Assessment of the Nasopalatine Canal Length and Shape Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography: A Retrospective Morphometric Study.

The anatomical position of the nasopalatine canal in the anterior maxilla makes it one of the most important vital structures in the region. Surgical and implant procedures in this area require local anesthesia to be administered. It is, therefore, important to morphologically assess the length and shape of the nasopalatine canal for performing surgical procedures with more accuracy in this area. Cone-Beam Computed tomography scans were scrutinized using inclusion criteria of age 18 years and above, absence of any pathological lesions/fracture/surgery in the nasopalatine area, absence of orthodontic treatment or maxillary jaw correction surgeries, and exclusion criteria including CBCT scans with artifacts or error s in the area of interest, anterior implants, absence of bone diseases, trauma, surgeries, and impactions in the area of interest. A total of 360 scans were analyzed for the length and shape of the nasopalatine canals. The results of the study showed that the mean nasopalatine canal length was 12.51 mm. The hourglass shape of the canal was most common and had the highest representation in both genders, with male 80.62% and female 87.01%. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) was noted in nasopalatine canal length between males and females. The study provides insight into the significant association of gender with the canal's shape and length of the canal. The length of the canal does not influence with age. These parameters are helpful for surgical planning and interventions in the anterior maxillary region.

Morphological evaluation of the nasopalatine canal using cone beam computed tomography and its clinical implications for orthodontic miniscrew insertion.

BACKGROUND: The morphology of the nasopalatine canal is crucial in the planning of prosthetic restorations in the anterior region of the maxilla, as well as in the placement of orthodontic mini-implants. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the morphology of the nasopalatine canal using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of patients from the University Dental Clinic in Krakow, Poland, to define the position of the canal in relation to common sites of palatal median microimplant placement, and to investigate potential correlations between the anatomy of the canal and age and gender of the patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 120 CBCT images were used to assess the anatomy of the nasopalatine canal in 3 planes of space. The bone thickness anterior to the nasopalatine canal and the distance between the distal margin of Stenson's foramen and the predicted midpalatal microimplant position were also measured. RESULTS: The most frequently observed canal type in the coronal plane was the Y-shaped canal, which was present in 60.8% of patients. The nasopalatine canal was classified as cone-shaped in 31.7% of the scans, cylindrical in 28.3%, hourglass-shaped in 27.5%, and banana-shaped in 12.5%. The mean length of the nasopalatine canal was 11.58 mm. The mean width of the canal was 2.89 mm at the nasal fossa level, 1.94 mm in the middle, and 5.09 mm at the palatal level. The mean bone thickness anterior to the nasopalatine canal was 9.07 mm at the level of the nasal opening, 6.84 mm at the level of the oral opening, and 7.32 mm in the middle. The mean distance between the distal margin of Stenson's foramen and the predicted midpalatal microimplant position varied from 0 to 11.94 mm, with a mean of 2.49 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Given the variety of nasopalatine canal forms and dimensions, detailed analysis of CBCT scans is essential prior to the placement of implants and microimplants.

Nasopalatine canal cyst, a diagnostic twist.

We present a case of nasopalatine duct cyst in a 35-yearold female. The cyst was diagnosed based on the presence of only one clinical symptom and no obvious clinical signs, which is a relatively rare occurrence. However, the radiographic and histological presentation of this lesion was typical of a nasopalatine duct cyst. Therefore, this case report aims to highlight the variable presentations of the nasopalatine cyst, which is often misdiagnosed and treated as an endodontic infection.

Nasopalatine Duct Cyst in a 31 Year-Old Male: Imaging Findings in Computed Tomography / Quiste del Canal Nasopalatino en un Hombre de 31 años: Hallazgos en Imágenes de Tomografía Computarizada

A 31-year-old man is presented and is evaluated by panoramic radiography. As a finding, an extensive lesion with a cystic appearance was detected in the anterior part of the maxilla. Computed tomography shows a lesion corresponding to the characteristics of a cyst. In the histology the combination of two types of epithelium is observed, pseudostratified columnar and stratified squamous, confirming that this was a nasopalatine duct cyst.

Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 31 años, evaluado mediante radiografía panorámica. Como hallazgo se detecta una extensa lesión de aspecto quístico en la parte anterior del maxilar. En la tomografía computada se observa una lesión que corresponde a las carácterísticas de un quiste. La histología muestra una combinación de dos tipos de epitelio, pseudostratificado columnar y estratificado escamoso, confirmando que se trataba de un quiste del canal nasopalatino.

Neurological Risks During Implant Placement in the Anterior Maxilla and Mandible: A Literature Review.

The placement of implants in the anterior maxillary and mandibular region requires esthetic proficiency and surgical finesse. It is important to consider the esthetic outcome while avoiding any type of nerve injury for the patient. In this literature review, anatomical structures of the anterior jaw were reviewed from a gross anatomical and radiographic interpretation. A discussion on the frequency of neurosensory complications for patients as a result of nerve damage in this region was evaluated. The purpose of this literature review was to educate the dental surgeon to consider the anterior jaw's neurological structures when performing procedures like implant surgery. The mandibular incisive canal (MIC) presents as an extension of the inferior alveolar canal that runs between the mental foramina. The MIC is a structure that is easily depicted in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging and is present in most subjects in gross anatomical studies. The anterior loop of the mental nerve is another structure that is discussed in this paper. Although its structure is accurately depicted in CBCT images, its anatomical variations in patients can make implant treatment planning difficult. The maxilla contains 2 neurovascular structures that were discussed. First, the nasopalatine canal and its relation and impact on implant placement is evaluated. Case reports are reviewed that outline a prophylactic enucleation and bone grafting of the canal prior to implant placement. Second, the canalis sinuosus, which houses the anterior superior alveolar nerve, is of concern during implant placement in the lateral incisor region. Case reports involving nerve damage with follow-up are discussed.

The Assessment of the Rank of Torque Control during Incisor Retraction and Its Impact on the Resorption of Maxillary Central Incisor Roots According to Incisive Canal Anatomy-Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Root resorption is one of the complications of orthodontic treatment, and has a varied and unclear aetiology. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between upper incisor resorption and contact with the incisive canal and the risk of resorption during orthodontic treatment associated with upper incisor retraction and torque control. SEARCH METHODS: According to PRISMA guidelines, the main research question was defined in PICO. Scientific databases MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for linking keywords: Resorption of roots incisive canal, Resorption of roots nasopalatine canal, Incisive canal retraction and Nasopalatine canal retraction. SELECTION CRITERIA: No time filters were applied due to the significantly limited number of studies. Publications in the English language were selected. Based on the information provided in the abstracts, articles were selected according to the following criteria: controlled clinical prospective trials and case reports. No randomised clinical trials (RCTs) or controlled clinical prospective trials (CCTs) were found. Articles unrelated to the topic of the planned study were excluded. The literature was reviewed, and the following journals were searched: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, International Orthodontics, Journal of Clinical Orthodontics, Angle Orthodontist, Progress in Orthodontics, Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research, Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics, European Journal of Orthodontics and Korean Journal of Orthodontics. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The articles were subjected to risk of bias and quality assessment using the ROBINS-I tool. RESULTS: Four articles with a total of 164 participants were selected. In all studies, differences in root length were observed after contact with the incisive canal, which was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The contact of incisor roots with the incisive canal increases the risk of resorption of these roots. IC anatomy should be considered in orthodontic diagnosis using 3D imaging. The risk of resorption complications can be reduced by appropriate planning of the movement and extent of the incisor roots (torque control) and the possible use of incisor brackets with built-in greater angulation. Registration CRD42022354125.

Evaluation of the incisive canal using cone beam computed tomography

The incisive canal is innervated by the nasopalatine nerve and irrigated by the anterior branches of the descending palatine vessels, the sphenopalatine and greater palatine artery. Sometimes, the incisor canal interferes with the placement of implants or other surgical procedures, it is necessary to resort to previous treatments in order to have the ideal conditions in the area to be treated and avoid complications. Methods: 100 cone beam computed tomography were studied evaluating the diameter, length and shape of the incisor canal, distance from the lower edge of the incisor canal to the alveolar ridge, length and width of the bone anterior to the incisor canal, and width of the palatal bone. Results and conclusions: The variables that showed a statistically significant difference comparing between male and female patients were vestibulo-palatal and incisor foramen diameter, incisor canal length, distance from the canal to the central incisor, coronal and medial width of the vestibular bone; and the width of the palatal bone at apical and mid-level; being greater in male patients.

