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Introduction: Corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices refer to the deliberate actions and strategies implemented by a company or organization to generate positive outcomes for its stakeholders beyond the sole objective of profit maximization. Internal CSR is a significant management and investment concept within enterprises, such as hospitals, that enhances organizational performance excellence. Objectives: The article aims to trace how hospitals thrive in nurses' job performance by leveraging internal CSR practices. Methods: Cross-sectional design quantitative research through structured questionnaire interviews on 215 nurses in Vietnam. Data collection was conducted from May 2023 to August 2023. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was applied to test the hypotheses. Results: The study has proven that a hospital's internal CSR practices impact nurses' job performance. Income and benefits, human resource training and development, and work-related quality of life directly and significantly impact three dimensions of a nurse's job performance (competence to practice patient care, attitude to performance work, and management and professional development capacity). Connection and trust in the workplace and health and safety at work significantly affect two dimensions of a nurse's job performance (namely, competence to practice patient care and attitude to performance work). Diversity in the workplace impacts nurses' competence in practicing patient care and their management and professional development capacity. Demographic variables did not correlate statistically significantly with dimensions of internal CSR and nurses' job performance. Conclusion: The study presents significant findings on the influence of internal CSR on nurses' job performance within the hospital management theory of an emerging market. The results of the present study contribute to a better understanding of the benefits of hospitals' socially responsible actions and contribute further to resource management in hospitals, especially nursing. If the nursing staff positively perceives the hospital's internal CSR practices, they will be more able to perform their job, impacting the hospital's overall performance. This study has certain limitations regarding the representative nature of the sample, the use of the self-report survey instrument, and the use of cross-sectional data.
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Purpose: Economic pressure has become an important source of stress for employees. However, the conclusions regarding the relationship between financial stress and employees' work behavior are not consistent. The present study explored the relationship between financial stress and employee job performance with a Chinese sample and further explored how and when financial stress influenced job performance. Samples and Methods: The present study investigated five distinct companies operating in diverse sectors using a convenience sampling technique. Three hundred and twenty-one employees were recruited. Financial Stress, Job Performance, Work Engagement, and Emotional Exhaustion were measured for this investigation. The mediation effect was tested using a four-step procedure. The analysis of the moderated mediation model was performed using Hayes's PROCESS macro for SPSS. Results: The results found financial stress was positively related to job performance, and work engagement mediated the positive relationship between financial stress and job performance. In addition, emotional exhaustion moderated the mediating process between financial stress, work engagement, and job performance. Specifically, the beneficial effect of financial stress on work engagement disappeared when emotional exhaustion was high. Besides, a high level of emotional exhaustion weakened the positive relationship between work engagement and job performance. Conclusion: Financial stress plays a motivating role in employees' job performance in China. Work engagement is a key factor between financial stress and job performance. Notably, the positive effect of financial stress and work engagement on job performance is contingent upon the individual's level of emotional exhaustion. These results might explain the inconsistency of the effect of financial stress in previous research. Moreover, this finding suggests that emotional factors may not only be the result of stress but can also influence its effects.
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The performance of platform flexible employees is a core element that contributes to the rapid growth of the sharing economy platform. It is crucial to explore strategies to improve employees' performance with the growing competition among these platforms. Only a handful of research evidence has been found evaluating platform flexible employees' psychological capital and work engagement to improve their performance. In order to remedy the gap, we draw on self-determination theory to develop a moderated mediation model, which examines how psychological capital affects platform flexible employees' job performance. We employed hierarchical regression analysis to test the theoretical model and carried out two rounds of surveys, resulting in 474 valid paired questionnaires. The questionnaire assessed the psychological capital, work engagement, job performance, and job autonomy of flexible platform employees. The results indicate that work engagement plays a mediating role between psychological capital affects platform flexible employees' job performance. Moreover, job autonomy moderates the mediating effect. The findings not only contribute to the literature on employees' psychological capital and job performance, but also broaden the research scope of self-determination theory, and provide new ideas for improving the job performance of platform flexible employees.
