Funduplicatura con disección extensa de la unión esofagogástrica: lecciones aprendidas y resultados tras 178 pacientes consecutivos / Fundoplication with extensive dissection of the esophagogastric junction: Lessons learned and outcomes from 178 consecutives patients

Introducción: La cirugía antirreflujo se asocia con frecuencia a tasas significativas de recurrencia y complicaciones, habiéndose propuesto varias técnicas quirúrgicas para minimizarlas. El objetivo del estudio es evaluar los resultados a tres años de una funduplicatura con disección extensa de la unión esofagogástrica (UEG). Métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo que incluyó a 178 pacientes con enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE) o hernia de hiato (HH) a los que se les realizó una funduplicatura con disección extensa de la UEG entre 2015 y 2020. La recidiva herniaria, los síntomas y la calidad de vida al primer año y a los tres siguientes de la cirugía fueron evaluados mediante tránsito baritado, endoscopia y cuestionarios para síntomas y calidad de vida (Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease-Health Related Quality of Life [GERD-HRQL]). Resultados: La tasa de pirosis fue de 7,5 y 10,7% al año y a los tres siguientes, respectivamente, regurgitación de 3,8 y 6,9% y disfagia de 3,7 y 7,6%. La presencia de hernia hiatal se evidenció preoperatoriamente en 55,1% y en 7,8 y 9,6% en el seguimiento y la mediana de la escala GERD-HRQL fue de 27, 2 y 0, respectivamente. No aparecieron casos de telescopaje de la funduplicatura ni síntomas que sugieran lesión vagal. No se encontraron diferencias al comparar los distintos tipos de funduplicatura en términos de recidiva del reflujo, complicaciones o recurrencia de la hernia. Conclusiones: La funduplicatura con disección extensa de la UEG contribuye a su correcto posicionamiento y mejor anclaje, lo que asocia bajas tasas de recidiva herniaria y del reflujo, así como disminuye la posibilidad de telescopaje y lesión vagal.(AU)

Introduction: Antireflux surgery is commonly associated with significant recurrence and complication rates, and several surgical techniques have been proposed to minimize them. The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of a fundoplication with extensive dissection of the esophagogastric junction 1 and 3 years after the procedure.Methods: Retrospective observational study including 178 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease or hiatal hernia who underwent fundoplication with extensive dissection of the esophagogastric junction between 2015 and 2020. Hernia recurrence, symptoms and quality of life at 1 and 3 years after surgery were assessed by barium transit, endoscopy and questionnaires for symptoms and quality of life (GERD-HRQL). Results: Heartburn rate was 7.5% and 10.7% at 1 and 3 years respectively, regurgitation 3.8% and 6.9% and dysphagia was 3.7% and 7.6%. The presence of hiatal hernia was evident preoperatively in 55.1% and in 7.8% and 9.6% at follow-up and the median GERD-HRQL scale was 27, 2 and 0, respectively. There were no cases of slippage of the fundoplication or symptoms suggestive of vagal injury. No differences were found when comparing the different types of fundoplication in terms of reflux and recurrence or complications. Conclusions: Fundoplication with extensive dissection of the esophagogastric junction contributes to correct positioning and better anchorage of the fundoplication, which is associated with low rates of hiatal hernia and reflux recurrence, as well as absence of slippage and lower possibility of vagal injury.(AU)

Fundoplication with extensive dissection of the esophagogastric junction: Lessons learned and outcomes from 178 consecutives patients.

INTRODUCTION: Antireflux surgery is commonly associated with significant recurrence and complication rates, and several surgical techniques have been proposed to minimize them. The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of a fundoplication with extensive dissection of the esophagogastric junction 1 and 3 years after the procedure. METHODS: Retrospective observational study including 178 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease or hiatal hernia who underwent fundoplication with extensive dissection of the esophagogastric junction between 2015 and 2020. Hernia recurrence, symptoms and quality of life at 1 and 3 years after surgery were assessed by barium transit, endoscopy and questionnaires for symptoms and quality of life (GERD-HRQL). RESULTS: Heartburn rate was 7.5% and 10.7% at 1 and 3 years respectively, regurgitation 3.8% and 6.9% and dysphagia was 3.7% and 7.6%. The presence of hiatal hernia was evident preoperatively in 55.1% and in 7.8% and 9.6% at follow-up and the median GERD-HRQL scale was 27, 2 and 0 respectively. There were no cases of slippage of the fundoplication or symptoms suggestive of vagal injury. No differences were found when comparing the different types of fundoplication in terms of reflux and recurrence or complications. CONCLUSIONS: Fundoplication with extensive dissection of the esophagogastric junction contributes to correct positioning and better anchorage of the fundoplication, which is associated with low rates of hiatal hernia and reflux recurrence, as well as absence of slippage and lower possibility of vagal injury.