Tridimensional Analysis of Incisive Canal and Upper Central Incisor Approximation.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to estimate the location of the incisive canal (IC) concerning the upper central incisor roots (U1) in order to explore the amount of incisor retraction as per the envelope of discrepancy amongst Chinese patients with different vertical facial growth patterns. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study that used a total of 207 pretreatment cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of adults with a skeletal class I relationship. Sixty-nine cases were included in each of the normodivergent, hypodivergent, and hyperdivergent facial groups. The IC volume was measured using Mimics 21 software. The IC width and IC-U1 proximity were measured using in vivo 6 software. Linear measurements were conducted at 3 vertical levels. RESULTS: The IC has shown a larger volume in the hyperdivergent group and male patients. Overall, the IC has recorded linear width greater than the inter-root distance of U1 in 59.1%, 66%, and 68.8% amongst the normodivergent, hypodivergent, and hyperdivergent facial groups, respectively, and in 58.3% of males and 70.8% of females. The overall sagittal distances between the U1 and IC were 4.00 ± 0.82 mm, 4.60 ± 0.83 mm, and 3.60 ± 0.80 mm amongst the normodivergent, hypodivergent, and hyperdivergent facial groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The maximum sagittal distances between U1 and IC were 4.8 mm, 5.4 mm, and 4.4 mm amongst the normodivergent, hypodivergent, and hyperdivergent facial groups, respectively. Thereby, our findings have revised the retraction aspect of the envelope of discrepancy as per the different vertical facial growth patterns, which could serve a reference for the clinical practice involved considerable incisors movement, especially among Chinese patients.

El canal incisivo: ¿maxilar o mandibular? Revisión narrativa / The incisive canal: a maxillary or mandibular structure? Narrative review

El canal incisivo es una estructura anatómica ósea que, según la terminología anatómica actual, se encuentra ubicada exclusivamente en la premaxila. Sin embargo, a continuación de los canales mandibulares, se desprenden hacia lateral los canales mentonianos (que contiene el paquete vasculonervioso del mismo nombre) y hacia anterior continua un paquete vasculonervioso, también denominado incisivo que inerva e irriga a dichos dientes mandibulares. Con el fin de aclarar lo previamente mencionado y distinguir ambas estructuras incisivas, se pretende agregar un sufijo (maxilar o mandibular) rectificando los nombres de dichos canales. Para lo anterior, se realizó una revisión de la bibliografía disponible en PubMed y Google Académico, con las palabras clave "CANAL INCISIVO" e "INCISIVE CANAL", utilizando como operador booleano la palabra OR. Los criterios de inclusión de los estudios fueron: 1) que se refieran a algún canal incisivo (ya sea maxilar o mandibular) 2) que estén disponibles para ser leídos a texto completo y 3) que su idioma sea inglés o español. De la totalidad de los artículos analizados, un 52 % hablaba exclusivamente del canal incisivo maxilar, un 43 % solo del canal incisivo mandibular y un 5 % sobre ambos. Concluyendo, podemos colegir que es de suma importancia que se regularice la nomenclatura de dichas estructuras anatómicas, debido a que, el hecho de reconocerla como tal permite garantizar su estudio y aporte desde toda la comunidad científica, sin importar la procedencia ni el idioma. Además, el canal incisivo mandibular está bien documentado, por lo que, al no ser reconocido en la terminología anatómica, se pierde la principal misión de la asociación internacional de asociaciones de anatomía (IFAA), la cual es unificar y organizar los nombres de las estructuras anatómicas existentes.