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Personal Autonomy , Work Engagement , Work Performance , Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Surveys and Questionnaires , Middle Aged , Job SatisfactionABSTRACT
Introduction: This study explores the influence of artificial intelligence (A.I.) applications on the job performance of healthcare providers, based on data from standardised-trained residents in the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province in China. Methods: The ordinary least squares model is employed to examine the relationship between A.I. applications and job performance. To address potential endogeneity and missing variables, we utilise the propensity score matching method and alternative regression models. Results: The findings indicate that the job performance of standardised-trained residents positively correlates with A.I. applications. This relationship remains robust after addressing endogenous and missing variables. Further discussion reveals that patients' support mediates the relationship between A.I. and job performance. Under identical conditions, the job performance of female residents empowered by A.I. is found to be significantly better than that of their male counterparts. Conversely, no heterogeneity is observed regarding the impact of A.I. on the job performance of medical practitioners and clinical medical technicians. Discussion: This study underscores the positive role of A.I. applications in enhancing the job performance of standardised-trained residents. The results highlight the mediating role of patient support and suggest gender-based differences in the efficacy of A.I. empowerment.
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Artificial Intelligence , Health Personnel , Work Performance , Humans , China , Female , Male , Health Personnel/psychology , AdultABSTRACT
Based on the Job Demands-Resources theory, this research investigated the multiple mediating role of special education teachers' social support and work engagement in the relationship between their emotional intelligence and job performance. Data of 710 Chinese mainland teachers in special education schools were analyzed. The results showed that emotional intelligence directly predicted job performance. Both social support and work engagement partially mediated the relationship between emotional intelligence and job performance. Furthermore, social support and work engagement serially mediated the relationship between emotional intelligence and job performance. The limitations and implications for future studies and practices are discussed.
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Even though existing literature frequently finds High Performance Human Resource Practices' (HPHRPs) positive impact on job performance in organizational setting, still it remains short to study unexplored underlying methods by which High Performance Human Resource Practices (HPHRPs) affect employee job performance. This gap is filled by our research, which proposes psychological empowerment as a mediator in the aforementioned relationship. Based on signaling theory, the present study examines the mediating role of psychological empowerment (PE) in the relationship between high-performance human resource practices (HPHRPs) and job performance (JP). In addition, this study tests the interactive effect of HPHRPs and responsible leadership on psychological empowerment. Data were collected in three waves from representative sample of education sector employees and their supervisors (T1-557, T2-342, T3-210 responses) in Pakistan. The hypotheses were evaluated using the PROCESS macro with SPSS to measure moderated-mediated relationships. The findings of the study reveal that HPHRPs positively influence employee performance through psychological empowerment. Responsible leadership positively moderates HPHRPs' effects on psychological empowerment. Furthermore, responsible leadership moderates the mediated relationship such that this positive indirect effect is stronger for individuals possessing low levels of responsible leadership. Our study is the first of its type to investigate whether a responsible leader may moderate the indirect impact of HPHRPs on JP through psychological empowerment. The findings carry critical implications for the practitioners and academics to devise interventions for better work environments.
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Leadership , Work Performance , Humans , Male , Adult , Female , Pakistan , Empowerment , Power, Psychological , Employment/psychology , Middle AgedABSTRACT
This study aims to identify the relationship among job challenge, learning agility, job autonomy, and job performance based on job demand-resources model. In particular, this study examined the mediating role of learning agility in the relationship between Job challenge and job performance, which has rarely been conducted. Furthermore, the moderating effect of job autonomy as job resource was explored. The data collected were from army officers and noncommissioned officers (NCO) of the Korean Army (N = 425). We hypothesized that there is a positive relationship among Job challenge and learning agility, Job challenge and job performance, the mediating role of learning agility in the relationship between Job challenge and job performance, and the moderating role of job autonomy. As predicted, we found that Job challenge was positively related to learning agility and job performance. We also found a mediating effect of learning agility on the relationship between Job challenge and job performance. Furthermore, job autonomy moderated the positive relationship between Job challenge and learning agility, although the moderating effect of job autonomy between Job challenge and job performance was not significant. Finally, the indirect relationship between Job challenge and job performance, via learning agility, was stronger for the higher job autonomy group than for the lower job autonomy group. The, theoretical and practical contributions and suggestions for future studies on learning agility and job characteristics are discussed.
