ABSTRACT
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common primary liver cancer, arises after a long period of exposure to etiological factors. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is ranked as the main risk factor for developing HCC; hence, experimental models of NASH leading to HCC have become key tools both to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology and to evaluate new putative drugs for treating chronic liver diseases in humans. Animal models of NASH induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) plus chemical inducers, such as the NASH-HCC (STAM), high-fat diet/diethylnitrosamine (HFD/DEN), choline-deficient high-fat diet/DEN (CDHFD/DEN), and Western diet/carbon tetrachloride (WD/CCl4) models, are promising because they exacerbate liver damage and significantly shorten the experimental time. In this review, we critically summarize and discuss the ability of these models to recapitulate the liver alterations that precede and lead to HCC progression, as well as the impact of the diet in promoting liver injury progression. We also emphasize the strengths and weaknesses of the models' ability to closely mimic the stages of liver injury development that occur in humans. Based on the molecular mechanisms induced by the currently available NASH models leading to HCC, we argue that although several NASH models have importantly contributed to describing the disease chronology, the progress in emulating the progression from NASH to HCC has been partial. Thus, the development of novel NASH/HCC models remains an unmet need.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/diagnosis , Disease Models, Animal , Liver Neoplasms/diagnosis , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/complications , Animals , Carbon Tetrachloride , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology , Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects , Diethylnitrosamine , Humans , Liver/pathology , Liver Neoplasms/etiology , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/etiologyABSTRACT
RESUMEN El contenido de ácidos grasos en la leche materna madura varía dependiendo del estado nutricional de la madre, de la dieta materna antes de la gestación y durante la gestación, el tiempo de lactancia, entre otros. Por lo anterior, este estudio pretende caracterizar la ingesta dietaría de madres donantes de leche materna madura y determinar el perfil de ácidos grasos con énfasis en los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga. Para ello, se contó con la participación de 50 madres lactantes y donantes las cuales se extrajeron cada una, 60 ml de leche materna madura, para determinar el perfil de ácidos grasos por cromatografía de gases. También, se determinó el consumo de ácidos grasos por frecuencia de consumo y por consumo habitual. Se reporto que en la leche materna madura prima el contenido de ácidos grasos insaturados (62%) sobre los saturados (38%), además, el total de grasa encontrado, fue superior al reportado normalmente en la literatura. Finalmente, no se evidencio correlación entre el consumo de ácidos grasos en la dieta de las madres y el contenido de estos en la leche materna madura, aspecto coherente con el contenido nutricional adecuado que debe aportar este alimento al lactante sin afectar su salud.
ABSTRACT The content of fatty acids in mature breast milk varies depending on the nutritional status of the mother, maternal diet before pregnancy and during pregnancy, and breastfeeding time, among others. This study aimed to characterize the dietary intake of donor mothers of mature breast milk and determine fatty acid profile with emphasis on long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Fifty donor mothers were involved, each one provided 60 ml of mature breast milk; fatty acid profile was determined by gas chromatography. The consumption of fatty acids was determined by frequency of consumption and by habitual semiquantitative consumption. We found that unsaturated fatty acid content was greater than saturated (62%) in mature breast milk and total fat was higher than that normally reported in the literature. Finally, there was no correlation between the consumption of fatty acids in the diet of the mothers and the content of these in mature breast milk, which is consistent with the adequate nutritional content that this food should provide to the infant without affecting their health.