Anti-reflux surgery vs. bariatric surgery as anti-GERD and hiatal hernia treatment in obese patient. New surgical proposals.

The persistence of obesity favors the failure of the Fundoplication (FP) in the treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER). However, the weight loss obtained with the performance of a Gastric Bypass (GBP) allows a good resolution of symptoms, without increasing the incidence of postoperative complications. All of this leads us to consider that while FP is the indication in patients with BMI < 30, in those patients with BMI > 35, GBP appears to be the procedure of choice. But there is still no position in the case of patients with a BMI between 30 and 35, although we must take into account that an increase in GER recurrence has been described after FP in patients with a BMI > 30. Although Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG) is one of the most frequently used bariatric procedures in recent years, its association with a high rate of postoperative GER has led several authors to propose its performance associated with an anti-reflux procedure in patients with GER symptoms. Likewise, if the existence of an Hiatal Hernia is verified, it must be treated by hiatoplasty, both during the performance of a GBP and a SG. This simultaneous treatment is not associated with an increase in complications.

Esófago porcino: modelo ex vivo de entrenamiento laparoscópico para la miotomía de Heller y funduplicatura de Dor / Porcine esophagus: ex vivo laparoscopic training model for Heller's myotomy and Dor's funduplication

El dominio de procedimientos avanzados en laparoscopia es fundamental para los cirujanos, por ello el entrenamiento es imprescindible. La miotomía de Heller y funduplicatura de Dor requieren el desarrollo de habilidades y destrezas para realizar la cirugía de forma segura y eficaz, superar la curva de aprendizaje es un reto para el cirujano en formación, por lo que se propone el esófago porcino como modelo ex vivo de entrenamiento laparoscópico, con el fin de permitir desarrollar las habilidades necesarias y así llevar a cabo con éxito el procedimiento quirúrgico.Objetivo : Aplicar el esófago porcino como modelo ex vivo para el entrenamiento laparoscópico de la miotomía de Heller y funduplicatura de Dor.Métodos : Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, experimental y longitudinal, aplicado en un período de 17 semanas, en sesiones de 1 hora cada una, una sesión por semana.Resultados : Se llevaron a cabo 17 prácticas realizadas por el autor, evaluadas por cirujanos expertos, observando un aumento de la puntuación obtenida en la escala GOALS y disminución del tiempo de ejecución a medida que aumentaba el número de prácticas con una correlación altamente significativa, según la tau-B de Kendall (p=0,000).Conclusión : El modelo ex vivo permitió recrear la mayoría de los pasos quirúrgicos y demostró ser una herramienta útil y valiosa, disminuyendo el tiempo de ejecución del procedimiento y aumentando significativamente las habilidades laparoscópicas(AU)

Mastery of advanced procedures in laparoscopy is important for surgeons, therefore training is essential. Heller's myotomy and Dor's fundoplication require the development of abilities and skills to perform the surgery safely and effectively, overcoming the learning curve is a challenge for the surgeon in training, so the porcine esophagus is proposed as an ex vivo model of laparoscopic training in order to develop the necessary skills to successfully carry out the surgical procedure. Objective: To apply the porcine esophagus as an ex vivo model for laparoscopic training of Heller's myotomy and Dor's fundoplication. Methods: A prospective, experimental and longitudinal study was carried out, applied by the authors in a period of 17 weeks, in sessions of 1 hour each, one session per week. Results: 17 practices carried out by the author were carried out, evaluated by expert surgeons, observing an increase in the score obtained on the GOALS scale and a decrease in execution time as the number of practices with a high significant influence increase, according to Kendall's tau-B (p=0.000). Conclusion: The ex vivo model allowed recreating most of the surgical steps and stood out as a useful and valuable tool, decreasing the execution time of the procedure and significantly increasing laparoscopic skills(AU)

Cirugía robótica en el tratamiento de la acalasia / Robotic surgery for the treatment of achalasia