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This study aimed to assess the relationship between management commitment, psychological empowerment, and job performance among Palestinian academic employees in higher education institutions. A multi-wave survey was utilized and 665 academics were recruited from several public and private universities in West Bank, in which the stratified sampling method was adopted to select universities. Findings demonstrated that participants reported moderate levels of management commitment and job performance and agreeable levels of psychological empowerment. Management commitment and psychological empowerment positively correlated with job performance (p < 0.01). However, management commitment had a direct influence on job performance and management commitment had a relationship with psychological empowerment (p < 0.01). Thus, strategies should be carried out to enhance management commitment and psychological empowerment to improve job performance among academic staff.
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PURPOSE: Healthcare organizations require more proactive behaviors from nursing professionals. However, nurse managers' proactivity has rarely been analyzed in the literature and little is known about the antecedents and consequences of their proactive behavior at work. This study examines the relationships between job characteristics (i.e. job autonomy and job variety), psychological empowerment, proactive work behavior and job effectiveness indicators (i.e. innovative work behavior, job performance). We tested a model in which psychological empowerment and proactive work behavior sequentially mediate the relationship between job characteristics and job effectiveness. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A cross-sectional study was conducted among nurse middle managers from a French hospital (N = 321). A hypothetical model was developed based on existing theory. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses. FINDINGS: Results show that psychological empowerment and proactive work behavior fully mediate the relationship between job characteristics and innovative work behavior, and partially mediate the relationship between job characteristics and job performance. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This study provides insights for understanding how job characteristics can contribute to fostering the proactivity of nurse middle managers and how their proactive work behavior can be positively related to innovative work behavior and job performance. Findings raise several implications for hospital administrators and upper management seeking new ways to enhance nurse middle managers' proactive work behavior and push further their effectiveness at work.
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Nurse Administrators , Work Performance , Humans , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Male , Nurse Administrators/psychology , Adult , Middle Aged , France , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
AIMS: This study explores how perceived organizational support for strengths use influences nurses' job performance, specifically examining the mediating effects of control beliefs about stress and optimism. BACKGROUND: Identifying factors that enhance job performance is crucial in the demanding field of nursing. Previous research has highlighted the positive impact of perceived organizational support for strengths use on job performance. METHOD: Conducted between May and October 2023, this study involved 653 nurses from various hospital settings across three Chinese provinces. A combination of convenience and snowball sampling methods ensured a representative sample. Questionnaires distributed via an online platform measured variables including perceived organizational support for strengths use, control beliefs about stress, optimism, and job performance. Data analysis utilized SPSS-25 and the PROCESS macro, with correlation and regression analyses examining the relationships between perceived organizational support for strengths use, control beliefs about stress, optimism, and job performance. RESULTS: Perceived organizational support for strengths use positively correlates with control beliefs about stress, optimism, and job performance. Control beliefs about stress and optimism serve as mediators in the relationship between perceived organizational support for strengths use and job performance, both independently and sequentially, with optimism being the more potent mediator. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that control beliefs about stress and optimism independently and sequentially mediate the relationship between perceived organizational support for strengths use and job performance among nurses. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY: This research underscores the importance of creating a work environment that leverages nurses' strengths and fosters their ability to manage stress and maintain optimism in the face of workplace challenges. Such an environment can significantly enhance job performance and overall well-being among nurses.
