La relevancia de la antropología en el pensamiento de ingold

RESUMEN El objetivo esencial de este documento es mostrar los aspectos más significativos del libro Antropología: por qué importa de Tim Ingold. Para tal fin, se explora, describe e interpreta los cinco capítulos de manera analítica. Se concluye que el texto es un aporte novedoso, radical, holístico, original y crítico del panorama antropológico. En tal sentido, resulta de utilidad para intuir las condiciones de posibilidad de lo humano, esto es, la búsqueda de la diversidad cultural, sociopolítica, ambiental y humanista. Por otro lado, lo prolijo y sugestivo del marco proyectivo teórico del autor constituye una atrayente visión establecida en un arquetipo panorámico de la antropología y su quehacer pragmático. Por ende, este libro es de gran utilidad para estudiantes de pregrado y postgrado.

ABSTRACT The essential objective of this document is to show the most significant aspects of the book entitled Anthropology: Why It Matters by Tim Ingold. To this end, the five chapters are explored, described and interpreted analytically. It is concluded that the text is a novel, radical, holistic, original and critical contribution to the anthropological panorama. In this sense, it is useful to intuit the conditions of possibility of the human, that is, the search for cultural, sociopolitical, environmental and humanistic diversity. On the other hand, the prolix and suggestive nature of the author's theoretical projective framework constitutes an attractive vision established in a panoramic archetype of anthropology and its pragmatic work. Therefore, this book is very usefulfor undergraduate andgraduate students.

Los desafíos del transhumanismo a la bioética

Este artículo explora los desafíos que presenta a la bioética la emergencia del transhumanismo en Occidente. La exploración es abordada desde una perspectiva de investigación genealógica, que tiene por objetivo preguntarse por las condiciones de inteligibilidad del transhumanismo y a partir de allí analizar sus impactos en la actualización de un debate central en bioética, a saber, los límites a la manipulación de la vida humana. El transhumanismo, habitando la crisis del humanismo que le antecede y compele, reactualiza la cuestión de la condición humana presentando una línea argumental que al menos autoriza a formular de nuevo la pregunta límite: ¿podemos, o acaso debemos, ir más allá de lo humano?.

This article explores the challenges presented to bioethics by the emergence of transhumanism in the West. The exploration is approached from a genealogical research perspective. A genealogical investigation aims to question the conditions of intelligibility of transhumanism and from there analyze its impacts on the updating of a central debate in bioethics, namely: the limits to the manipulation of human life. Transhumanism, inhabiting the crisis of humanism that precedes and compels it, updates the issue of the human condition by presenting a line of argument that at least authorizes to formulate again the limit question: can we/should we go beyond the human?.

Este artigo explora os desafios apresentados à bioética pela emergência do transumanismo no Ocidente. A exploração é abordada a partir de uma perspectiva de pesquisa genealógica. Uma investigação genealógica visa indagar sobre as condições de inteligibilidade do transumanismo e a partir daí analisar seus impactos na atualização de um debate central na bioética, a saber: os limites à manipulação da vida humana. O transumanismo, habitando a crise do humanismo que o precede e o compele, atualiza a questão da condição humana ao apresentar uma linha de argumentação que ao menos nos autoriza a formular novamente a questão límite: podemos ou devemos ir além do que é humano?.

The impact of Benevolent Childhood Experiences on adult Flourishing: the mediating role of Light Triad traits.

The literature has well documented the relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences, personality traits, and well-being. However, less is known about how Benevolent Childhood Experiences (BCEs) relate to "light" personality traits and Flourishing. The study analyzed the effects of BCEs on Flourishing, considering the mediator role of Light Triad traits (Kantianism, Humanism, and Faith in Humanity). The study used a quantitative methodology with a non-experimental, cross-sectional design; 410 Honduran adults responded to the survey, including questions regarding Light Triad personality traits, Flourishing, and BCEs. On average, respondents reported 7.34 BCEs. The number of reported BCEs did not vary significantly between men and women. However, specific BCEs were categorically associated with subjects' sex. A higher proportion of men reported having at least one teacher who cared about the respondent, having opportunities to have a good time, and liking/feeling comfortable with oneself. Flourishing was significantly higher for participants who reported the presence of BCEs. The largest effect size was achieved for the difference in Flourishing scores between those who reported liking school as a child and those who disliked it. The number of Benevolent Childhood Experiences had a significant total and direct effect on Flourishing scores. Significant indirect effects were also identified. Faith in Humanity and Humanism, not Kantianism, mediated the relationship between BCEs and Flourishing. BCEs significantly explained all Light Triad traits. In conclusion, BCEs have significant direct and indirect effects on adult Flourishing; Faith in Humanity and Humanism mediate this relationship.

[Bioethics through a philosophical lens: the (bio)ontological foundations of Juliana González Valenzuela's proposal]. / Bioética en clave filosófica: el fundamento (bio)ontológico desde la propuesta de Juliana González Valenzuela.

The enrichment of bioethical proposals built from and for Latin America has been increasing in recent decades. In order to contribute to this, our objective is to present a proposal for a bioethical interpretation from a philosophical approach based on the identification of central concepts of Mexican philosopher Juliana González Valenzuela. A dual bio-ontological foundation was identified: a) the "dialectic phenomenology of life," which allows the synthesis between the biological and cultural aspects of human beings, as well as the overcoming of its contradictions; and b) the Homo humanus, which enables the existence of the bio-ethical being affirmed as an authentic being and one who seeks a good life (eu-bios and eu-zoein). Reflection on and critique of the implications that the bio-ontological foundation hypothetically couples to law and power led us to identify main arguments. However, the necessary link between the bio-ethical being and said disciplines was evidenced by virtue of their social and communitarian nature (zoon politikón, ζῷον πολῑτῐκόν).