Objetivo Describir la experiencia del abordaje robótico en la cirugía de la acalasia en un centro de tercer nivel. Material y métodos Se analizaron los pacientes con acalasia intervenidos mediante cirugía robótica entre mayo de 2010 y abril de 2019. Las variables a estudio se recogieron en una base de datos prospectiva y se realizó un análisis descriptivo. Resultados Se incluyeron 45 pacientes (55,6% varones) con edad media de 44 años. El síntoma principal al diagnóstico fue la disfagia. Diecinueve pacientes (42,2%) habían recibido tratamiento endoscópico previo a la cirugía, mayoritariamente dilatación neumática (84,2%). La técnica quirúrgica empleada fue la miotomía de Heller asociada a funduplicatura tipo Toupet, con un tiempo operatorio medio de 211 minutos. La estancia media fue 5 días. Se produjeron 2 perforaciones postoperatorias (4,4%). La mortalidad peroperatoria fue del 0%. El seguimiento medio fue de 64 meses. A 3 y 5 años se evidenció una importante disminución del Eckardt score y el estudio manométrico mostró una disminución de la presión del esfínter esofágico inferior en reposo media del 58% y del 70%, respectivamente, con persistencia de hipomotilidad del cuerpo esofágico. En dos pacientes (5,4%) se diagnosticó reflujo gastroesofágico patológico y 4 (10,8%) presentaron recurrencia de los síntomas, requiriendo dilataciones neumáticas endoscópicas. En 2 casos las dilataciones no fueron efectivas por lo que se planteó la realización de una miotomía endoscópica. Conclusiones Según nuestra experiencia, la cirugía robótica constituye un procedimiento seguro y efectivo para el tratamiento de la acalasia (AU)

Objective To describe the experience of the robotic approach for achalasia surgery in a tertiary center. Material and methods Patients with achalasia who underwent robotic surgery between May 2010 and April 2019 were analyzed. The study variables were collected in a prospective database and a descriptive analysis was performed. Results 45 patients (55.6% male) with a mean age of 44 years were included. The main symptom at diagnosis was dysphagia. 19 patients (42.2%) received endoscopic treatment prior to surgery, mostly pneumatic dilation (84.2%). Heller's myotomy associated with Toupet fundoplication was the surgical technique of choice, with a mean operative time of 211minutes. The average stay was 5 days. There were 2 postoperative perforations (4.4%). Perioperative mortality was 0%. The mean follow-up was 64 months. At 3 and 5 years, a significant decrease in the Eckardt score was observed and the manometric study showed a decrease in the lower esophageal sphincter pressure at rest of 58% and 70%, respectively, with persistence of hypomotility of the esophageal body. Pathological gastroesophageal reflux was diagnosed in two patients (5.4%) and 4 (10.8%) presented recurrence of symptoms, requiring endoscopic pneumatic dilations. In 2 cases, the dilations were not effective, so an endoscopic myotomy was considered. Conclusions In our experience, robotic surgery is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of achalasia (AU)

Robotic surgery for the treatment of achalasia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the experience of the robotic approach for achalasia surgery in a tertiary center. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with achalasia who underwent robotic surgery between May 2010 and April 2019 were analyzed. The study variables were collected in a prospective database and a descriptive analysis was performed. RESULTS: 45 patients (55.6% male) with a mean age of 44 years were included. The main symptom at diagnosis was dysphagia. 19 patients (42.2%) received endoscopic treatment prior to surgery, mostly pneumatic dilation (84.2%). Heller's myotomy associated with Toupet fundoplication was the surgical technique of choice, with a mean operative time of 211 min. The average stay was 5 days. There were 2 postoperative perforations (4.4%). Perioperative mortality was 0%. The mean follow-up was 64 months. At 3 and 5 years, a significant decrease in the Eckardt score was observed and the manometric study showed a decrease in the lower esophageal sphincter pressure at rest of 58% and 70%, respectively, with persistence of hypomotility of the esophageal body. Pathological gastroesophageal reflux was diagnosed in two patients (5.4%) and 4 (10.8%) presented recurrence of symptoms, requiring endoscopic pneumatic dilations. In 2 cases, the dilations were not effective, so an endoscopic myotomy was considered. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, robotic surgery is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of achalasia.

Robotic surgery for the treatment of achalasia. / Cirugía robótica en el tratamiento de la acalasia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the experience of the robotic approach for achalasia surgery in a tertiary center. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with achalasia who underwent robotic surgery between May 2010 and April 2019 were analyzed. The study variables were collected in a prospective database and a descriptive analysis was performed. RESULTS: 45 patients (55.6% male) with a mean age of 44 years were included. The main symptom at diagnosis was dysphagia. 19 patients (42.2%) received endoscopic treatment prior to surgery, mostly pneumatic dilation (84.2%). Heller's myotomy associated with Toupet fundoplication was the surgical technique of choice, with a mean operative time of 211minutes. The average stay was 5 days. There were 2 postoperative perforations (4.4%). Perioperative mortality was 0%. The mean follow-up was 64 months. At 3 and 5 years, a significant decrease in the Eckardt score was observed and the manometric study showed a decrease in the lower esophageal sphincter pressure at rest of 58% and 70%, respectively, with persistence of hypomotility of the esophageal body. Pathological gastroesophageal reflux was diagnosed in two patients (5.4%) and 4 (10.8%) presented recurrence of symptoms, requiring endoscopic pneumatic dilations. In 2 cases, the dilations were not effective, so an endoscopic myotomy was considered. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, robotic surgery is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of achalasia.