SUMMARY: The incisive canal is an anatomical bone structure that, according to current anatomical terminology, is located exclusively in the premaxilla. However, following the mandibular canals, the mental canals (containing the neurovascular bundle of the same name) branch off laterally and a neurovascular bundle continues anteriorly, also called the incisor, which innervates and irrigates said mandibular teeth. In order to clarify what was previously mentioned and to distinguish both incisive structures, it is intended to add a suffix (maxillary or mandibular) correcting the names of said canals. For the above, a review of the literature available in PubMed and Google Scholar was carried out, with the keywords "INCISIVE CANAL" and "INCISIVE CANAL", using the word OR as a boolean operator. The inclusion criteria of the studies were: 1) that they refer to an incisive canal (whether maxillary or mandibular) 2) that they be available to be read in full text and 3) that their language be English or Spanish. Of all the articles analyzed, 52% spoke exclusively about the maxillary incisive canal, 43% only about the mandibular incisive canal, and 5% about both. In conclusion, we can infer that it is of the utmost importance that the nomenclature of these anatomical structures be regularized, because the fact of recognizing it as such allows guaranteeing its study and contribution from the entire scientific community, regardless of origin or language. In addition, the mandibular incisive canal is well documented, therefore, by not being recognized in anatomical terminology, the main mission of the international association of anatomy associations (IFAA) is lost, which is to unify and organize the names of the anatomy. existing anatomical structures.

Morphometric and volumetric analysis of the proximity between the incisive canal and maxillary central incisors during anterior retraction: a retrospective cone-beam computed tomography study.

OBJECTIVES: To elucidate the relationships and factors affecting the proximity between the incisive canal (IC) and maxillary central incisors and to predict the probable outcomes after anterior tooth retraction using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective CBCT data taken before and after maxillary anterior retraction in 36 patients were used in this study. The incisive canal length (ICL), maxillary central incisor length (TL), angles between the palatal plane and axes of the maxillary alveolar border (θ1), IC (θ2), and maxillary central incisor (θ3), retraction distance (TDE), distance from the maxillary central incisors to the IC (D), cross-sectional area of the IC (CSA), and volume of the IC were evaluated. Comparison of the parameters between contact and noncontact groups were examined. Logistic regression was performed to analyze the probable outcome prediction. RESULTS: All parameters significantly decreased after anterior retraction, except for the ICL. Eighteen roots in 12 patients contacted the IC. The θ1, θ2, θ3, and D values at all levels were significantly lower, whereas the TDE, midlevel and oral opening CSA, and volume were significantly higher in the contact group compared with the noncontact group. The larger the pretreatment θ1 and θ3 were, the higher was the chance of incisors not contacting the IC. CONCLUSIONS: Maxillary central incisors not contacting the IC after anterior retraction was positively associated with larger degrees of pretreatment maxillary alveolar bone angle and maxillary central incisor angle.

Radiographic analysis of the anterior mandible and its anatomical variations using cone-beam computed tomography.

OBJECTIVE: The anterior loop, the mandibular incisive canal, and the lingual symphyseal foramen are important structures in the anterior mandible. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of these structures using CBCT. METHOD AND MATERIALS: A total of 170 projections were analyzed in different sectional planes. The study analyzed the prevalence and extension of the anterior loop and the prevalence of both the mandibular incisive canal and the lingual symphyseal foramen by using the GALAXIS software by Sirona. RESULTS: In 98.2 % (n = 167) a lingual symphyseal foramen was detected. An anterior loop was present in 31.2% (n = 53) with statistically significant higher detection rate in younger patients (P = .001). The median length was 1.26 mm (range 0.53-3.70 mm). No statistically significant differences regarding patient side or sex were found in either case. In 72.4% (n = 123) a mandibular incisive canal was detected. There was a statistically significant dependence of the mandibular incisive canal on patient sex (P = .007): female patients had a mandibular incisive canal significantly more often than male patients. Among male patients a significant difference of the mandibular incisive canal regarding the mandibular side (P = .031) was found; it was significantly less frequent on the right than on the left side. CONCLUSION: Anterior loop, mandibular incisive canal, and lingual symphyseal foramen are often present. Furthermore, the anatomical, neurovascular variability in the interforaminal area of the mandible emphasizes the importance of 3D imaging like CBCT in preoperative assessment, and confirms that a general safe zone should not solely be relied upon when performing surgery in this region.