El enriquecimiento de las propuestas bioéticas construidas desde y para Latinoamérica ha ido en aumento en las últimas décadas, a efecto de contribuir a ello es que nuestro objetivo es presentar una propuesta de interpretación bioética en clave filosófica a partir de la identificación de los conceptos centrales de la filósofa mexicana Juliana González Valenzuela. Se identificó un doble fundamento bio-ontológico: a) la "fenomenología dialéctica de la vida" que permite la síntesis entre el aspecto biológico y cultural del ser humano, así como la superación de sus contradicciones; y b) el Homo humanus que posibilita la existencia del ser bio-ético afirmado en tanto un ser auténtico y en tanto busca una vida buena (eu-bíos y eu-zoein). La reflexión y crítica de las implicaciones que el fundamento bio-ontológico apareja hipotéticamente al derecho y al poder, nos llevó a identificar las principales líneas argumentativas, pero principalmente se evidenció el vínculo necesario entre el ser bio-ético y dichas disciplinas, en virtud de su naturaleza social y comunitaria (zoon politikón, ζῷον πολῑτῐκόν).

Mental health and psychiatry: Distinctions, links, and ethical/bioethical perspectives / Salud mental y psiquiatría: Deslindes, vínculos y perspectivas ético-bioéticas

Abstract Introduction Mental health and psychiatry have been terms of intense and complex use for almost a century, and they may have reached a critical level of ambiguous and imprecise synonymy that makes their definition and validation difficult. Objective To examine these concepts in depth, establishing precise distinctions, ontological connections, and instrumental scope reinforced by well-defined ideas in ethics and bioethics. Method Narrative review of pertinent literature, consultation with diverse scientific, medical, historical, philosophical, and literary sources, with appropriate analysis of ethical and bioethical practices. Results A broad, comprehensive definition is elaborated of mental health as a field with sociocultural, political, and demographic implications, and of psychiatry as a medical specialty. In addition to making clear distinctions and describing the specific impact of both fields on diverse populations, various levels of conceptual linkages, sociopolitical action, and ethical content are highlighted, as well as in processes of administration, education, and research. Discussion and conclusion There are factors that reinforce or weaken the scope of mental health and psychiatry, including their ethical and bioethical dimensions. Their effectiveness requires a reaffirmation of objectives and the reinforcement of individual and institutional initiatives, as well as the search for authentic connections and a social projection that is objective, comprehensive, and just.

Resumen Introducción Salud Mental y Psiquiatría han sido términos de uso intenso y complejo por casi una centuria y, en el momento actual pueden haber llegado a un nivel crítico de sinonimia ambigua e imprecisa que dificulta su delineación y vigencia. Objetivo Estudiar en profundidad los conceptos mencionados, estableciendo distinciones precisas, vínculos ontológicos y alcances instrumentales reforzados por nociones éticas y bioéticas definidas. Método Revisión narrativa de la literatura, consulta pertinente con fuentes de diversa índole médico-científica, histórica, filosófica y literaria y análisis de contenidos éticos y bioéticos pertinentes. Resultados Se plantean concepciones amplias y comprensivas de Salud Mental como campo de implicaciones socioculturales, políticas y demográficas, y de Psiquiatría como especialidad médica. Aparte de claras distinciones y de su impacto específico en diversos sectores, se precisan varios niveles de vinculación conceptual, acción socio-política y contenido ético-bioético en ambos campos y en procesos de manejo administrativo, pedagógico y de investigación. Discusión y Conclusión Existen factores que apuntalan o debilitan los alcances de Salud Mental y Psiquiatría, así como sus características ético-bioéticas. Su vigencia requiere una reafirmación de objetivos y un reforzamiento de voluntades individuales e institucionales, así como la búsqueda de vinculaciones auténticas y una proyección social objetiva, íntegra y justiciera.

Cuidado humanizado del profesional de enfermería en la atención del paciente oncológico hospitalizado / Humanized care of the nursing professional in the care of hospitalized cander patients

Introducción: El cuidado a pacientes oncológicos consiste, más allá de satisfacer necesidades físicas, en una atención holística, pues el cuidado humanizado favorece una interrelación esencial entre ciencia y valores para establecer una asistencia de calidad, que dé solución a las demandas humanas del usuario. Objetivo: Identificar el nivel de cuidado humanizado que proporciona el profesional enfermero a pacientes hospitalizados en un centro de oncología. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, observacional-transversal. Muestreo no probabilístico de oportunidad y secuencial con cuota de 35 pacientes. Medición realizada con el instrumento "Percepción del cuidado humanizado en pacientes hospitalizados". Análisis de resultados mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados: El cuidado proporcionado a pacientes oncológicos hospitalizados es humanizado, pues afirman recibir trato amable con efecto positivo en ellos derivado de la actitud de la enfermera en su labor, en la que impera el conocimiento y la experiencia para proveer cuidados individualizados y empáticos a partir de comunicación, expresión de sentimientos y escucha, atendiendo no sólo necesidades físicas, sino también sociales, culturales y espirituales. Discusión: Los pacientes oncológicos mencionan que el profesional de enfermería actúa comprendiendo al usuario integralmente, lo que les permite enfrentar positivamente su proceso de enfermedad. Conclusiones: El cuidado humanizado de calidad es una relación entre el profesional de enfermería y el paciente a cuidar, en la que impera la comunicación, el debido uso de la palabra y la escucha para generar confianza, lo cual se suma a la base científica y las habilidades técnicas, a fin de intervenir de forma humana, eficiente y segura.