Primary repair: damage control surgery in esophageal trauma / El reparo primario: el control de daños en el trauma de esófago

Abstract Esophageal trauma is a rare but life-threatening event associated with high morbidity and mortality. An inadvertent esophageal perforation can rapidly contaminate the neck, mediastinum, pleural space, or abdominal cavity, resulting in sepsis or septic shock. Higher complications and mortality rates are commonly associated with adjacent organ injuries and/or delays in diagnosis or definitive management. This article aims to delineate the experience obtained by the Trauma and Emergency Surgery Group (CTE) of Cali, Colombia, on the surgical management of esophageal trauma following damage control principles. Esophageal injuries should always be suspected in thoracoabdominal or cervical trauma when the trajectory or mechanism suggests so. Hemodynamically stable patients should be radiologically evaluated before a surgical correction, ideally with computed tomography of the neck, chest, and abdomen. While hemodynamically unstable patients should be immediately transferred to the operating room for direct surgical control. A primary repair is the surgical management of choice in all esophageal injuries, along with endoscopic nasogastric tube placement and immediate postoperative care in the intensive care unit. We propose an easy-to-follow surgical management algorithm that sticks to the philosophy of "Less is Better" by avoiding esophagostomas.

Resumen El trauma esofágico es un evento poco frecuente pero potencialmente mortal. Una perforación esofágica inadvertida puede ocasionar la rápida contaminación del cuello, el mediastino, el espacio pleural o la cavidad abdominal, lo cual puede resultar en sepsis o choque séptico. Las complicaciones y la mortalidad aumentan con el retraso en el diagnóstico o manejo definitivo, y la presencia de lesiones asociadas. El objetivo del presente artículo es describir la experiencia adquirida por el grupo de cirugía de Trauma y Emergencias (CTE) de Cali, Colombia en el manejo del trauma de esófago de acuerdo con los principios de la cirugía de control de daños. Las lesiones esofágicas deben sospecharse en todo trauma toraco-abdominal o cervical en el que el mecanismo o la trayectoria de la lesión lo sugieran. El paciente hemodinámicamente estable se debe estudiar con imágenes diagnósticas antes de la corrección quirúrgica del defecto, idealmente por medio de tomografía computarizada del cuello, tórax y abdomen con contraste endovenoso. Mientras que en el paciente hemodinámicamente inestable se debe explorar y controlar la lesión. El reparo primario es el manejo quirúrgico de elección, con la previa colocación de una sonda nasogástrica y el seguimiento postoperatorio estricto en la unidad de cuidado intensivo. Se propone un algoritmo de manejo quirúrgico que resulta fácil de seguir y adopta la premisa "Menos es Mejor" evitando realizar derivaciones esofágicas.

¿Es realmente necesario asociar una técnica antirreflujo a la gastrostomía de forma rutinaria? Experiencia en nuestro centro / Routine anti-reflux surgery combined with gastrostomy in children: is it really necessary? Our single-center experience

Objetivos: Estudio del reflujo gastroesofágico (RGE) en los pacientes en los que se ha realizado una gastrostomía en nuestro centro. Material y métodos: Revisión de los pacientes intervenidos degastrostomía en el periodo 2000-2017. Registro de datos demográficos,clínicos, evolución y complicaciones. Definimos RGE como la presenciade clínica compatible en pacientes que requirieron tratamiento médicoo quirúrgico antirreflujo. Resultados: Incluimos 207 pacientes con una mediana de edadde 2 años [r:0,25-18]. La patología subyacente más frecuente fue déficit neurológico (74%). Las indicaciones quirúrgicas fueron trastornosdeglutorios y/o desnutrición. Previamente a la gastrostomía, 96/207pacientes (46%) presentaban clínica de RGE. Se realizó funduplicatu-ra asociada a gastrostomía en 41/96 (43%) de los pacientes con RGEprevio. En 6/41 pacientes (15%) el RGE empeoró, requiriendo 4 deellos una segunda funduplicatura. Se registraron 5 complicaciones trasfunduplicatura (perforaciones gástricas, síndromes de Dumping prolongados y estenosis esofagogástrica). En 55/96 pacientes con RGE previoa la gastrostomía no se asoció funduplicatura. La clínica desaparecióen 16/55 (29%), y mejoró o se estabilizó en 19/55 pacientes (35%). En20/55 (36%) la sintomatología empeoró, y 10 de ellos precisaron unafunduplicatura posterior. De los pacientes sin clínica previa de RGE(111/207), presentaron síntomas de RGE tras la gastrostomía 18/111(16%), y solo 2 pacientes requirieron funduplicatura. Conclusiones: Según nuestra experiencia, la funduplicatura de rutina asociada a la gastrostomía no está justificada. En caso de fracaso del tratamiento médico del RGE, una técnica antirreflujo debe plantearsede forma individualizada. Son necesarios estudios adecuadamente di-señados para definir qué pacientes realmente se beneficiarían de esteprocedimiento.(AU)

