observado en personas adultas mayores plantea múltiples retos para el diseño de políticas de bienestar y salud pública, los cuales requieren introducir mejoras para su calidad de vida, la de la familia y la comunidad. El presente estudio resultado de investigación recoge las percepciones relacionadas con la disyuntiva entre vivir la vida en familia o la institucionalización de las personas adultas mayores en la ciudad de Barranquilla. Objetivo: Determinar la percepción que se tiene sobre la institucionalización de las personas adultas mayores desde la perspectiva del sujeto y la familia vinculados a los hogares geriátricos/gerontológicos y grupos de la tercera edad en la ciudad. Método: La investigación se realizó desde un enfoque hermenéutico, aplicando entrevistas semiestructuradas a las personas adultas mayores y las familias. Resultado: En la ciudad existe una heterogeneidad en relación con las percepciones sobre la forma de vivir esta etapa del desarrollo humano y que se encuentra estrechamente relacionada con aspectos como la salud, la economía, la funcionalidad familiar y el cuidado subrogado como un fenómeno social vinculado a la migración de las familias. Conclusión: El tema plantea desafíos que hay que enfrentar en Colombia y el mundo ante el envejecimiento, especialmente en el contexto de la pobreza, disfuncionalidad familiar y desigualdad. Se definen las causas y consecuencias de la institucionalización de las personas adultas mayores, así como las alternativas de cuidado familiar y social, explorando las características culturales y demográficas que influyen en la situación de las personas adultas mayores en el país.

Abstract Introduction: The global demographic growth observed in the segment of older adults poses multiple challenges for the design of well-being and public health policies in the countries, which requires introducing improvements that positively impact the quality of life of the older adult, the family and the community. The present study, a result of descriptive research, collects the perceptions related to the dilemma between living life as a family or the institutionalization of the elderly in the city of Barranquilla. Objective: To determine the perception of the institutionalization of the elderly from the perspective of the subject and the family linked to geriatric/gerontological homes and groups of the elderly in the city. Method: The research was carried out from a hermeneutic approach, applying semi-structured interviews to older adults and families. Result: There is heterogeneity in the city in relation to perceptions about the way of living this stage of human development and that it is closely related to aspects such as health, economy, family functionality, and the surrogate care as a social phenomenon linked to family migration. Conclusion: The topic raises challenges to be faced in Colombia and the world when it comes to aging, especially in the context of poverty, family dysfunction and inequality. The causes and consequences of the institutionalization of the elderly are defined, as well as the alternatives of family and social care, exploring the cultural and demographic characteristics that influence the situation of the elderly in the country.

Journeys towards accessing an autism diagnosis and associated support: A survey of families of autistic children in Ecuador.

LAY ABSTRACT: There has been much research about the experiences of families of autistic children as they navigate the process of accessing a diagnosis and associated support. However, most of this work has been conducted in Europe, the United States, and Australia. In this study, we examined the experiences of 767 families in Ecuador via an in-depth survey. Of the families we surveyed, 651 had children whose journeys resulted in them receiving a formal autism diagnosis. Most families realized that their children might have developmental differences when they were between the ages of 6 and 48 months, after which they tended to seek support from a professional fairly quickly (i.e. within 6 months). Most families consulted with several different professionals before they accessed a diagnosis for their children, with children tending to receive a diagnosis before the age of 48 months. Families often reported negative emotions around their children's diagnostic and post-diagnostic journeys, which were commonly related to the lack of information and services available to them. We hope that through gaining a greater understanding of the experiences of families of autistic children in Ecuador, these findings can be used to inform public policies that lead to the development of supports and services that better meet the needs of autistic people and their families in this context.

Implementation of a hospital-based end-of-life and bereavement care program in a latin American middle-income country. A source of light and compassion in the midst of cloudy times.