Introduction: Caring for cancer patients is an interaction that goes beyond satisfying physical needs, it is caring for the person in a holistic way, where the humanization of care favors the essential link of the profession, it is an interaction between science and values to establish quality care. quality, giving solution to the human responses of the patient. Objective: To identify the level of humanized care provided by the nursing professional to patients hospitalized in an oncology center. Material and methods: Descriptive, observational cross-sectional study. Non-probabilistic opportunity and sequential sampling with a quota of 35 patients. Measurement carried out with the: "Instrument Perception of Humanized Care in Hospitalized Patients". Analysis of results through descriptive statistics. Results: The level of care provided to hospitalized cancer patients is very humanized, patients report receiving friendly treatment with a positive effect on them, derived from the attitude of the nurse in her being and doing care, they perceive a relationship of trust where knowledge and Experience in favor of your health since the nursing professional provides individualized and empathetic care, favoring communication, expression of feelings and emotions; listening to them beyond their illness satisfying their physical, social, cultural and spiritual needs. Discussion: People with oncological disease perceive receiving humanized care when mentioning that the nursing professional acts understanding the patient from knowing, knowing how to do and knowing how to be, which allows them to positively face their disease process. Conclusions: The level of quality humanized care is a relationship that occurs between the nursing professional and the person they care for, in this human quality of care, communication prevails, the power that the word and hearing have in the field of attention, transcendental to generate confidence; coupled with the scientific foundation, empathetic attitude, technical and professional skills given by experience, allowing intervention in a humane, effective, efficient and safe way.

Nursing students' experiences and perspectives on institutional care for elderly in totally dependent persons / Experiencias y perspectivas de estudiantes de enfermería sobre cuidado geriátrico institucionalizado en personas con dependencia total

ABSTRACT Objective: To learn the perspectives of nursing students on geriatric care provided in a public home for the aged. Method: Qualitative study - grounded theory. Nineteen students who performed social service at a home for the aged between 2020 and 2021 in the state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico, were interviewed based on the criteria of theoretical saturation. The analysis was based on Strauss and Corbin's proposal and was triangulated with the field diary records. Results: the central emerging category was "Non-humanistic care", the organization and implementation of care obey more to administrative issues and protocols developed from the biomedical medicalizing paradigm. Conclusion: the perspectives dehumanize care, there is no recognition of people's autonomy, and the nursing staff shows weaknesses in psychosocial competences to relate to this population.

RESUMEN Objetivo: conocer las perspectivas de estudiantes de enfermería, sobre el cuidado geriátrico que se brinda dentro de un asilo público. Método: estudio cualitativo-teoría fundamentada. Se entrevistó con base en el criterio de saturación teórica a 19 estudiantes que realizaban servicio social en el asilo entre 2020 y 2021 en el estado de San Luis Potosí, México. El análisis se hizo desde la propuesta de Strauss y Corbin, y se trianguló con los registros en diario de campo. Resultados: la categoría central emergente fue "El cuidado no humanístico", la organización e implementación de los cuidados obedecen más a cuestiones administrativas y protocolos desarrollados desde el paradigma biomédico medicalizante. Conclusión: las perspectivas deshumanizan el cuidado, no hay reconocimiento de la autonomía de las personas y el personal de enfermería muestra debilidades en competencias psicosociales para relacionarse con esta población.

Bioética en clave filosófica: el fundamento (bio)ontológico desde la propuesta de Juliana González Valenzuela / Bioethics through a philosophical lens: the (bio)ontological foundations of Juliana González Valenzuela's proposal

RESUMEN El enriquecimiento de las propuestas bioéticas construidas desde y para Latinoamérica ha ido en aumento en las últimas décadas, a efecto de contribuir a ello es que nuestro objetivo es presentar una propuesta de interpretación bioética en clave filosófica a partir de la identificación de los conceptos centrales de la filósofa mexicana Juliana González Valenzuela. Se identificó un doble fundamento bio-ontológico: a) la "fenomenología dialéctica de la vida" que permite la síntesis entre el aspecto biológico y cultural del ser humano, así como la superación de sus contradicciones; y b) el Homo humanus que posibilita la existencia del ser bio-ético afirmado en tanto un ser auténtico y en tanto busca una vida buena (eu-bíos y eu-zoein). La reflexión y crítica de las implicaciones que el fundamento bio-ontológico apareja hipotéticamente al derecho y al poder, nos llevó a identificar las principales líneas argumentativas, pero principalmente se evidenció el vínculo necesario entre el ser bio-ético y dichas disciplinas, en virtud de su naturaleza social y comunitaria (zoon politikón, ζῷον πολῑτῐκόν).

ABSTRACT The enrichment of bioethical proposals built from and for Latin America has been increasing in recent decades. In order to contribute to this, our objective is to present a proposal for a bioethical interpretation from a philosophical approach based on the identification of central concepts of Mexican philosopher Juliana González Valenzuela. A dual bio-ontological foundation was identified: a) the "dialectic phenomenology of life," which allows the synthesis between the biological and cultural aspects of human beings, as well as the overcoming of its contradictions; and b) the Homo humanus, which enables the existence of the bio-ethical being affirmed as an authentic being and one who seeks a good life (eu-bios and eu-zoein). Reflection on and critique of the implications that the bio-ontological foundation hypothetically couples to law and power led us to identify main arguments. However, the necessary link between the bio-ethical being and said disciplines was evidenced by virtue of their social and communitarian nature (zoon politikón, ζῷον πολῑτῐκόν).