Objective: To study gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in childrenundergoing gastrostomy in a single pediatric institution. Materials and methods: A retrospective study of patients undergoing gastrostomy from 2000 to 2017 was carried out. Demographic data,clinical data, progression, and complications were recorded. GER wasconsidered positive in patients with clinical signs requiring antisecretory treatment, prokinetic treatment, or anti-reflux surgery to controlsymptoms. Results: 207 patients with a median age of 2 years [R: 0.25-18]were included. Neurological impairment was the most frequent underlying condition (74%). Swallowing difficulty and undernourishment werethe main surgical indications for gastrostomy. Prior to gastrostomy, 96out of 207 patients (46%) showed GER symptoms. Combined fun-doplication and gastrostomy was performed in 41 (43%) patients withpreexisting GER, 6 of whom showed GER worsening (4 required redofundoplication). 5 complications following fundoplication were noted –gastric perforation, sustained Dumping syndrome, and gastroesophagealstenosis. 55 out of 96 (57%) patients with preexisting GER underwentgastrostomy alone. Clinical signs disappeared in 16 of them (29%) andimproved or stabilized in 19 (35%). GER worsening occurred in 20patients (36%), with subsequent fundoplication being required in 10cases. In patients with no previous clinical signs (111 out of 207), GERsymptoms occurred following gastrostomy in just 18 cases (16%), andonly 2 patients required fundoplication.Conclusions: In our experience, routine anti-reflux surgery combined with gastrostomy is not justified. Individualized fundoplicationshould be considered in case of medical treatment failure. Further studieswith an adequate design are required to establish which patients couldreally benefit from this procedure.(AU)

Bypass en Y-de-Roux sobre una funduplicatura de Nissen / Roux-en-Y gastric bypass following Nissen fundoplication

El bypass gástrico en Y-de-Roux (RYGB) trata eficazmente la obesidad y a la vez la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE). Desafortunadamente, algunos pacientes que finalmente se presentan para cirugía bariátrica han sido previamente sometidos a una funduplicatura de Nissen por ERGE. La conversión a RYGB después de esta funduplicatura ha demostrado ser segura y eficaz, pero con una mayor morbilidad, tiempo operatorio más prolongado y mayor estancia hospitalaria. Se presenta una paciente de 50 años, con IMC 40,4 kg/m², evaluada para cirugía bariátrica. Había sido sometida a funduplicatura de Nissen laparoscópica siete años atrás. Informamos un caso de eliminación laparoscópica de funduplicatura de Nissen y conversión a RYGB. La funduplicatura previa no es una contraindicación para LRYGB. Estos procedimientos deben ser llevados a cabo por cirujanos experimentados, y el abordaje laparoscópico debe ser el método de elección.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) effectively treats both obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Unfortunately, some patients finally present for bariatric surgery have previously undergone Nissen fundoplication due to GERD. Conversion to EYGB after Nissen fundoplication is safe and effective, but is associated with greater morbidity and longer operative time and hospital stay. A 50-year-old female patient with a body mass index (BMI) of 40.4 kg/m² was evaluated for bariatric surgery. She had a history laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication seven years before. We report a case of laparoscopic take-down of Nissen fundoplication and conversion to RYGB. A previous fundoplication is not a contraindication for laparoscopic RYGB. These procedures should be performed by well-trained surgeons and laparoscopic approach should be the method of choice.

Laparoscopic graduated cardiomyotomy with anterior fundoplication as treatment for achalasia: experience of 48 cases. / Cardiomiotomía graduada con funduplicatura anterior laparoscópica en acalasia, experiencia de 48 casos.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: At the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Clinic of the Hospital General de Mexico, achalasia treatment has been standarized through strictly graduated cardiomyotomy. This procedure guarantees a complete myotomy for the satisfactory resolution of dysphagia, a characteristic symptom of achalasia. To ensure the inclusion of the entire lower esophageal sphincter, an 8cm Penrose drain is placed at the surgical site 6cm above the gastroesophageal junction and 2cm in a caudal direction, for accurate laparoscopic measuring. The aim of our study was to evaluate the results of this technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive, retrospective, longitudinal, and observational study was conducted on a cohort of patients diagnosed with achalasia at the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Clinic of the Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga". RESULTS: The study included 48 patients, 40 of whom had no prior surgical treatment and 8 that presented with recurrence. Forty-seven patients (97.9%) underwent a laparoscopic procedure and conversion to open surgery was required in 2 of them (4.25% conversion rate). Postoperative progression was satisfactory in all cases, with mean oral diet commencement at 52h and mean hospital stay of 5.7 days. No recurrence was registered during the mean follow-up period of 35.75 months and there were no deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic graduated (strictly measured) cardiomyotomy with anterior fundoplication is a reproducible, efficacious, and safe option for the surgical treatment of achalasia.