BACKGROUND: The death of a child is one of the most devastating events a family can face, resulting in significant physical and psychosocial morbidity. Bereavement support programs have been developed in high-income contexts to address this need. However, little is known about implementing bereavement programs in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). Here, we describe the implementation of a bereavement program for parents whose children died due to cancer or other catastrophic illnesses. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis to describe the implementation of a hospital-based End of Life (EoL) care and bereavement program. This program was developed in several stages, including an assessment of bereaved families, development program guidelines, staff training, piloting of the program, refinement, and standardization. The program was developed between 2019 and 2021 in a nonprofit, teaching hospital and referral center for southwestern Colombia. RESULTS: Several tools were developed as key components of the bereavement program: a virtual bereavement course; guidance for EoL and bereavement communication and care, memory making, and follow-up calls; a condolence letter template, and group support workshops. A total of 956 healthcare professionals were trained, 258 follow-up calls to bereaved parents were made, 150 individual psychological follow-ups to parents with complicated grief occurred, 79 condolence letters were sent, and 10 support group workshops were carried out. Challenges were identified and overcome, such as limited resources and staff, and cultural perceptions of death. In 2021, this program received an award by the hospital as the Best Strategy to Humanize Healthcare. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the feasibility of developing and implementing EoL and bereavement care programs for parents and families within hospitals in LMICs. Lack of resources, staff, and training are some of the identified challenges to implementation. Utilizing methodological tools allows us to identify facilitator factors and deliverable outcomes of our EoL and bereavement program. This model provides a valuable framework for resource-limited settings.

dgfr: an R package to assess sequence diversity of gene families.

BACKGROUND: Gene families are groups of homologous genes that often have similar biological functions. These families are formed by gene duplication events throughout evolution, resulting in multiple copies of an ancestral gene. Over time, these copies can acquire mutations and structural variations, resulting in members that may vary in size, motif ordering and sequence. Multigene families have been described in a broad range of organisms, from single-celled bacteria to complex multicellular organisms, and have been linked to an array of phenomena, such as host-pathogen interactions, immune evasion and embryonic development. Despite the importance of gene families, few approaches have been developed for estimating and graphically visualizing their diversity patterns and expression profiles in genome-wide studies. RESULTS: Here, we introduce an R package named dgfr, which estimates and enables the visualization of sequence divergence within gene families, as well as the visualization of secondary data such as gene expression. The package takes as input a multi-fasta file containing the coding sequences (CDS) or amino acid sequences from a multigene family, performs a pairwise alignment among all sequences, and estimates their distance, which is subjected to dimension reduction, optimal cluster determination, and gene assignment to each cluster. The result is a dataset that allows for the visualization of sequence divergence and expression within the gene family, an approximation of the number of clusters present in the family. CONCLUSIONS: dgfr provides a way to estimate and study the diversity of gene families, as well as visualize the dispersion and secondary profile of the sequences. The dgfr package is available at https://github.com/lailaviana/dgfr under the GPL-3 license.

Evaluating large language models for annotating proteins.

In UniProtKB, up to date, there are more than 251 million proteins deposited. However, only 0.25% have been annotated with one of the more than 15000 possible Pfam family domains. The current annotation protocol integrates knowledge from manually curated family domains, obtained using sequence alignments and hidden Markov models. This approach has been successful for automatically growing the Pfam annotations, however at a low rate in comparison to protein discovery. Just a few years ago, deep learning models were proposed for automatic Pfam annotation. However, these models demand a considerable amount of training data, which can be a challenge with poorly populated families. To address this issue, we propose and evaluate here a novel protocol based on transfer learningThis requires the use of protein large language models (LLMs), trained with self-supervision on big unnanotated datasets in order to obtain sequence embeddings. Then, the embeddings can be used with supervised learning on a small and annotated dataset for a specialized task. In this protocol we have evaluated several cutting-edge protein LLMs together with machine learning architectures to improve the actual prediction of protein domain annotations. Results are significatively better than state-of-the-art for protein families classification, reducing the prediction error by an impressive 60% compared to standard methods. We explain how LLMs embeddings can be used for protein annotation in a concrete and easy way, and provide the pipeline in a github repo. Full source code and data are available at https://github.com/sinc-lab/llm4pfam.

An integrative review of parent education approaches in sport: Considerations for program planning and evaluation.