La representación de los cuidados paliativos como un ars moriendi moderno / The representation of palliative care as a modern ars moriendi / A representação dos cuidados paliativos como ars moriendi moderna

Resumen En la época medieval la aparición de la enfermedad era casi equivalente a enfrentarse a la muerte, de manera que la familia y la iglesia iniciaban la conveniente ayuda asistencial. El cuidado de los enfermos, y de los moribundos, era parte esencial de la doctrina cristiana. Con este modelo del ars moriendi, los pacientes y sus seres queridos tenían la oportunidad de compartir sus necesidades espirituales y profundizar en las relaciones al final de la vida, por lo tanto, era una forma de cuidar de los enfermos al final de la vida. En estos días podemos trasladar este tipo de modelo a los que conocemos actualmente como cuidados paliativos, referentes del cuidado de los enfermos al final de la vida, en que podemos colocar en el estudio al mismo nivel del ars moriendi. Este estudio trata plasmar las similitudes de ambos con el fin de acercar formas distintas de entender la muerte.

Abstract In the Middle Ages, the onset of an illness was almost similar to facing death, so relatives and the Catholic church initiated the appropriate care. Caring for the ill and dying was an essential part of the Christian doctrine. By following this model of ars moriendi, patients and their loved ones had the opportunity to share their spiritual needs and deepen relationships at the end of life. A way of caring for the ill at the end of life. Nowadays, palliative care can be understood as a similar to this model. Palliative care refers to end-of-life care, where we can place the ars moriendi on the same level in the study. This study attempts to capture the similarities between the two models in order to bring together different ways of understanding death.

Resumo Nos tempos medievais, o surgimento de uma doença era quase equivalente a enfrentar a morte, de modo que a família e a igreja iniciavam a assistência adequada. A assistência aos doentes e moribundos era uma parte essencial da doutrina cristã. Com esse modelo de ars moriendi, os pacientes e seus familiares tinham a oportunidade de compartilhar suas necessidades espirituais e estreitar as relações na terminalidade da vida, sendo, portanto, uma forma de cuidar dos doentes terminais. Atualmente, podemos aplicar esse tipo de modelo ao que conhecemos como cuidados paliativos, que se referem aos cuidados promovidos na terminalidade da vida, e podemos equipará-lo a ars moriendi. Este estudo busca compreender as semelhanças entre ambos para aproximar diferentes formas de entender a morte.

Love, compassion and attachment in psychiatric care: perspectives for research and clinical practice.

Love, compassion and related constructs have drawn to much attention from the general public due to the increased need of a better and more humanistic medical care. However, those constructs have been constantly neglected in academic benches and high impact research journals due to the 'abstract' and 'non-measurable' nature of these constructs. At the same time, medicine is claiming for a more patient-oriented and empathetic care, as care has been more disease-oriented and less life- and health-oriented, as initially proposed. This piece tries to discuss and claim for a more compassionate and altruistic care, despite technical pressure from most healthcare systems. We aim, thus, to incentive more research and clinical practice toward this very important subject.

Humanismo, como valor esencial en la formación del estudiante de las ciencias médicas

Las carreras de las ciencias médicas, requieren que sus educandos en primer lugar tengan vocación de servir, de ayudar al enfermo, del que requiere cuidados, de quien necesite amor, en el contexto globalizado de un mundo que se va deteriorando en lo espiritual, donde los valores se van destruyendo, y donde la tecnología del primer mundo va sustituyendo el pensamiento médico, el análisis particularizado de cada paciente, con el objetivo de lograr curación, alivio o comprensión de su enfermedad. Se reflexiona sobre la necesidad de la formación humanística en la Universidad Médica, como el eje fundamental espiritual para lograr el profesional que necesita la sociedad. El humanizar el actuar médico requiere de enseñar ética y bioética en pre, post grado y educación continua, pero sin olvidar el ejemplo personal, ese que no está en los libros ni revistas para cosechar una alta sensibilidad humana del médico y en sentido general de los profesionales y trabajadores de la salud.

Medical science careers require that their students first of all have a vocation to serve, to help the sick, those who require care, those who need love, in the globalized context of a world that is deteriorating spiritually, where values ​​are being destroyed, and where the technology of the first world is replacing medical thinking, the individualized analysis of each patient, with the aim of achieving a cure, relief or understanding of their illness. It reflects on the need for humanistic training in the Medical University, as the fundamental spiritual axis to achieve the professional that society needs. Humanizing medical action requires teaching ethics and bioethics in undergraduate, postgraduate and continuing education, but without forgetting the personal example, the one that is not in books or magazines to harvest a high human sensitivity of the doctor and in general sense of the health professionals and workers.

As carreiras de ciências médicas exigem que seos alunes tensan, antes de tudo, uma vocação para servir, ajudar os doentes, Aquiles que precisas de cuidados, aqueles que precisam de amor, no contexto globalizado de um mundo que está se deteriorando espiritualmente, onde os valores esta sendo destruídos, e onde a tecnología do primeiro mundo está substituindo o pensamento médico, a análise individualizada de cada paciente, como objetivo de alcançar a cura, alívio ou compreensão de sua doença. Reflete sobre a necesidad da formação humanística na Faculdade de Medicina, como eixo espiritual fundamental para alcançar o profissional que a sociedad e necessita. Humanizar a cabo médica roqueraensinar ética e bioética na graduação, pós-graduação e formação continuada, mas semescuece o exemplo pessoal, aquele que não está em livrosou revistas para colher uma alta sensibilidade humana do médico e em geral dos profissionais de saúde e trabalhadores.