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BACKGROUND: This theoretical model has been drawn on principles of social exchange theory to scrutinize the connection between organizational virtuousness and job performance with the mediating role of Organizational citizenship behavior and moderating role of workplace ostracism. A survey was conducted in Pakistan, gathering data from 486 employees working for various private and commercial banks. METHOD: Soft and hard questionnaires were distributed to the participants, with social media platforms used for the soft questionnaires and meetings with employees for the hard questionnaires. A 7-point Likert scale was employed in data collection, and measures for the variables were adapted from reliable and valid sources. A demographic analysis was performed to summarize the sample collected from participants. The demographics results were analyzed using SPSS, while the measurement model and path analysis were conducted using Structural Equational Modeling with Smart PLS-4. RESULTS: The study's findings showed a significant and positive relationship between organizational virtuousness and job performance, with organizational citizenship behavior serving as a mediator. Additionally, a negative moderation of workplace ostracism was observed in the mediation of organizational citizenship behavior toward the relationship between organizational virtuousness and job performance. CONCLUSION: The study's results contribute to the implementation of social exchange theory and related concepts in the banking sector of Pakistan, providing practical guidance for implementing virtuous practices within organizations and discouraging ostracism in banks to enhance overall performance. The study suggests that policies regarding the implementation of virtuous practices in organizations can be established, and workplace ostracism can be avoided by providing a platform for social gatherings and training employees. Managers should adopt appropriate leadership styles and relevant communication patterns to impact the organizational climate which can also help reduce the influence of ostracism in the organization. Additionally, a complaint cell should be established with complete confidentiality to reduce ostracism.
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Organizational Culture , Work Performance , Humans , Adult , Female , Pakistan , Male , Workplace/psychology , Workplace/organization & administration , Surveys and Questionnaires , Social Behavior , Middle Aged , Latent Class Analysis , Young AdultABSTRACT
Non-judicial court personnel, critical to a well-functioning justice system, experience overloaded dockets and the responsibility of making significant decisions, contributing to cognitive stress. Understanding and mitigating their stress is essential for maintaining judicial efficiency. We adapted Miller and Richardson's Model of Judicial Stress to assess stress in a broad sample of non-judicial court personnel (n = 122), including judges, lawyers, and administrative staff. Participants responded to surveys about their stress levels, job performance, and health; they also completed cognitive performance tasks. The findings indicated that stress negatively affected employee outcomes including cognitive performance, job performance, job satisfaction, and health outcomes. Notably, perceived job performance had declined compared to the previous year, suggesting that the pandemic was an additional significant stressor. Based on the data, the Model of Judicial Stress is also applicable to other types of courtroom personnel, underlining its relevance across various judicial roles.
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BACKGROUND: Extensive research has been conducted treating burnout as an independent variable and performance as a dependent variable to proffer possible solutions to burnout and job performance among academics. Despite this, the burnout crises persist and are exacerbated by the ongoing global proliferation of higher education. Acknowledging this, the current study explored whether performance may contribute to the emergence of burnout. METHODS: The study's sample population comprised 689 academics from Jiangsu province, China. Key Performance Indicator (KPI) results served to measure performance. Psychological counselling and Burnout were calculated using mental health results garnered from the universities. Data was collected on respondents' demographic characteristics and work situations. The mean scores were 0.517 (SD = 0.5) for gender and 1.586 (SD = 1.103) for age. The relationship among performance, job burnout, and psychological counselling was analysed via a cross-sectional survey deploying grouped regression. RESULTS: Academics' job performance was found to regulate their burnout (ß = -0.058, P < 0.01). Higher performance of academics was significantly associated with lower job burnout and psychological counselling. Furthermore, psychological counselling significantly moderated job burnout (ß = -0.012, P < 0.05) among academics without regulating their job performance. CONCLUSION: The paper supplements the discourse on job burnout and academic performance by suggesting a pre-counselling measure as a strategy to address the crises of burnout. The paper argued that the continued competence of employees should prevent burnout in Higher education and ensure better job performance.
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Burnout, Professional , Counseling , Work Performance , Humans , Female , Male , Burnout, Professional/psychology , Adult , China , Cross-Sectional Studies , Counseling/statistics & numerical data , Middle Aged , Surveys and Questionnaires , Academic Performance/psychology , Academic Performance/statistics & numerical data , Universities , Young AdultABSTRACT
This study investigated the impact mechanism of social-related social media use on the job performance of caregivers of older adults through mental health and analyzed gender differences. A total of 358 valid questionnaires were collected and analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS. The results showed that mental health plays an important role in the relationship between social-related social media use and job performance. Such social media use can improve psychological well-being and reduce psychological distress by promoting relaxation experience. Psychological well-being has a significant positive impact on job performance. In addition, significant differences exist in the impact path of social-related social media use on psychological distress among different gender groups. The findings of this study can assist nursing homes in assessing the use of social media within their organizations and provide methodological references for enhancing the job performance of caregivers of older adults.