In recent years, there has been an increase in the delivery and evaluation of parent education programs within youth sport. Subsequently, some recent reviews of these programs have been conducted. However, one consistent issue across many of the programs and associated review papers is the lack of an appropriate evaluation framework to guide the planning or associated reporting of the outcomes of the interventions. This has limited understanding of the overall impact of sport parenting interventions. Thus, the purposes of the current study were as follows: (a) to identify commonalities in the reporting and evaluation of parent education programs; (b) to identify gaps in the reporting and evaluation of parent education programs; (c) to draw these insights together to provide suggestions regarding how the RE-AIM could be used to enhance planning and evaluation of evidence-based programs for parent education in sport. Specifically, utilizing the RE-AIM framework to provide insights into pertinent evaluation metrics, this integrative review aimed to identify commonalities and gaps in the reporting of parent education programs. The RE-AIM framework considers the essential elements to assess the external and internal validity of interventions through five dimensions: Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (Am J Public Health. 1999;89(9):1322-1327). Subsequently, the review aimed to provide suggestions regarding strategies to enhance the planning and evaluation of evidence-based programs for parent education in sport. Overall, the analysis demonstrated that most studies presented some pertinent evaluation information related to the RE-AIM framework, such as the number of participants and contacts made, the measures used, and the program level. However, the studies also lacked information on participant exclusion criteria, the method used to select the delivery agent (e.g., parents engaged in the program), and cost measures. Overall, the current study identified various areas where programs could be enhanced, specifically related to reporting procedural elements (e.g., program design, target population, and costs) pertaining to the implementation of parent education programs.

Yearly and Daily Discrimination-Related Stressors and Mexican Youth's Mental Health and Sleep: Insights From the First Wave of a Three-Wave Family Study.

OBJECTIVE: Research is needed to examine discrimination-related stressors and their social and psychological shaping of mental health and sleep outcomes of Latinx youth. The background, design, and methodology of a longitudinal study of Mexican families in Indiana and the initial findings of associations between discrimination-related stressors and youth mental health and sleep outcomes are presented. METHOD: Initiating wave 1 of a 3-wave (yearly) longitudinal study, investigators surveyed an ethnically homogeneous sample of 344 Mexican-origin adolescents (ages 12-15) and their primary caregivers, assessing risks and protective factors for mental health and sleep outcomes. Youth also completed a one-time 21-day daily diary after wave 1. Self-reported measures of youth mental health, sleep, and discrimination across wave 1 and the daily diary were evaluated to compare the cross-sectional (wave 1) and daily associations between discrimination and youth mental health and sleep outcomes. RESULTS: Of youth, 88.1% reported at least one incident of lifetime discrimination. Almost one-third had elevated depressive symptoms, 44.5% had probable generalized anxiety disorder, and 50.9% had poor sleep quality. Between-youth correlations at wave 1 and in the daily diary were consistent in that perceived racial discrimination was positively correlated with worse mental health and poorer sleep quality. Smaller within-youth correlations were observed in the daily diary, but there was striking variability in the effect of discrimination across youth. CONCLUSION: The present results illustrate the powerful methods of combining yearly and daily time data to investigate how and for whom discrimination-related stressors lead to adverse outcomes. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Latinx youth are the largest and fastest growing minoritized youth group in the United States. This study surveyed 344 Mexican-origin adolescents and their primary caregivers to assess risk and protective factors for mental health and sleep outcomes. The authors found that 88.1% of youth reported at least one incident of lifetime discrimination, 29.7% reported elevated depressive symptoms, 44.5% reported elevated anxiety symptoms, and 50.9% reported poor sleep quality. Youth who experienced racial discrimination were more likely to have worse mental health and lower sleep quality than those who did not experience racial discrimination. DIVERSITY & INCLUSION STATEMENT: We worked to ensure that the study questionnaires were prepared in an inclusive way. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented sexual and/or gender groups in science. We actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our author group. While citing references scientifically relevant for this work, we also actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our reference list. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION: Seguimos Avanzando - Latino Youth Coping With Discrimination; https://clinicaltrials.gov/; NCT04875208.

Updated Insights into the Phylogenetics, Phylodynamics, and Genetic Diversity of Nipah Virus (NiV).

Nipah virus (NiV), a biosafety level 4 agent, was first identified in human clinical cases during an outbreak in 1998 in Malaysia and Singapore. While flying foxes are the primary host and viral vector, the infection is associated with a severe clinical presentation in humans, resulting in a high mortality rate. Therefore, NiV is considered a virus with an elevated epidemic potential which is further underscored by its recent emergence (September 2023) as an outbreak in India. Given the situation, it is paramount to understand the molecular dynamics of the virus to shed more light on its evolution and prevent potential future outbreaks. In this study, we conducted Bayesian phylogenetic analysis on all available NiV complete genomes, including partial N-gene NiV sequences (≥1000 bp) in public databases since the first human case, registered in 1998. We observed the distribution of genomes into three main clades corresponding to the genotypes Malaysia, Bangladesh and India, with the Malaysian clade being the oldest in evolutionary terms. The Bayesian skyline plot showed a recent increase in the viral population size since 2019. Protein analysis showed the presence of specific protein families (Hendra_C) in bats that might keep the infection in an asymptomatic state in bats, which also serve as viral vectors. Our results further indicate a shortage of complete NiV genomes, which would be instrumental in gaining a better understanding of NiV's molecular evolution and preventing future outbreaks. Our investigation also underscores the critical need to strengthen genomic surveillance based on complete NiV genomes that will aid thorough genetic characterization of the circulating NiV strains and the phylogenetic relationships between the henipaviruses. This approach will better prepare us to tackle the challenges posed by the NiV virus and other emerging viruses.