Prácticas de gestión humana en zonas de contacto cultural escolarizadas: co-construcciones / Human management practices in areas of schooled cultural contact, co-constructions / Práticas de gestão humana em zonas de contato cultural escolarizado, co-construções

Resumen (analítico) El objetivo de esta investigación es comprender los saberes que construyen los sujetos respecto a las prácticas de gestión humana en las zonas de contacto cultural escolarizadas, como co-construcciones de la investigación social. Los colaboradores fueron seleccionados por su condición de representación en los grupos sociales: presidente del consejo de padres, personera escolar y maestras representantes del consejo directivo. La opción metodológica fue la etnografía colaborativa precedida por dos supuestos antropológicos: colaboración y diálogo de saberes. Las categorías abordadas enfatizan en gestión, humanismo, cultura escolar e identificaciones sociales. La conclusión reconoce como prácticas de gestión humana, derivadas del conflicto y la diferencia social, a la sociología de la ontología política escolar y a los agenciamientos de los estudiantes para socavar o reforzar las identificaciones sociales.

Abstract (analytical) The objective of this investigation is to understand the knowledge that subjects build regarding human management practices in schooled cultural contact zones, as co-constructions of social research. The collaborators were selected for their representation status in the social groups: president of the parents' council, school representative and teachers representing the board of directors. The methodological option was collaborative ethnography preceded by two anthropological assumptions: collaboration and dialogue of knowledge. The categories addressed emphasize management, humanism, school culture and social identifications. The concluding part recognizes as human management practices derived from conflict and social difference, the sociology of the school political ontology and the assemblages of students to undermine or reinforce social identifications.

Resumo (analítico) O objetivo desta pesquiçã é compreender o conhecimento que os sujeitos constroem sobre as práticas de gestão humana em zonas de contato cultural escolarizado, como co-construções da pesquisa social. Os colaboradores foram selecionados pelo seu status de representação nos grupos sociais: presidente do conselho de pais, representante da escola e professores representantes da diretoria. A opção metodológica foi a etnografia colaborativa precedida por dois pressupostos antropológicos: colaboração e diálogo de saberes. As categorias abordadas enfatizam gestão, humanismo, cultura escolar e identificações sociais. A parte conclusiva reconhece como práticas de gestão humana derivadas do conflito e da diferença social, a sociologia da ontologia política escolar e os agenciamentos de alunos para minar ou reforçar identificações sociais.

Percepção de pacientes quanto à humanização no atendimento médico / Perception of patients regarding humanization in medical care

Objetivo: Avaliar a percepção dos pacientes sobre a humanização no atendimento médico, quanto à integralidade do atendimento e comparando a humanização dos médicos da clínica FTC, com os de fora da clínica FTC. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, quantitativa e transversal, que foi realizada com pacientes na Clínica FTC ­ Ogunjá ­ Salvador/ BA, no período de dezembro de 2018 a maio de 2019. Os dados foram obtidos através da aplicação do" Questionário da relação médico-paciente"(Patient-doctor relationship questionnaire/PDRQ-9). Resultados: O questionário foi aplicado em 100 pacientes com média de idade de 47,7 + 14,1 anos, sendo a maior parte destes do sexo feminino (70%). Quanto à afirmação relacionada com a ajuda proporcionada pelos médicos, 42 (84%) pacientes que já foram atendidos na clínica FTC julgam como totalmente apropriada, em contrapartida apenas 26 (52%) pacientes que nunca foram atendidos na clínica FTC, consideram a afirmação totalmente apropriada. Acerca do quanto os médicos são expansivos e comunicáveis, 50 (100%) pacientes que já foram atendidos na clínica FTC, consideram como no mínimo, apropriada esta afirmação, enquanto 16 (32%) participantes do outro grupo, julgam como no máximo, apropriada. No que se refere à afirmativa acerca da facilidade de acesso ao médico, ocorreu a maior discrepância da presente pesquisa, quando 49 (98%) pacientes que já foram atendidos na clínica FTC declaram tal afirmação como, no mínimo apropriada, enquanto que 25 (50%) pacientes que nunca foram atendidos na clínica FTC, julgam como no máximo apropriada. Conclusão: Os médicos da clínica FTC foram melhor avaliados por seus pacientes, quando comparados a outros médicos, em sete das nove características pesquisadas, o que pode estar relacionado à oferta do componente curricular humanismo no currículo do curso de Medicina da UNIFTC, o qual vem contribuindo para a integralidade da relação médico-paciente na clínica FTC.