Reparación laparoscópica de hernia hiatal paraesofágica con material protésico / Laparoscopic repair of paraesophageal hiatal hernia with prosthetic material

El manejo quirúrgico de las Hernias Hiatales Paraesofágicas puede ser realizado por toracotomía izquierda o por laparoscopía. Ambos abordajes son aceptables, pero actualmente se ha incrementado mucho el abordaje laparoscópico por las características de mínima invasividad, pero con la utilización de material protésico como forma de refuerzo, cuando el hiato esofágico es superior a 5 cm. Los objetivos del abordaje laparoscópico son la reducción anatómica completa y la competencia del esfínter esofágico inferior. Estos objetivos se consiguen con el cierre de la crura diafragmática y la funduplicatura laparoscópica. Se presentan dos casos clínicos donde se ha utilizado malla de Poliester fijada con tackers colocada en forma de C con la apertura hacia la cara anterior y el solapamiento por delante del esófago. CONCLUSIÓN: El uso de material protésico en la reparación del defecto de las Hernias Hiatales Gigantes es una alternativa razonable.

The surgical management of Paraesophageal Hiatal Hernia can be performed by left thoracotomy or by laparoscopy. Both approaches are acceptable, but currently the laparoscopic approach has increased greatly due to the characteristics of minimal invasiveness, but with the use of prosthetic material as a form of reinforcement, when the esophageal hiatus is greater than 5 cm. The objectives of the laparoscopic approach are a complete anatomic reduction and lower esophageal sphincter competition. These objectives are achieved with the closure of the diaphragmatic crural and laparoscopic fundoplication. Two clinical cases were presented where Polyester mesh, fixed with tackers, was placed in a C shaped disposition with the opening facing the anterior and the overlap in front of the esophagus. CONCLUSION: The use of prosthetic material in the repair of the defect of Giant Hiatal Hernia is a reasonable alternative.

Post-fundoplication symptoms and complications: Diagnostic approach and treatment. / Síntomas y complicaciones posfunduplicatura: abordaje diagnóstico y tratamiento.

Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is currently considered the surgical treatment of choice for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and its long-term effectiveness is above 90%. Adequate patient selection and the experience of the surgeon are among the predictive factors of good clinical response. However, there can be new, persistent, and recurrent symptoms after the antireflux procedure in up to 30% of the cases. There are numerous causes, but in general, they are due to one or more anatomic abnormalities and esophageal and gastric function alterations. When there are persistent symptoms after the surgical procedure, the surgery should be described as "failed". In the case of a patient that initially manifests symptom control, but the symptoms then reappear, the term "dysfunction" could be used. When symptoms worsen, or when symptoms or clinical situations appear that did not exist before the surgery, this should be considered a "complication". Postoperative dysphagia and dyspeptic symptoms are very frequent and require an integrated approach to determine the best possible treatment. This review details the pathophysiologic aspects, diagnostic approach, and treatment of the symptoms and complications after fundoplication for the management of GERD.

[Management of gastroesophageal reflux in children. Single centre experience in conventional and laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication in the last 15 years]. / Manejo del reflujo gastroesofágico en niños. Funduplicatura de Nissen convencional y por laparoscopia en los últimos 15 años en un centro especializado.

INTRODUCTION: Nissen fundoplication (NF) is the most used and effective technique for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in children. The laparoscopic approach (LNF) is safe, with low morbidity and high success rate, although some cases require a conventional approach (CNF). The aim of the study is to compare the results between LNF and CNF in our centre. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on patients <14years after NF between 2000 and 2015. A comparison was made of the complications, hospital stay, and follow-up for both approaches. RESULTS: Of the total 75 NF performed, 49 (65.3%) were LNF, 23 (30.7%) CNF, and 3 (4.0%) reconversions. Concomitant laparoscopic gastrostomy was performed in 10.7%, and open gastrostomy in 5.3% of cases. Prior to NF, 10.7% had a gastrostomy. The mean age was 4 years and 68.7% were male. Of the diagnoses, 36% had encephalopathy, 14.7% hiatal hernia, 5.4% oesophageal atresia, and 5.4% an acute life-threatening event. No differences were found in operation time. More than two-thirds (36%) had complications, which were more frequent in the CNF (OR=3.30, 95%CI: 1.1-9.6). The hospital-stay decreased by 9 days in the LNF (95%CI: 5.5-13.5). Mean follow-up was 26 months (95%CI: 20.9-31.6). Mortality during follow-up was of 5.3% (5 respiratory failure, 1 sudden cardiac death, and 2 due to complications of the encephalopathy), 4.2% required re-fundoplication, 15.8% had symptomatic improvement, and 64.0% had absence of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The LNF is an effective technique for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux, with lower morbidity and shorter hospital stay than CNF. It is recommended as the first surgical option.