Brief report: Evaluation of an adapted youth version of Parents Taking Action for parents of pre/adolescents with autism spectrum disorder in Colombia.

LAY ABSTRACT: We evaluated the efficacy of the youth version of the program Parents Taking Action in Bogota, Colombia. This program aims to provide information, resources, and strategies about topics of puberty, sexuality, and adolescence for parents of preadolescents with autism spectrum disorder. We examined whether parents in the treatment groups would improve in levels of knowledge, empowerment, self-efficacy, and use of strategies compared to the control group. We recruited two groups of Colombian parents of pre/adolescent with autism spectrum disorder between the ages of 10 and 17 in the city of Bogota, Colombia, through a community-based organization. One of the groups received the intervention and the other served as a control group. Parents in the control group received the intervention after the 4-month follow-up. The intervention included four 3-h weekly sessions in which the curriculum with nine topic areas was delivered providing parents with a space to practice strategies, learn from others, and set goals. Parents in the intervention group reported significantly greater knowledge, self-efficacy, use of strategies, and empowerment compared to the control/waitlist group. Parents were also highly satisfied with the content, materials, and peer connections that the program offered. The program has potential for high impact as information is scarce and parents do not have resources related to the complicated developmental stages of pre/adolescence. The program shows promise as an efficacious tool for community organizations and health providers to provide extra support to families of youth with autism spectrum disorder.

Psychosocial Determinants of Mental Healthcare Use Among Mexican-origin Women from Farmworker Families in Southern California.

Little is known about the contribution of psychosocial factors related to mental healthcare use among Mexican-origin women from farmworker families. Therefore, this study assessed relationships between acculturative stress, depressive symptoms, mental healthcare service use, and preferences for seeking care. Linear and logistic regression models and chi-square tests were performed to analyze survey data from 78 Mexican-origin women from farmworker families. Women were recruited in collaboration with promotoras and completed measures of acculturative stress, depressive symptoms, and mental healthcare use and preferences. Overall, 29.5% of the sample reported clinically significant depressive symptomatology. Acculturative stress was positively associated with depressive symptoms (b = 0.43, 95%CI = 0.27,0.59) after controlling for years in the U.S., primary language, and demographic characteristics. In addition, acculturative stress was associated with lower odds of mental healthcare use (OR = 0.96) after controlling for years in the U.S. and depressive symptoms. However, this association was no longer statistically significant when controlling for health insurance status and access to transportation. Mexican-origin women with high levels of acculturative stress were significantly more likely to seek care from a psychiatrist/psychologist than their peers (54.3% vs. 45.7%); however, this preference was not indicative of their use of mental healthcare services. Results suggest that acculturative stress is a risk factor for depressive symptoms and might contribute to a delay in seeking mental healthcare services in Mexican-origin women from farmworker families. Thus, interventions for this group should address aspects of acculturative stress as a strategy to increase mental health services use.

Comparative genomic analysis of chemosensory-related gene families in gastropods.

Chemoreception is critical for the survival and reproduction of animals. Except for a reduced group of insects and chelicerates, the molecular identity of chemosensory proteins is poorly understood in invertebrates. Gastropoda is the extant mollusk class with the greatest species richness, including marine, freshwater, and terrestrial lineages, and likely, highly diverse chemoreception systems. Here, we performed a comprehensive comparative genome analysis taking advantage of the chromosome-level information of two Gastropoda species, one of which belongs to a lineage that underwent a whole genome duplication event. We identified thousands of previously uncharacterized chemosensory-related genes, the majority of them encoding G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), mostly organized into clusters distributed across all chromosomes. We also detected gene families encoding degenerin epithelial sodium channels (DEG-ENaC), ionotropic receptors (IR), sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMP), Niemann-Pick type C2 (NPC2) proteins, and lipocalins, although with a lower number of members. Our phylogenetic analysis of the GPCR gene family across protostomes revealed: (i) remarkable gene family expansions in Gastropoda; (ii) clades including members from all protostomes; and (iii) species-specific clades with a substantial number of receptors. For the first time, we provide new and valuable knowledge into the evolution of the chemosensory gene families in invertebrates other than arthropods.