Objective: To evaluate patients' perception of humanization in medical care, regarding the integrality of the attendance and comparing the humanization of physicians from the FTC clinic with those from outside the FTC clinic. Methods: This was a descriptive, quantitative and cross-sectional study that was carried out with patients in the FTC Clinic ­ Ogunjá - Salvador /BA from December 2018 to May 2019. Data were obtained through the Patient-doctor relationship questionnaire (PDRQ-9). Results: The questionnaire was applied in 100 patients with mean age of 47.7 ± 14.1 years, the majority of them being female (70%). Regarding the statement related to the help provided by physicians, 42 (84%) patients who were already treated at the FTC clinic consider it as totally appropriate, in contrast only 26 (52%) patients who were never attended at the FTC clinic, consider the statement totally appropriate. Regarding the extent to which physicians are expansive and communicable, 50 (100%) patients who have already been seen at the FTC clinic consider this statement to be at least appropriate, while 16 (32%) participants from the other group judge as at most appropriate. Regarding the affirmative about the ease of access to the physician, the greatest discrepancy occurred in the presente study, when 49 (98%) patients who were already treatedat the FTC clinic declare this statement as atleast appropriate, where as 25 (50% %) patients who have never beenseenat the FTC clinic, judge as atmost appropriate. Conclusion: The physicians of the FTC clinic were better evaluated by their patients when compared too ther physicians in seven of the nine characteristics surveyed, which may berelated to the off erof the curriculum componente of humanism in the curriculum ofthe UNIFTC medical course, which comes contributing to the integrality of the doctor-patient relationship in the FTC clinic.

Training of neurologists for the 21st century: cultural and professional skills / O treinamento do Neurologista para o século XXI: habilidades profissionais e culturais

Abstract Training of neurologists for the near future is a challenge due to the likely advances in neuroscientific methods, which will change much of our knowledge on diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases. Objective: to comment on what may be more likely to be a constant in the very near future and to recommend how to prepare the neurologist for the 21st century. Methods: through a critical review of recent articles on the teaching of Neurology, to present a personal view on the subject. Results: Diagnostic methods and therapeutic resources in Neurology will be greatly improved, but the central core of teaching young neurologists will continue to be the clinical/anatomical correlation. The neurologist must be prepared to be the primary physician in the care of patients with neurological disorders, although the roles of consultant and clinical neuroscientist must also be considered. In addition to technical knowledge, the neurologist must be prepared to discuss not only distressing issues related to the specialty, such as the risks of genetic diseases for family members of their patients, the inexorable progression of some diseases and the need for palliative care, but also problems not directly related to Neurology that cause anxiety and depression in the patient or that are the main reason for the initial consultation. Conclusion: neurology will be an even more important area of medicine and the neurologist must be well prepared to be the primary doctor to diagnose, treat and follow the patient with neurological disorders. In addition to technical knowledge, training in doctor-patient relations should be highlighted.

Resumo A formação do neurologista para o futuro próximo é um desafio devido aos prováveis avanços nos métodos da neurociência, que mudarão muito do nosso conhecimento sobre diagnóstico e tratamento de doenças neurológicas. Objetivo: comentar o que pode ser mais constante no futuro próximo e propor como preparar o neurologista para o século XXI. Métodos: por meio de uma revisão crítica de artigos recentes sobre o ensino da Neurologia, apresentar uma visão pessoal sobre o assunto. Resultados: Os métodos diagnósticos e os recursos terapêuticos em Neurologia serão muito aprimorados, mas o núcleo central do ensino de jovens neurologistas continuará sendo a correlação clínico-anatômica. O neurologista deve estar preparado para ser o médico principal no atendimento de pacientes com distúrbios neurológicos, embora os papéis de consultor e neurocientista clínico também devam ser considerados. Além do conhecimento técnico, o neurologista deve estar preparado para discutir não apenas questões angustiantes relacionadas à especialidade, como os riscos de doenças genéticas para os familiares de seus pacientes, a progressão inexorável de algumas doenças e a indicação de cuidados paliativos, mas também problemas não diretamente relacionados à Neurologia que causam ansiedade e depressão no paciente ou que são a principal causa da consulta. Conclusão: a neurologia será uma área ainda mais importante da medicina e o neurologista deve estar bem-preparado para ser o médico principal para diagnosticar, tratar e acompanhar o paciente com distúrbios neurológicos. Além do conhecimento técnico, a formação humanística deve ter destaque.

Aporte de la solidaridad médica cubana a la salud de la población de Timor-Leste / Contribution of Cuban medical solidarity to the health of Timor-Leste´s population

Introducción: La solidaridad médica cubana llega a Timor-Leste cuando no habían transcurrido dos años de su independencia, con una infraestructura de salud muy dañada y prácticamente sin médicos disponibles para garantizar los servicios básicos de salud. Objetivo: Analizar el aporte de la solidaridad médica cubana en la mejora del estado de salud de la población de Timor-Leste en el periodo 2004-2019. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, que se apoyó en el estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo y se aplicó el método etnográfico. El periodo de estudio abarcó 15 años, desde 2004 hasta 2019. Conclusiones: La solidaridad médica cubana en la salud de Timor-Leste, durante estos 15 años, ha contribuido a modificar el cuadro sanitario que tenía ese país cuando logró su independencia en el año 2002, convirtiéndose en uno de los países con mejores indicadores en la Región de Oceanía. La asistencia médica y la formación de estudiantes en Cuba y en el propio Timor-Leste son elementos decisivos de la cooperación de Cuba en la trasformación y fortalecimiento del sistema sanitario timorense, factores esenciales para alcanzar la cobertura universal de salud(AU)

Introduction: Cuban medical solidarity arrives in Timor-Leste two years after its independence, with a badly damaged health infrastructure and practically no doctors available to guarantee basic health services. Objective: Analyze the contribution of Cuban medical solidarity in improving the health status of Timor-Leste´s population in the period 2004-2019. Methods: A qualitative research was carried out, which was based on the descriptive and retrospective study and the ethnographic method was applied. The study period spanned 15 years, from 2004 to 2019. Conclusions: Cuban medical solidarity in Timor-Leste, during these 15 years, has contributed to modify the health picture that the country had when it achieved its independence in 2002, becoming one of the countries with the best indicators in the Oceania Region. Medical assistance and the training of students in Cuba and in Timor-Leste itself are decisive elements of Cuba's cooperation in the transformation and strengthening of the Timorese health system, which are essential factors in achieving universal health coverage(AU)