Divertículos gástricos subcardiales: un hallazgo endoscópico poco frecuente / Subcardial Gastric Diverticula: A Rare Endoscopic Finding

Resumen Los divertículos gástricos (DG) son un hallazgo infrecuente. Suelen ser diagnosticados incidentalmente por métodos radiológicos o endoscópicos; se dividen en congénitos y adquiridos; y generalmente son asintomáticos, pero su expresión clínica va desde dolor abdominal inespecífico hasta cuadros clínicos más dramáticos como perforación y sangrado. Se presenta un caso de 3 DG en un paciente con antecedentes de colecistectomía y funduplicatura de Nissen con historia de dispepsia funcional. Su tratamiento fue conservador.

Abstract Gastric diverticula are uncommon and are usually diagnosed incidentally by radiological or endoscopic methods. They are divided into congenital and acquired diverticula and are usually asymptomatic. Clinical expression ranges from nonspecific abdominal pain to more dramatic clinical conditions such as perforations and bleeding. We present a case of three gastric diverticula in a patient with a history of functional dyspepsia, cholecystectomy and Nissen fundoplication. Treatment was conservative.

Tratamiento actual de la acalasia, reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Current treatment of achalasia. A case report and literature review

Resumen: Presentamos el caso de una joven de 16 años con síntomas digestivos, principalmente disfagia y dolor retroesternal. Luego de ser diagnosticada de acalasia (sintomatología compatible), que se confirma por manometría de alta resolución, se indica tratamiento quirúrgico (miotomía de Heller + funduplicatura de Toupet), con cirugía mínimamente invasiva (laparoscopia), La evolución fue muy favorable: desaparecieron los síntomas digestivos y fue notable la pronta recuperación. Se revisa la literatura de las distintas opciones terapéuticas y sus principales indicaciones. Palabras claves: acalasia, manometría de alta resolución, miotomía de Heller, funduplicatura de Toupet

Abstract: We report the case of 15 year old female with digestive symptoms, mainly dysphagia and chest pain. After being diagnosed with possible achalasia (compatible clinical), is confirmed by high-resolution manometry, surgical treatment is indicated (myotomy heller + fundoplication toupet), with minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopy), with a very favorable evolution, disappearing digestive symptoms and produced a remarkable recovery in a short time. We do a literature review of therapeutic options available and their main indications. Key words: achalasia, high-resolution manometry, Heller myotomy, Toupet fundoplication

Trauma raquimedular penetrante a nivel torácico por arma blanca sin déficit neurológico / Raquimedular trauma penetrating thoracic stab without neurological deficit

Resumen: El trauma penetrante de médula espinal es una patología poco frecuente y corresponde a la tercera causa más común de lesión de médula espinal. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con trauma medular penetrante, causado por un cuchillo que permaneció 12 horas incrustado en su columna dorsal y que no presentó déficit neurológico. Según nuestro conocimiento, existe un solo caso reportado de lesión penetrante de médula espinal sin compromiso neurológico. Es controvertido el manejo de estas lesiones, por ello comentaremos nuestra experiencia con el presente caso. Palabras claves: : trauma penetrante de médula espinal, lesión de médula espinal, arma blanca, cirugía, tratamiento, manejo.

Abstract: The penetrating spinal trauma is a very uncommon pathology, corresponds to the third most frequent of spinal medular lesion. We present a case of a patient with penetrating spinal trauma causes by a knife that remained twelve hours embedded at the spinal cord and this patient did not present neurological deficit. For our knowledge, there is only one case reported of a penetrating spinal trauma without a neurological compromise. There are controversies about the management of these lesions and that is why we will to present this case as our experience. Key words: penetrating spinal cord trauma, spinal cord injury, knife, surgery, treatment, management.

Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication with Baska Mask® laryngeal mask. / Funduplicatura de Nissen Laparoscópica con mascarilla laríngea Baska Mask®.

Tracheal intubation has historically been considered the ideal technique to handle the airway in laparoscopic surgical procedures. The introduction of such procedures in ambulatory surgery requires the use of anesthetic techniques that offer optimal and early postoperative recovery under strict security conditions. Laryngeal mask is proposed as a suitable alternative to tracheal intubation, even in high risk patients due to new devices which have been modified to improve their characteristics, becoming great alternatives in the overall management of the airway. We report the first case of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication performed with a laryngeal Baska Mask in patient with high risk of regurgitation due to its gastroesophageal reflux.

[A comparison of medical versus surgical treatment in Barrett's esophagus acid control]. / Estudio comparativo del tratamiento médico frente al quirúrgico en el control ácido del esófago de Barrett.