A ABRAFH e a visibilidade de famílias homotransparentais / The ABRAFH and the visibility of homo and transparenthood families

Resumo Entrevista realizada por Anna Paula Uziel, professora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, com Saulo Amorim, que foi presidente da ABRAFH (Associação Brasileira de Família Homotransafetivas), sobre a história da Associação, seus impactos na difusão dessas configurações familiares e como se cruza com a história de paternidade do entrevistado. Os diferentes personagens que compõem essa história falam do momento político do país, da incorporação da transparentalidades à Associação e de como esta vai se constituindo em um espaço de sociabilidade e conforto para quem exerce parentalidades não hegemônicas.

Abstract This is an interview conducted by Anna Paula Uziel, a professor at Rio de Janeiro State University, with Saulo Amorim, who was president of ABRAFH (Brazilian Association of Homotransafetive Families), about the history of the Association, its impact on the spread of these family configurations, and how it intersects with the interviewee's fatherhood story. The different characters who make up this story speak about the political moment in the country, the incorporation of transparenthood into ABRAFH. and how it is becoming a space of sociability and comfort for those who practice non-hegemonic parenting.

Reconhecimento legal da homoparentalidade e ciência. Uma entrevista com Mar González / Legal recognition of LGB-parent families and science. An interview with Mar González

Resumo Mar González é psicóloga e foi uma das pioneiras nos estudos sobre a homoparentalidade na Espanha. Suas pesquisas, a partir dos anos 2000, tiveram papel relevante no debate parlamentar no país, que culminou com a aprovação do casamento homossexual em 2015. A Espanha, um país de maioria católica que havia deixado a ditadura franquista três décadas antes, foi o terceiro país no mundo, depois de Bélgica e Holanda, a reconhecer o direito de união da população homossexual. Seus estudos versam sobre famílias não convencionais, diversidade familiar, desenvolvimento infantil e familiar e sua relação com educação e saúde. Nossa conversa tratou do tema da homoparentalidade, do estabelecimento dos direitos de filiação para esse grupo social, dos estudos sobre essas configurações familiares e as principais implicações da homoparentalidade para a saúde.

Abstract Mar González is a psychologist and one of the pioneers in studies on LGB-parent families in Spain. Her research work from the 2000s onwards played an essential role in the parliamentary debate in the country, which culminated in the approval of same-sex marriage in 2005. Spain, a Catholic-majority country that had left the Franco dictatorship three decades earlier, was the third country in the world, after Belgium and Netherlands, to recognize the right of gay and lesbian people to unite. Her studies address unconventional families, family diversity, child and family development, and their relationship with education and health. Our conversation addressed LBG parenthood, the establishment of filiation rights for this social group, studies on these family configurations, and leading LGB parenthood health implications.

As crianças, o cuidado hospitalar e as redes de familiaridade: como gestar a complexidade de saúde? / Children, hospital care and familiarity networks: how to manage health complexity?

Resumo O artigo se situa no cuidado às crianças que frequentam hospitais e suas redes tecidas para suporte, acrescido do lugar atribuído às famílias nesse cenário. Assume-se o entendimento de que as redes de relações são constitutivas do cuidado de crianças e adolescentes com condições crônicas e complexas de saúde. Essas redes são discutidas à luz de autoras que contribuem com esse campo conceitual, como Elizabeth Bott, Cláudia Fonseca e Cynthia Sarti. O objetivo se concentra em interpretar a organização de famílias para participação no cuidado, considerando suas redes de relações. Foi realizado estudo de natureza qualitativa em um setor de hospital infantil do Rio de Janeiro. As técnicas de produção de dados foram observação participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas com as famílias da sala de espera. O material obtido foi transcrito e a análise seguiu a perspectiva teórico-analítica e interpretação de sentidos. Cinco tipologias de famílias foram identificadas. A construção das redes de familiaridades a partir das relações entre cuidadoras(es), a pesquisadora e os profissionais foi o eixo analítico apresentado. A participação no cuidado enfatiza as redes de familiaridades construídas que ultrapassam a consanguinidade e a circulação de crianças viabiliza o processo.