Percepção de pacientes quanto à humanização no atendimento médico / Perception of patients regarding humanization in medical care

Objetivo: Avaliar a percepção dos pacientes sobre a humanização no atendimento médico, quanto à integralidade do atendimento e comparando a humanização dos médicos da clínica FTC, com os de fora da clínica FTC. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, quantitativa e transversal, que foi realizada com pacientes na Clínica FTC ­ Ogunjá ­ Salvador/BA, no período de dezembro de 2018 a maio de 2019. Os dados foram obtidos através da aplicação do" Questionário da relação médico-paciente"(Patient-doctor relationship questionnaire/PDRQ-9). Resultados: O questionário foi aplicado em 100 pacientes com média de idade de 47,7 + 14,1 anos, sendo a maior parte destes do sexo feminino (70%). Quanto à afirmação relacionada com a ajuda proporcionada pelos médicos, 42 (84%) pacientes que já foram atendidos na clínica FTC julgam como totalmente apropriada, em contrapartida apenas 26 (52%) pacientes que nunca foram atendidos na clínica FTC, consideram a afirmação totalmente apropriada. Acerca do quanto os médicos são expansivos e comunicáveis, 50 (100%) pacientes que já foram atendidos na clínica FTC, consideram como no mínimo, apropriada esta afirmação, enquanto 16 (32%) participantes do outro grupo, julgam como no máximo, apropriada. No que se refere à afirmativa acerca da facilidade de acesso ao médico, ocorreu a maior discrepância da presente pesquisa, quando 49 (98%) pacientes que já foram atendidos na clínica FTC declaram tal afirmação como, no mínimo apropriada, enquanto que 25 (50%) pacientes que nunca foram atendidos na clínica FTC, julgam como no máximo apropriada. Conclusão: Os médicos da clínica FTC foram melhor avaliados por seus pacientes, quando comparados a outros médicos, em sete das nove características pesquisadas, o que pode estar relacionado à oferta do componente curricular humanismo no currículo do curso de Medicina da UNIFTC, o qual vem contribuindo para a integralidade da relação médico-paciente na clínica FTC (AU).

Objective: To evaluate patients' perception of humanization in medical care, regarding the integrality of the attendance and comparing the humanization of physicians from the FTC clinic with those from outside the FTC clinic. Methods: This was a descriptive, quantitative and cross-sectional study that was carried out with patients in the FTC Clinic ­ Ogunjá - Salvador /BA from December 2018 to May 2019. Data were obtained through the Patient-doctor relationship questionnaire (PDRQ-9). Results: The questionnaire was applied in 100 patients with mean age of 47.7 ± 14.1 years, the majority of them being female (70%). Regarding the statement related to the help provided by physicians, 42 (84%) patients who were already treated at the FTC clinic consider it as totally appropriate, in contrast only 26 (52%) patients who were never attended at the FTC clinic, consider the statement totally appropriate. Regarding the extent to which physicians are expansive and communicable, 50 (100%) patients who have already been seen at the FTC clinic consider this statement to be at least appropriate, while 16 (32%) participants from the other group judge as at most appropriate. Regarding the affirmative about the ease of access to the physician, the greatest discrepancy occurred in the presente study, when 49 (98%) patients who were already treatedat the FTC clinic declare this statement as atleast appropriate, where as 25 (50% %) patients who have never beenseenat the FTC clinic, judge as atmost appropriate. Conclusion: The physicians of the FTC clinic were better evaluated by their patients when compared too ther physicians in seven of the nine characteristics surveyed, which may berelated to the off erof the curriculum componente of humanism in the curriculum ofthe UNIFTC medical course, which comes contributing to the integrality of the doctor-patient relationship in the FTC clinic (AU).

La disciplina Marxismo Leninismo en la nueva concepción del Plan E para la universidad médica / The discipline Marxism Leninism in the new conception of Plan E for the medical university

RESUMEN Entre los temas más debatidos en el VIII Congreso del Partido Comunista de Cuba destaca el trabajo político-ideológico con los jóvenes, teniendo en cuenta las peculiaridades del nuevo escenario en que transcurre el debate cultural revolucionario de estos tiempos. Para lograr este propósito, una vía aprovechable lo constituye el espacio curricular brindado a las asignaturas comprendidas por el ciclo de Marxismo Leninismo, implementado con el Plan E para la universidad médica; de ahí que los autores se propusieron socializar estas ideas a través de las páginas de la revista con toda la comunidad docente, en función de fortalecer el trabajo formativo en los egresados.

ABSTRACT Among the most debated topics in the VIII Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba, the political-ideological work with young people stands out, taking into account the peculiarities of the new scene in which the revolutionary cultural debate of these times is taking place. To achieve this purpose, an exploitable way is constituted by the curricular space offered to the subjects comprised by the cycle of Marxism Leninism, implemented with Plan E for the medical university; Hence, the authors set out to socialize these ideas through the pages of this journalwith the entire teaching community, in order to strengthen the training work in graduates.

