Developing improved crash prevention approaches through in-depth investigation of motorcycle crash causation patterns.

Despite advancements in road safety, Powered Two-Wheelers (PTWs) remain a vulnerable group with disproportionately high crash rates. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of PTW crashes in six European countries, with a case study of Loss of Control in Curves (LoCC), to address the gap between crash causation and prevention. By examining crash causation factors and their linkage to prevention strategies, the study illustrates various approaches for connecting causes and countermeasures. These approaches, which are applicable to different crash scenarios, include looking forward in the crash causation chains, looking backward, looking at only the last cause (critical events), or the first cause, or following a systemic approach. The research introduces a set of guidelines following the safe system approach, aiming to enhance the understanding of crash prevention among policymakers. The systemic approach to countermeasures, bridges the shortcomings of traditional crash causation studies that may exhibit bias or a narrow focus on "root causes". The proposed approach emphasizes the need for a comprehensive view of crash scenarios (i.e., considering the entire crash causation chain or multiple causation chains) and ensuring that preventive measures address the full spectrum of the system. It also takes in to account external factors such as cost, benefits, and politics, leading to improved road safety outcomes. The study findings are significant for researchers, since it is a step forward in in-depth crash causation studies, as well as road practitioners and policymakers, in providing a strategic framework for more effective and efficient road safety interventions.

In-depth analysis of the effect of decomposed growth on the environment: A global perspective.

The traditional Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory, which establishes a relationship between economic growth and a select number of pollutants, does not fully capture the broad and nuanced impacts on environmental qualityThis research examines the implications of decomposed economic growth by considering the separate contributions of scale, composition, and technique effects on environmental health and ecosystem vitality. The research spans 121 countries from 2001-2019, using robust statistical methods, including Driscoll-Kraay standard error, fully modified ordinary least squares, and panel quantile estimation techniques. The study reveals complex relationships that depend on countries' income levels. A predominantly positive and non-linear relationship between the scale effect and environmental health is observed for the full sample of countries and for low-income countries. The scale effect also shows a non-linear and predominantly positive relationship with ecosystem vitality in lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income, and high-income countries. The association between the composition effect and environmental health is inverted U-shaped in lower-middle-income countries, while it is mostly negative and non-linear in low-income and high-income countries. For ecosystem vitality, the composition effect shows a negative, non-linear relationship in all sampled countries, but a positive, non-linear relationship in higher-income countries. The relationship between the technology effect and environmental health is largely positive and non-linear in all sampled countries, lower-middle-income countries, upper-middle-income countries, and higher-income countries. However, the relationship is negative in lower-middle-income countries. These results have important policy implications. Governments are encouraged to adopt renewable, sustainable, and low-carbon technologies to address the scale effect. In addition, the formulation and enforcement of stringent environmental regulations for polluting industries is crucial, given the significant impact of the composition effect.

Highly selective enrichment of surface proteins from living cells by photo-crosslinking probe enabled in-depth analysis of surfaceome.

Cell surface-exposed proteins (CSPs), termed the surfaceome, play a key role in many cellular processes. In-depth CSP analysis is significant for screening candidate biomarkers and drug targets. Highly selective enrichment of CSPs in physiological cellular environments is attractive but remains technically challenging. Here, we present a photocrosslinking-assisted cell surface protein enrichment (PCSPE) strategy. In this strategy, CSP labeling would be achieved within 2 min of UV irradiation by developing a new photocrosslinking probe (SDB) followed by one-step enrichment. The enrichment selectivity of CSPs reached 70.5%, and we identified up to 1017 CSPs from living HEK-293T cells, attributed to the high photocrosslinking reactivity and inherent impermeability of SDB, as well as the high cell viability maintained after rapid cell surface labeling to decrease the interference of intracellular proteins. Finally, this strategy was successfully applied to sorafenib-resistance cells for quantitative surfaceome analysis. All results demonstrated that our developed PCSPE method might provide a valuable toolkit for in-depth surfaceome profiling and comprehensive functional analysis.

In-depth analysis of large-scale screening of WRKY members based on genome-wide identification.

With the rapid advancement of high-throughput sequencing technology, it is now possible to identify individual gene families from genomes on a large scale in order to study their functions. WRKY transcription factors are a key class of regulators that regulate plant growth and abiotic stresses. Here, a total of 74 WRKY genes were identified from Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo genome. Based on the genome-wide analysis, an in-depth analysis of gene structure and conserved motif was performed. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that DoWRKYs could be classified into three main groups: I, II, and III, with group II divided into five subgroups: II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, and II-e. The sequence alignment indicated that these WRKY transcriptional factors contained a highly conserved WRKYGQK heptapeptide. The localization analysis of chromosomes showed that WRKY genes were irregularly distributed across several chromosomes of D. officinale. These genes comprised diverse patterns in both number and species, and there were certain distinguishing motifs among subfamilies. Moreover, the phylogenetic tree and chromosomal location results indicated that DoWRKYs may have undergone a widespread genome duplication event. Based on an evaluation of expression profiles, we proposed that DoWRKY5, 54, 57, 21, etc. may be involved in the transcriptional regulation of the JA signaling pathway. These results provide a scientific reference for the study of DoWRKY family genes.

Improving knowledge of cyclist crashes based on hospital data including crash descriptions from open text fields.

INTRODUCTION: In this study we explore the added value of bicycle crash descriptions from open text fields in hospital records from the Aarhus municipality in Denmark. We also explore how bicycle crash data from the hospital complements crash data registered by the police in the same area and time period. METHOD: The study includes 5,313 Danish bicycle crashes, of which 4,205 were registered at the hospital and 1,078 by the police. All crashes occurred from 2010 to 2015. We performed an in-depth analysis of the open text fields on hospital records to identify factors associated with each crash using four categories: bicyclist, road, bicycle, and the other party. We employed the chi-squared test to compare the distribution of variables between crashes registered at the hospital and by the police. A binary logit model was used to estimate the probability that a crash factor is identified, and that each crash factor is associated with a single-bicycle crash. RESULTS: The open-ended text fields in hospital records provide detailed information about crash factors not available in police records, including riding speed, inattention, clothing, specific road conditions, and bicycle defects. The factors alcohol and curb had the highest odds of being identified in relation to a single-bicycle crash. Crash data registered at the hospital included a larger number of bicycle crashes, particularly single-bicycle crashes and crashes with slight injuries only. CONCLUSION: Crash information registered at the hospital in Aarhus Municipality contributes to a better understanding of bicycle crashes due to detailed information about crash-associated factors as well as information about a larger number of bicycle crashes, particularly single-bicycle crashes. Practical implication: Efforts to improve access to detailed information about bicycle crashes are needed to provide a better basis for bicycle crash prevention.