Abstract The article focuses on the care of children who attend hospitals and their networks created for support, in addition to the place attributed to families in this scenario. The understanding is assumed that networks of relationships are constitutive of the care of children and adolescents with chronic and complex health conditions. These networks are discussed in the light of authors who contribute to this conceptual field, such as Elizabeth Bott, Cláudia Fonseca and Cynthia Sarti. It aims to support the organization of families to participate in care, considering their networks of relationships. A qualitative study was carried out in a children's hospital sector in Rio de Janeiro. Data production techniques were participant observation and semi-structured interviews with families in the waiting room. The material obtained was transcribed and the analysis followed the theoretical-analytical perspective and interpretation of meanings. Five family typologies were identified. The construction of familiarity networks based on the relationships between caregivers, the researcher and professionals, was the analytical axis presented. Participation in care emphasizes the networks of familiarities built that go beyond consanguinity and the circulation of children makes the process viable.

Children between Judicialized Family Ties: A Psychoanalytical Reading on the Parental Alienation / Filhos entre Laços Familiares Judicializados: Uma Leitura Psicanalítica sobre a Alienação Parental

Abstract This article analyses the dynamics and psychological processes underlying judicialized conflicts that are known as parental alienation, examining three case studies in the light of psychoanalysis. The litigation experienced by the child reflects their embarrassments with the Other in their search for answers to their enigmas and affections, amid guerrilla warfare between those who occupy parental roles. The study pinpoints the pathways required to understand parental alienation: in a socio-historical journey through how parental and marital ties are conceived and recreated; in a passage through the grief that the subjects suffer during family reconstitution; and through a rereading of the phenomenon focused on the uniqueness of the symptom. We are hopeful that it will support a more critical and skilled praxis for those who work in the judiciary.

Resumo Este artigo analisa dinâmicas e processos psíquicos subjacentes aos conflitos judicializados sob a nomeação de alienação parental, através de três estudos de caso, à luz da psicanálise. O litígio vivenciado pela criança reflete seus embaraços com o Outro na busca por respostas aos seus enigmas e afetos, em meio à guerrilha daqueles que se ocupam das funções parentais. O estudo localiza travessias necessárias à compreensão da alienação parental: das formas sócio-históricas de se conceber e recriar os laços familiares; dos lutos no percurso da recomposição familiar; da releitura do fenômeno visando à singularidade do sintoma. Espera-se contribuir para uma práxis mais crítica e qualificada dos que atuam no Judiciário.

Cuidados y acompañamiento educativo durante el confinamiento en los hogares por COVID 19. La perspectiva de las familias de escuelas públicas

La suspensión de la presencialidad escolar durante el período de confinamiento por motivo de la pandemia por COVID 19 alteró la vida cotidiana de las familias uruguayas y generó desafíos para el acompañamiento educativo de las infancias. Este artículo analiza las experiencias de las familias en este período, haciendo énfasis en la organización de los cuidados y las actividades de acompañamiento y sostén del tránsito escolar de niñas y niños, identificando obstáculos y oportunidades. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, que utilizó como técnica inicial, un cuestionario autoadministrado que permitió identificar aspectos de las experiencias de las familias tomados como guía para la realización de grupos de discusión. Aquí se comparten los resultados del cuestionario online respondido por un total de 278 referentes familiares de niños y niñas que cursaron de 1ero a 3er año escolar en instituciones públicas durante los años 2020 y 2021. Como principales conclusiones se destaca que las familias participantes perciben como satisfactorio el acompañamiento desde los centros escolares. Las dificultades halladas se relacionan principalmente con el tipo de propuesta educativa y modo de comunicación establecido con las maestras, las condiciones materiales del hogar (disponibilidad de dispositivos electrónicos, conectividad, espacio físico, etc.), disponibilidad de tiempo, afectiva y cognitiva para enseñar o motivar al aprendizaje de sus hijos e hijas. Rescatando la oportunidad que significó compartir más tiempo con los niños y niñas, se presenta la preocupación por manifestaciones de malestar físico y psíquico ante la situación de distancia de la cotidianeidad escolar y sus exigencias.