Detection Rate and Variability in Measurement of Mandibular Incisive Canal on Cone-Beam Computed Tomography: A Study of 220 Dentate Hemi-Mandibles from Italy.

The mandibular incisive canal (MIC) is a small bony channel located in the interforaminal region; it represents the anterior continuation of the mandibular canal. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is the most commonly utilized radiological technique for assessing the MIC. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the detectability and variability in measurements of the MIC on CBCT. A total of 220 dentate hemi-mandibles were retrospectively selected for this study. For each hemi-mandible, the detectability, diameter, and distance of the MIC from anatomical landmarks (cortical plates and tooth apices) were evaluated in consensus by two observers. The analysis was performed at four different levels (first premolar, canine, lateral incisor, and central incisor) and was repeated after one month. The variability of MIC measurements was expressed as the coefficient of repeatability (CR), obtained from the Bland-Altman analysis. The MIC detection rate reduced from the first premolar to the central incisor (from 82.3% to 0.5%). The CR of MIC measurements (diameter and distances from anatomical landmarks) was ≤0.74 mm. Although the MIC is difficult to detect in a non-negligible percentage of cases, the limited variability in measurements confirms that CBCT is an effective technique for the assessment of the MIC.

Proximity of upper central incisors to incisive canal among subjects with maxillary dentoalveolar protrusion in various facial growth patterns.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the position of the upper central incisor roots (U1) relative to the incisive canal (IC) among subjects with maxillary dentoalveolar protrusion in various facial growth patterns. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 240 cone beam computed tomography images of skeletal Class I and II maxillary or bimaxillary protrusive subjects with a mean age of 23.74 ± 3.73 years were enrolled according to their facial growth pattern. The IC volume was measured using Mimics 21 software (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium). The U1 inter-root distance, width of IC, and their proximity were estimated using Invivo6 software (Anatomage, San Jose, CA). RESULTS: The IC volume was slightly greater among the high angle facial group and female patients than the other groups. Overall, the IC width was greater than the U1 inter-root distance in 55.65%, 57.6%, and 65% among the average, low, and high angle facial groups, respectively, and in 56.5% and 62.9% of males and females, respectively. The overall anteroposterior (sagittal) distances between the U1 roots and IC were 4.36 ± 1.18, 4.78 ± 1.17, and 3.83 ± 0.90 mm among the average, low, and high angle facial groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The high angle facial group and female patients showed slightly greater IC dimensions than the other groups. The overall maximum sagittal distances between the U1 and IC were around 5.5, 6, and 4.7 mm among the average, low, and high angle facial groups, respectively. The low angle facial group and male patients tended to have greater sagittal distances. Therefore, the present findings could serve as a guideline when a considerable amount of upper incisor retraction is planned for Class I or II maxillary or bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion patients.

Relationship between maxillary central incisors and incisive canal: a cone-beam computed tomography study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the relationship between the maxillary incisors and the incisive canal (IC) using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Archived CBCT scan from 120 subjects (60 males and 60 females, mean age 34.2 ± 13.1 years) were analysed in this cross-sectional study. The following variables were measured: incisor/palatal plane (PP), IC/PP angles, palatal alveolar bone width (PABW) at apex, IC width, inter-root width at apex and IC level to incisor apex. The relationship between the incisors and IC with respect to sex and age was calculated using one-way analysis of variance, independent samples t-test, and regression analysis. RESULTS: The confidence level was set at 95%. Results showed that half of the study population exhibited IC palatal opening at the level of the maxillary incisor apices. Significant associations were observed between IC/PP and incisor/PP angles and between IC width and PABW at the apical level (p < 0.05), and between age and IC width in the sagittal and axial perspectives and age and IC level relative to the incisor apices. A significant association was observed between sex and IC/PP angle, IC width in the sagittal perspective, and PABW at the apical level. The association was found between IC and maxillary incisors angulations but not between IC width and inter-root distance. CONCLUSIONS: Age showed varied associations while sex was significantly associated with most variables assessed.

Morphological evaluation of the incisive canal with reference to gender and age: A cone-beam computed tomography study.