O poder transformador dos encontros: uma análise da animação Destino / The transformative power of Encounters: an analysis of the animation Destino / El poder transformador de los encuentros: un análisis de la animación Destino

Este texto surgiu dos seguintes questionamentos: quais são as precipitações decorrentes de um encontro verdadeiro? É possível relacionar-se verdadeiramente com outra pessoa e permanecer o mesmo? O que é preciso, segundo Rogers, para estar inteiro em uma relação amorosa? Objetivamos analisar o modo por meio do qual a pessoa se transforma ao eleger alguém como companheiro. Para tanto, o método se pautou na investigação teórica com enfoque em Carl Rogers para o estudo conceitual humanista e na análise fílmica a fim de realizar uma leitura psicológica acerca da animação Destino de Salvador Dalí e Walter Disney. A partir do exposto, desarticulamos a noção de que a relação amorosa é um destino imutável, ao perceber, através da abordagem humanista, que a relação amorosa, não só envolve a consciência de ser pessoa, mas principalmente, a abertura verdadeira à experiência de ser com outra pessoa, em uma relação Eu-Tu de autenticidade e empatia. Desse modo, os Encontros permitem a construção do próprio destino que se descortina como algo flexível e mutável.

This text arose from the following questions: what are the precipitations resulting from a real encounter? Is it possible to truly relate to another person and remain the same? What does it take, according to Rogers, to be whole in a loving relationship? We aim to analyze the way in which the person changes when choosing someone as a partner. Therefore, the method was based on theoretical research with a focus on Carl Rogers for the humanistic conceptual study and on film analysis in order to carry out a psychological reading about the animation Destino by Salvador Dalí and Walter Disney. From the above, we dismantle the notion that the love relationship is an immutable destiny, by realizing, through the humanistic approach, that the love relationship not only involves the awareness of being a person, but mainly, the true openness to the experience of being with someone else, in an I-You relationship of authenticity and empathy. In this way, the Meetings allow the construction of their own destiny that is revealed as something flexible and changeable.

Este texto surgió de las siguientes preguntas: ¿cuáles son las precipitaciones resultantes de un encuentro real? ¿Es posible relacionarse realmente con otra persona y permanecer igual? ¿Qué se necesita, según Rogers, para ser íntegro en una relación amorosa? Nuestro objetivo es analizar la forma en que la persona cambia al elegir a alguien como compañero. Por lo tanto, el método se basó en una investigación teórica centrada en Carl Rogers para el estudio conceptual humanista y en el análisis de películas para llevar a cabo una lectura psicológica sobre la animación Destino de Salvador Dalí y Walter Disney. De lo anterior, desmantelamos la noción de que la relación de amor es un destino inmutable, al darnos cuenta, a través del enfoque humanista, de que la relación de amor no solo implica la conciencia de ser una persona, sino principalmente, la verdadera apertura a la experiencia de estar con alguien más, en una relación Yo-Tú de autenticidad y empatía. De esta manera, las Reuniones permiten la construcción de su propio destino que se revela como algo flexible y cambiante.

El ocaso de la Bata Blanca: ¿otro efecto de la COVID-19? / The decline of the White Coat: another effect of COVID-19?

El presente documento tiene por objeto reflexionar sobre algunas circunstancias que dieron origen y perpetuaron la bata blanca como distintivo de la profesión médica, así como para prevenir del riesgo infeccioso que supone la práctica médica, hecho más manifiesto ahora por el advenimiento y globalización de la pandemia por COVID-19, que amenazan su utilización a futuro. El riesgo contaminante y de infección cruzada de la bata blanca se incrementa con el tiempo de uso. Esta cosideraciòn biológica se suma al descrédito social experimentado por la medicina en el marco de los sistemas sanitarios modernos que pretenden cobertura y eficiencia. En la transferencia de esta falta de preeminencia de la profesión a sus símbolos, la bata ha perdido para el imaginario el significado de idoneidad, pulcritud y compasión que se supone que representa. En un marco utilitarista, la bata blanca debería contribuir en la sanación por su efecto simbólico, que supera el riesgo biológico que entraña. Mientras se conciben batas blancas anticontaminantes, sea o no durante crisis sanitarias como las pandemias, los trabajadores de la salud por sus genuinas actitudes, deberían ser vistos "de blanco" ya que, parafraseando, aquellos que las portan, curan y salvan unas cuantas veces, alivian el dolor y el sufrimiento en otro tanto pero, escuchan con compasión, empatía, y acompañan y consuelan siempre (casi sin esperar nada a cambio)..(Au)

The purpose of this document is to reflect on some aspects that gave rise to and perpetuated the white coat as the standard of the medical profession, as well as the infectious risk that its use implies for doctors and patients, made more evident by the advent of the pandemic due to COVID-19, which threaten its future validity. The risk of contamination and cross infection of the white coat increases with the time of use. This biological aspect adds to the social discredit experienced by medicine, which has been lost in its deontology and ethics due to the effects of the modernity of health systems. In transferring this lack of preeminence from the profession to its symbols, the white coat has lost to the imaginary the meaning of fitness, neatness and compassion that it is supposed to embody. In a utilitarian framework, the white coat should participate in healing because of its symbolic placebo effect that overcomes the biological risk that it entails, something that is increasingly difficult. While anti-contamination white coats are being conceived, the moment must come when, after the reestablishment of the framework of professional ethics, whether or not during health crises such as pandemics and due to genuine attitudes, health workers are seen "in white" since, paraphrasing, they heal and save a few times, they alleviate pain and suffering in another, but they listen with compassion, empathy, and always accompany and console (almost without expecting anything in return)..(Au)