A suspensão da presença escolar durante o período de confinamento devido à pandemia da COVID 19 alterou o cotidiano das famílias uruguaias e gerou desafios para o acompanhamento educacional das crianças. Este artigo analisa as experiências das famílias neste período, enfatizando a organização de cuidados e atividades para acompanhar e apoiar o trânsito escolar de meninas e meninos, identificando obstáculos e oportunidades. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, que utilizou como técnica inicial um questionário autoaplicável que possibilitou identificar aspectos das vivências das famílias tomadas para a condução dos grupos de discussão. Aqui são partilhados os resultados do questionário online respondido por um total de 278 representantes de famílias de meninos e meninas que frequentam o 1.º ao 3.º ano de escolaridade em instituições públicas durante os anos de 2020 e 2021. Destacam-se como principais conclusões que as famílias participantes percebem um acompanhamento das escolas como satisfatório. As dificuldades encontradas estão relacionadas principalmente ao tipo de proposta educativa e modo de comunicação estabelecido com os professores, às condições materiais do domicílio (disponibilidade de aparelhos eletrônicos, conectividade, espaço físico, etc.), disponibilidade de tempo, afetivo e cognitivo para ensinar ou motivar seus filhos e filhas a aprender. Resgatando a oportunidade que significou compartilhar mais tempo com os meninos e meninas, surge a preocupação por causa das manifestações de desconforto físico e psicológico devido à situação de distanciamento do cotidiano escolar e suas demandas.

The suspension of school attendance during the confinement period due to the COVID 19 pandemic, altered the daily lives of Uruguayan families and generated challenges for the educational accompaniment of children. This article analyzes the experiences of families in this period, emphasizing in the organization of care and activities to accompany and support the school of girls and boys, identifying obstacles and opportunities. In this qualitative study, was used as an initial technique, a self-administered questionnaire that identified aspects of the families experiences taken as a guide for conducting discussion groups. The online questionnaire was answered by a total of 278 family representatives of boys and girls who attended the 1st to 3rd year of public school institutions during the years 2020 and 2021. The main conclusions show that accompaniment from schools was perceived as satisfactory from the participating families. The difficulties encountered are mainly related to the type of educational proposal and mode of communication established with the teachers, the material conditions of the home (availability of electronic devices, connectivity, space conditions, etc.), and the disposition of time, affective and cognitive ability to teach or motivate their sons and daughters to learn. Rescuing the opportunity that meant sharing more time with the boys and girls, there is concern about manifestations of physical and psychological bother due to the situation of distance from daily school life and its requirements.

Family-centered approach in Early Childhood Intervention of a vulnerable population from an Ecuadorian rural context.

Introduction: Studies about the implementation of the Family Centered Practices approach in Early Childhood Intervention refer as outcomes that have an impact on the Quality of Family Life, on children's development, and also on family empowerment. In Ecuador, despite an absence of Early Childhood Intervention policies and programs, a university has developed training in Family Centered Practices for graduate students. A formative component is to implement a Routines Based Model with families of children with disabilities. The aim of the study is to analyze the impact on the Family Quality of Life, children's development and self-perceived competence of families after the Routines Based Model has been implemented in their natural environment. Method: Eight families from a rural area and their children with disabilities were included in the study. The Family Quality of Life Scale-Early Childhood Intervention and the Screening of the Battelle Developmental Inventory were applied at the beginning and end of the process. A qualitative interview established the family perspective upon the outcomes in their family and their children. Results: There is evidence of a significant increase in the families' Quality of Life and in the children's development at the end of the process. At the interview the families declared themselves more competent to understand and contribute to the development of their children. Discussion: The results provide knowledge of the implementation of a Routine Based Model in vulnerable contexts. Also contributes in the understanding of the family perspective on the outcomes and perceived benefits for the children and the family itself as a measure of quality of the intervention and training. Implications of the results for initial and ongoing training of early care professionals with vulnerable populations are discussed.

Interculturalidad e infancia rural: trabajo y cuidado en La Araucanía, Chile / Interculturality and rural childhood: work and care in La Araucanía, Chile

(analítico) Desde una mirada intercultural, se exploraron los significados de infancia en la agricultura familiar campesina, así como sus implicaciones en términos de trabajo y provisión de cuidados a niños y niñas. A partir de la tensión entre los significados universales de infancia basados en un enfoque de derechos y el trabajo en el campo del cual participan las personas desde temprana edad, se realizó un estudio cualitativo con diseño de teoría fundamentada y aplicación de entrevistas a mujeres cuidadoras y profesionales de programas de desarrollo rural en Chile. Se evidenció que a medida que la infancia aumenta en actoría social, disminuyen las prácticas de trabajo y se profundizan las de cuidado. Los resultados alientan a pensar en la proyección de una ontología de la niñez rural.