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Caregivers , Social Media , Work Performance , Humans , Male , Female , Caregivers/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Middle Aged , Aged , Adult , Nursing Homes , Mental HealthABSTRACT
Background: The interplay between teaching engagement and performance has garnered attention in both theoretical and empirical research, primarily due to its influence on student academic achievement, teacher well-being, and the realization of institutional goals. This is especially pertinent in the realm of preschool education, where the scope of learning extends beyond academic content to encompass the broader socialization of children. Drawing from Affective Neuroscience research, this study investigates the role of affective tendencies as mediators in the relationship between work engagement and job performance. Objective: The primary aim of this research is to examine a chain mediation model that hypothesizes the predictive role of teacher engagement. This model posits the intermediary influence of four basic emotions-CARING, SEEKING, ANGER, and FEAR-followed by the mediating effect of job satisfaction on teacher job performance. Method: The study utilized a sample of 842 Chinese preschool teachers. Data were collected through an online questionnaire, employing a time-lagged design. The analysis was conducted using Model 80 of the PROCESS Macros. Results: The findings reveal that both positive and negative emotions significantly predict teachers' job satisfaction. However, job satisfaction does not influence job performance. The analysis confirmed the direct and total effects of teacher engagement, as well as the indirect effects, particularly through the positive emotion of Caring. Implications: The results are instrumental in informing and refining interventions designed to enhance teacher engagement and performance, underscoring the importance of emotional factors in the educational environment.
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This study explores the role of transactive memory capability as a mediator in the relationship between social media usage and job performance. Drawing on transactive memory theory, we hypothesized that individuals who use social media more intensively for task-oriented purposes and relationship building are more likely to develop transactive memory capability, which in turn enhances their job performance. A survey was conducted among 816 employees in China from various industries to collect data on their social media usage patterns, transactive memory capability, and job performance. Results from structural equation modeling indicate that social media usage has a positive impact on job performance. Additionally, transactive memory capability mediates the relationship between social media usage and job performance. This study has contribution in literature by demonstrating the beneficial effects of social media usage on the development of transactive memory capability and job performance. It is suggested that social media usage can be used a valuable tool for enhancing performance of employees. Employees should gain an understanding of how social media fosters the development of transactive memory capability to utilize it more effectively. These findings also suggest that the way individuals use social media can influence their ability to access and share knowledge within their social networks, ultimately impacting their job performance.
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AIM: This study aims to investigate the relationship between nurses' self-efficacy and self-esteem, and their job satisfaction. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted. METHODS: Employing a random sampling method that included 234 nurses from three hospitals in Iran enrolled. This study utilized the General Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, Coppersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, and Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire. Descriptive analysis, independent t-tests, Pearson correlation analyses, and linear regression were employed for data analysis. RESULTS: The mean self-efficacy score for nurses was 26.73 ± 5.62 (out of 40), while self-esteem and job satisfaction scored 37.13 ± 6.87 (out of 50) and 68.27 ± 12.65 (out of 100), respectively. Significant correlations were found between self-efficacy, self-esteem, and job satisfaction. Moreover, self-esteem and the age group >40 years were identified as important predictors of nurses' job satisfaction. This study highlights the influential role of self-esteem in determining nurses' job satisfaction.