BACKGROUND: The incisive canal (IC) is an important anatomical structure in the premaxilla that should be considered during many dental procedures. AIMS: The objective of this study is to associate the IC morphology and dimensions with reference to gender and age by means of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted using archived CBCT records of patients who sought treatment at the Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. OnDemand 3D Imaging software was utilized in image reconstruction and measurement determination. The parameters evaluated were the IC shape and dimensions in a sagittal and coronal view at two levels: palatal opening and nasal opening. The variables were compared according to age and gender using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal Wallis tests. Confidence level was obtained at P < 0.05. RESULTS: Out of the 370 CBCT images assessed, only 100 images fulfilled the inclusion criteria; 50 males and 50 females. No substantial variance in IC shapes was found in both the sagittal and coronal perspectives with reference to age and gender. Likewise, there was no statistical variation in IC dimensions with reference to age. On the other hand, there was a statistical difference in IC length when correlated with gender as the male subjects had longer IC as compared to females (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: There is no association between IC morphology, age and gender. However, substantial variation in IC length was observed between genders.

Comprehensive review of the incisive branch of the inferior alveolar nerve.

The incisive branch of the inferior alveolar nerve is a vital anatomical structure within the anterior mandible that has not been thoroughly defined and outlined in reports in the literature until recent years. Advances in radiological imaging, particularly the widespread use of cone-beam computed tomography has allowed for accurate visualization of the mandibular incisive canal (MIC) and its associated incisive branch of the inferior alveolar nerve. Surgical damage to the MIC, which could result in hemorrhage and sensory disturbance, may occur in commonly practiced oral and maxillofacial procedures, such as chin bone harvesting, implant placement, fracture repair and removal of pathologic entities of the anterior mandible. Knowledge of both the presence, dimensions and location of the incisive branch is a vital component to pre and peri-operative planning of oral and maxillofacial surgeries performed within the mandible, particularly within the interforaminal zone. In this article, the terminology, anatomy, imaging, surgical consideration, and pathology of the incisive branch will be discussed.

Determinación de la morfología del canal incisivo mandibular mediante tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (CBCT) en población de Valdivia, Chile / Determination of mandibular incisor canal morphology by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a population of Valdivia, Chile

RESUMEN: El canal incisivo mandibular (MIC) es un canal neural que contiene una de las ramas inferiores del nervio alveolar inferior, llamado nervio incisivo mandibular, que puede resultar dañado durante intervenciones quirúrgicas y causar complicaciones postoperatorias. Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se identificó el MIC en la imagen transversal del canino en 83 hemiarcadas. Se registró edad, sexo, hemiarcada, longitudes desde reborde alveolar vestibular de canino a MIC, cortical lingual y vestibular de canino a MIC, base mandibular de canino a MIC y ubicación del MIC (tercio lingual, medio, vestibular). Medidas se registraron en milímetros. Se aplicó test T-student para muestras independientes para variables de longitud y Chi-cuadrado para ubicación espacial del MIC, en relación con grupo etario y sexo. Se evaluó el MIC en todas las muestras (100 %). El MIC fue encontrado mayormente en el tercio medio mandibular (p <0,05). La media desde el MIC a la cortical lingual es de 5,25 mm ? 1,42 mm (derecho) y 5,24 mm ? 1,18 mm (izquierdo). La media desde el MIC a la cortical vestibular fue de 4,42 mm ? 1,29 mm (derecho) y 4,53 mm ? 1,24mm (izquierdo). La media entre centro del canal y reborde alveolar vestibular fue 18,89 mm ? 2,68mm (derecho) y 18,20 mm ? 3,06 mm (izquierdo), media desde centro del MIC al margen basal fue de 9,77 mm ? 1,93 (derecho) y 10,12 mm ? 1,92 mm (izquierdo). Se encontró mayor distribución del MIC en el tercio medio mandibular. Se identificó el MIC en el 100 % de las muestras a través de CBCT por lo que su uso como examen complementario debe ser considerado al planificar cirugías en el sector anterior mandibular.