(analytical) Using an intercultural perspective, this study explores the meanings of childhood in the rural peasant population, as well as the implications of these meanings on the allocation of tasks and providing care to boys and girls. Taking into account the tension between universal meanings of childhood that draw on rights-based perspectives and the traditional practice of children working in agriculture, we conducted a qualitative study using a grounded theory methodology. Interviews were conducted with women caregivers and staff who work in rural development programs in Chile. The study's results show that as childhood has had an increasing value with children becoming more and more recognized as social actors, traditional child work practices in agriculture have decreased and care practices have been strengthened. The author concludes that the results of the research have consequences when thinking about an ontology for rural children.

(analítico) A partir de uma perspectiva intercultural, exploramos os significados da infância entre famílias voltadas para agricultura familiar camponesa, bem como suas implicações em termos de trabalho e prestação de cuidados às meninos e meninas. Considerando a tensão existente entre os significados universais da infância a partir de uma abordagem de direitos e o trabalho no campo, no qual as pessoas se engajam desde muito cedo, realizamos um estudo qualitativo, com base na teoria fundamentada, onde realizamos entrevistas com mulheres cuidadoras e profissionais dos programas de desenvolvimento rural no Chile. Evidenciamos que à medida que a infância adquiriu um valor ao nível da atuação social, as práticas de trabalho diminuíram e as práticas de cuidado se aprofundaram. Conclui-se sobre as consequências dos resultados para pensar uma ontologia da infância rural.

U2 and U4 snDNA Comparative Chromosomal Mapping in the Neotropical Fish Genera Apareiodon and Parodon (Characiformes: Parodontidae).

Small nuclear DNA (snDNA) are valuable cytogenetic markers for comparative studies in chromosome evolution because different distribution patterns were found among species. Parodontidae, a Neotropical fish family, is known to have female heterogametic sex chromosome systems in some species. The U2 and U4 snDNA sites have been found to be involved in Z and W chromosome differentiation in Apareiodon sp., Apareiodon affinis, and Parodon hilarii. However, few studies have evaluated snDNA sites as propulsors of chromosome diversification among closely related fish species. In this study, we investigated the distribution of U2 and U4 snDNA clusters in the chromosomes of 10 populations/species belonging to Apareiodon and Parodon, aiming to identify chromosomal homeologies or diversification. In situ localization data revealed a submetacentric pair carrying the U2 snDNA site among the populations/species analyzed. Furthermore, all studied species demonstrated homeology in the location of U4 snDNA cluster in the proximal region of metacentric pair 1, besides an additional signal showing up with a divergence in Apareiodon. Comparative chromosomal mapping of U4 snDNA also helped to reinforce the proposal of the ZZ/ZW1W2 sex chromosome system origin in an A. affinis population. According to cytogenetic data, the study corroborates the diversification in Parodontidae paired species with uncertain taxonomy.

Pseudocercospora fijiensis Conidial Germination Is Dominated by Pathogenicity Factors and Effectors.

Conidia play a vital role in the survival and rapid spread of fungi. Many biological processes of conidia, such as adhesion, signal transduction, the regulation of oxidative stress, and autophagy, have been well studied. In contrast, the contribution of pathogenicity factors during the development of conidia in fungal phytopathogens has been poorly investigated. To date, few reports have centered on the pathogenicity functions of fungal phytopathogen conidia. Pseudocercospora fijiensis is a hemibiotrophic fungus and the causal agent of the black Sigatoka disease in bananas and plantains. Here, a conidial transcriptome of P. fijiensis was characterized computationally. Carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipid metabolisms presented the highest number of annotations in Gene Ontology. Common conidial functions were found, but interestingly, pathogenicity factors and effectors were also identified. Upon analysis of the resulting proteins against the Pathogen-Host Interaction (PHI) database, 754 hits were identified. WideEffHunter and EffHunter effector predictors identified 618 effectors, 265 of them were shared with the PHI database. A total of 1107 conidial functions devoted to pathogenesis were found after our analysis. Regarding the conidial effectorome, it was found to comprise 40 canonical and 578 non-canonical effectors. Effectorome characterization revealed that RXLR, LysM, and Y/F/WxC are the largest effector families in the P. fijiensis conidial effectorome. Gene Ontology classification suggests that they are involved in many biological processes and metabolisms, expanding our current knowledge of fungal effectors.