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Job Satisfaction , Self Concept , Self Efficacy , Humans , Cross-Sectional Studies , Iran , Adult , Female , Male , Surveys and Questionnaires , Nurses/psychology , Nurses/statistics & numerical data , Middle AgedABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Optimizing the performance level of nursing staff is crucial for the efficient functioning of hospitals and better patient health outcomes. However, published data on the job performance levels and associated factors of nurses in Ethiopia is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the job performance and associated factors of nurses working in adult emergency departments at selected public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHODS: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 25 to April 25, 2023, among 172 nurses working in the adult emergency departments of selected public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data were collected using pretested, self-administered structured questionnaires. Data were coded, entered into Epi-data version 4.6, and analyzed using Statistical Package for Service Solution (SPSS) Version 27.0.1 software. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics, including mean, frequency, and standard deviation. A binary logistic regression analysis was done to determine factors associated with the performance of nurses. The strength of the association was measured using an adjusted odd ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI), and a P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The majority of nurses, 70.5% (95% CI: 63.7-77.3), rated their job performance as good. Workload [AOR = 1.70 (95% CI: 1.19-2.44)], remuneration [AOR = 1.89 (95% CI: 1.35-2.67)], rewards [AOR = 1.50 (95% CI: 1.01-2.23)], objectives to be achieved [AOR = 1.88 (95% CI: 1.32-2.67)], and feedback on performance appraisals [AOR = 1.65 (95% CI: 1.17-2.33)] were identified as significantly associated with nurses' performance. CONCLUSION: While the majority of nurses rated their job performance as good, it is important to note that a relevant proportion of nurses rated their job performance as poor. The findings of this study identified that nurses' performance is influenced by several key factors, including workload, remuneration, rewards, objectives to be achieved, and feedback on performance appraisals. Our findings call for improving nurses' job performance; therefore, hospitals should consider implementing systems that effectively utilize performance appraisal results and recognize and encourage hardworking nurses.
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Background Workplace bullying is persistent aggressive behavior, including verbal or physical abuse, exhibited in a working environment. The impact of workplace bullying in any industry leads to negative outcomes in multiple dimensions, such as issues with mental health, problems with physical health, and a reduction in productivity in the workplace. This study aims to measure the relationship between personality traits and workplace bullying victims. Moreover, it explores how personality traits predict being a victim of workplace bullying. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted among 625 participants from various regions of Saudi Arabia. Data was collected using a self-administered survey, which included sociodemographic questions, the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R) for bullying assessment, and the Big Five Personality Inventory (BFI-10) for personality trait assessment. The statistical analysis encompassed descriptive statistics and inferential tests such as the correlation test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Kruskal-Wallis test. These analyses were conducted using the SPSS software version 27.0.1 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results Personal-related bullying was more prevalent compared to work-related bullying, particularly "facing disregard of opinion" was the most frequent type of bullying. Moreover, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience were demonstrated as major self-perceived personality traits among participants. Some sociodemographic factors were reported to be significantly associated with both bullying and personality trait scores. Personality traits such as conscientiousness, agreeableness, and extraversion were adversely correlated while openness to experience and neuroticism were positively correlated with bullying. Conclusions Our study illustrates the current prevalence of workplace bullying in Saudi Arabia and its impact on participants' mental health and productivity. We identified a significant correlation between self-perceived personality traits and the risk of experiencing workplace bullying. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, enabling them to develop targeted interventions to reduce bullying within work settings in Saudi Arabia.
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Employees may experience stress in the workplace for various reasons. Psychological strengths may help them to cope with emerging challenges and foster mental health and work productivity. This study examined the mediating roles of meaning in life and psychological flexibility in the relationships between perceived occupational stress and job satisfaction, job performance and psychological distress. This cross-section study included 554 teachers (56.0% males; Mage = 36.99 ± 7.88 years) at all school levels in Türkiye. The research data was collected through a convenience sampling method using an online survey. Participants completed self-report measures of meaning in life, psychological flexibility, perceived occupational stress, job satisfaction, job performance, and psychological distress. Pearson product-moment correlation and parallel mediation model using PROCESS macro (Model 4) were utilized to analyze the data. The results showed that perceived occupational stress had a significant effect on meaning in life, psychological flexibility, job satisfaction, job performance, and psychological distress. Also, meaning in life and psychological flexibility had significant effects on job satisfaction, job performance, and psychological distress. Furthermore, meaning in life and psychological flexibility partially mediated the relationships between occupational stress and job satisfaction, job performance, and psychological distress. These findings highlight the significance of considering meaning in life and psychological flexibility as crucial factors in mitigating the impact of occupational stress on employee mental health and work productivity. By focusing on enhancing employees' sense of meaning and their ability to adapt flexibly to workplace challenges, organizations can potentially create a better environment that fosters positive outcomes for both employees and the organization. However, the impact of occupational stress on job performance, job satisfaction and psychological distress may change over time. To address this concern, future research should test the model through a longitudinal study design.