SUMMARY: The objective of the study was to determine the morphology of the mandibular incisive canal (MIC) and its location using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the population of Valdivia, Chile. Descriptive cross-sectional study. MIC was identified in the canine cross image in 83 quadrants. Age, gender, quadrants, length from buccal alveolar ridge of canine to MIC, lingual and buccal cortical of canine to MIC, mandibular base of canine to MIC, and location of MIC (lingual, middle and buccal third) were recorded. Measurements were recorded in millimeters. Independent sample Student-T test was performed to determine length variables and Chi-square test was performed to determine spatial location of MIC, in relation to age group and gender. MIC was evaluated in all samples (100 %). MIC was found mainly in the mandibular third quadrant (p < 0.05). The mean from the MIC to the lingual cortex is 5.25 mm ? 1.42 mm (right) and 5.24 mm ? 1.18 mm (left). The mean from the MIC to the buccal cortex was 4.42 ? 1.29 mm (right) and 4.53 mm ? 1.24 mm (left). The mean between the center of the canal and the buccal alveolar ridge was 18.89 mm ? 2.68mm (right) and 18.20 mm ? 3.06 mm (left), the mean from the center of the MIC to the basal edge was 9.77 mm ? 1.93 (right) and 10.12 mm ? 1.92 mm (left). A greater distribution of MIC was found in the mandibular third quadrant. MIC was identified in 100 % of the samples through CBCT, therefore, its use as a complementary examination should be considered when planning surgeries in the anterior mandibular area.

Significance of Morphometric and Anatomic Variations of Nasopalatine Canal on Cone-Beam Computed Tomography in Anterior Functional Zone - A Retrospective Study.

INTRODUCTION: Oral rehabilitation in maxillary anterior region has increased concerns in the dental fraternity to have detailed morphological examination in treatment planning. The nasopalatine canal (NPC) along with its contents plays an important role in determining the prognosis of implants and their associated surgeries. The present study was performed to evaluate morphometric anatomic variations of the NPC using focused small field of view on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 250 participants. CBCT examination was conducted using standard exposure and patient positioning protocols. Sagittal, coronal, and axial sections were reviewed to determine NPC morphology and dimensions. RESULTS: Single, round, incisive foramen with mean mesiodistal diameter of 3.23 (±1.00) mm, and mean anteroposterior dimension of 3.03 (±0.96) mm was found. Single Stenson's foramen along with funnel shaped, slanted NPC with mean angulation of 81.97 (±42.19), and mean length of 12.67 (±2.69) mm was found. Mean mesiodistal diameter at nasal fossa of NPC was 3.27 (±1.75) mm, at mid-level was 2.23 (±1.02) mm, at palate was 3.46 (±1.12) mm. At least one additional foramen was found. DISCUSSION: Anatomy of the NPC is highly variable. Age-wise and gender-wise correlations revealed statistically significant results for different parameters. The present study highlighted significance of NPC along with its variations. Therefore, a methodical three-dimensional presurgical assessment is mandatory before any surgical intervention in this region.

Nasopalatine duct cyst with sebaceous differentiation: a rare case report with literature review.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to report a rare case of nasopalatine duct cyst with sebaceous differentiation. Further, a systematic search of the literature was performed to identify studies reporting patients with intraosseous jaw cysts with sebaceous differentiation. CASE PRESENTATION: A 55-year-old Korean man was referred to our hospital because of a cystic lesion of the anterior maxilla. Radiologic examination revealed a well-circumscribed radiolucent lesion in the anterior maxilla. Histology showed a respiratory columnar and cuboidal epithelium-lined cyst. Transition from the ciliated columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium with sebaceous differentiation was observed. Based on these findings, the final diagnosis was nasopalatine duct cyst with sebaceous differentiation. A systematic search of the literature was performed to identify studies reporting patients with intraosseous jaw cysts with sebaceous differentiation. There were 24 cases of sebaceous differentiation in the epithelium of the cysts including 2 odontogenic keratocysts, 8 orthokeratinized odontogenic cysts, 8 dentigerous cysts, 1 radicular cyst, and 2 glandular odontogenic cysts. However, no case reports describing the occurrence of nasopalatine duct cysts with sebaceous differentiation have been reported. CONCLUSION: This first case report of nasopalatine duct cysts with sebaceous differentiation could provide insight into the diagnostic process of cystic lesions with sebaceous differentiation.