INTRODUCTION: Barrett's oesophagus (BE) is an oesophageal injury caused by gastroesophageal acid reflux. One of the main aims of treatment in BE is to achieve adequate acid reflux control. OBJECTIVE: To assess acid reflux control in patients with BE based on the therapy employed: medical or surgical. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed in patients with an endoscopic and histological diagnosis of BE. Medical therapy with proton pump inhibitors (PPI) was compared with surgical treatment (Nissen fundoplication). Epidemiological data and the results of pH monitoring (pH time <4, prolonged reflux >5min, DeMeester score) were evaluated in each group. Treatment failure was defined as a pH lower than 4 for more than 5% of the recording time. RESULTS: A total of 128 patients with BE were included (75 PPI-treated and 53 surgically-treated patients). Patients included in the two comparison groups were homogeneous in terms of demographic characteristics. DeMeester scores, fraction of time pH<4 and the number of prolonged refluxes were significantly lower in patients with fundoplication versus those receiving PPIs (P<.001). Treatment failure occurred in 29% of patients and was significantly higher in those receiving medical therapy (40% vs 13%; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment results were significantly worse with medical treatment than with anti-reflux surgery and should be optimized to improve acid reflux control in BE. Additional evidence is needed to fully elucidate the utility of PPI in this disease.

[Acute gastric volvulus: late complication of Nissen fundoplication. Report of two cases and review of the literature]. / Vólvulo gástrico agudo: una complicación tardía de la funduplicatura Nissen. Reporte de dos casos y análisis de la bibliografía.

BACKGROUND: Gastric volvulus can be classified according to etiology as primary or secondary, according to anatomy as or mesenteroaxial, and according to onset as acute or chronic. Management of secondary gastric volvulus acute should always be surgery and the choice of surgical procedure for treatment is chosen according to etiology. Adherolysis and extraction of foreign bodies (suture, mesh, and gastric band) are important in those cases associated with previous abdominal surgery. Nissen fundoplication is a safe and effective procedure. Severe late complications of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication are extremely rare occurrences. Among the reported complications is gastric volvulus. OBJECTIVE: Presentation of two cases and review of literature. CLINICAL CASES: Two cases of acute gastric volvulus secondary to laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication presenting with epigastric pain and nonproductive retching and treated by laparoscopy are described. Symptoms upon presentation, incidence, diagnosis, treatment and predisposing factors to gastric volvulus postfundoplication are discussed. CONCLUSION: Gastric volvulus rarely occurs as a complication of Nissen fundoplication with an incidence similar to others of late complications. The described mechanisms that originate gastric volvulus postfundoplication are related to adhesions, foreign bodies as suture (polyester), gastrostomy tubes and mesh, gastropexy and internal gastric herniation through a "transfundoplication" window. A high index of suspicion is required in those patients presenting with acute symptoms of gastric obstruction in the first year following laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. Laparoscopic approach is safe with or without gastropexy, always correcting the underlying mechanisms that cause gastric volvulus.

Antecedentes: el vólvulo gástrico puede clasificarse por su etiología en primario o secundario, por su anatomía en órgano axial o mesentérico axial y por su presentación en crónico o agudo. El tratamiento del vólvulo gástrico secundario agudo siempre debe ser quirúrgico y la elección del procedimiento basarse en la etiología y en los casos asociados con cirugía previa será importante la lisis de adherencias y el retiro de cuerpos extraños (material de sutura, mallas, banda gástrica). La funduplicatura Nissen es un procedimiento seguro y efectivo que rara vez puede tener complicaciones tardías severas entre las que se encuentran el vólvulo gástrico. Objetivo: comunicar 2 casos y revisar la bibliografía médica. Casos clínicos: se describen 2 casos de vólvulo gástrico agudo secundarios a funduplicatura tipo Nissen laparoscópica, con síntomas de dolor epigástrico y vómito no productivo, ambos tratados por laparoscopia. Se revisan los síntomas de presentación, incidencia, diagnóstico, tratamiento y los factores predisponentes de vólvulo gástrico postfunduplicatura. Conclusión: el vólvulo gástrico rara vez puede ser una complicación de una funduplicatura Nissen con incidencia similar a la de otras de sus complicaciones tardías. Los mecanismos descritos que lo originan se relacionan con adherencias postquirúrgicas, material de sutura (poliéster), mallas, tubos de gastrostomía, gastropexia y por herniación gástrica interna a través del túnel "transfunduplicatura." En pacientes con síntomas de obstrucción gástrica dentro del primer año posterior a una funduplicatura Nissen laparoscópica se requiere un alto índice de sospecha. El tratamiento quirúrgico laparoscópico es seguro con o sin gastropexia para corregir los mecanismos que lo originan.