El método de consulta a expertos en tres niveles de validación / Method for expert consultation at three levels of validation

Introducción: En muchas investigaciones científicas de las Ciencias Sociales, es usual la aplicación del método de consulta a expertos con el fin de validar escalas, enfoques, proyecciones, políticas y otros temas para la adopción de decisiones fundamentadas, aunque se constata su empleo parcial, indiscriminado e incorrecto. Objetivo: Fundamentar la necesidad de aplicar el método de consulta a expertos en tres niveles para determinar: la competencia de los expertos; la fiabilidad del instrumento empleado y el consenso entre los expertos sobre el tema abordado. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una sistematización de documentos relacionados con el empleo del método de consulta de expertos en la investigación científica, tesis de doctorado y maestría, artículos, monografías y otras publicaciones. Se aplicaron pruebas estadísticas no paramétricas. Resultados: Se constata que la aplicación del método de consulta a expertos siguiendo los procedimientos adecuados, permite elevar el rigor metodológico y su contribución en la investigación científica. Conclusiones: El método de consulta a expertos constituye una herramienta eficaz en la investigación científica siempre que se aplique con el rigor requerido(AU)

Introduction: The method for expert consultation is commonly applied to scientific research conducted in the Social Sciences to validate scales, approaches, planning, politics, and other matters in decision making; however, its incorrect, indiscriminate, and partial use is confirmed. Objective: To validate the need to apply the method for expert consultation at three levels in order to determine: the competence of experts; the reliability of the instrument used; and the consensus among experts on the topic approached. Material and Methods: Systematization of documents related to the use of the method for expert consultation in scientific research, master´s and doctoral theses, articles, monographs, and other publications. Non-parametric statistical tests were applied. Results: It is confirmed that the application of the method for expert consultation following the appropriate procedures allows for an increase in the methodological rigor and a contribution to scientific research. Conclusions: The method for expert consultation is an effective tool in scientific research provided that it is rigorously applied(AU)

Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Restorative Justice in Brazil.

The Brazilian prison population in 2016 had increased by more than 700%, compared with the situation in the early 1990s, from 90 thousand to 726.7 thousand. The ordinary response to prison overcrowding came through changes to the justice system, such as Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Restorative Justice. Although these new processes are socially relevant, there are few studies about them anywhere, but especially in Brazil. This study seeks to discuss the perceptions of Brazilian judges upon these new ways of dispensing justice from the perspective of institutional change theory. The data collection involved document analysis, court-hearing observations, and interviews with 14 key-actors in the Brazilian justice system. The results show four dimensions-beliefs, motivations, commitment, and intergroup relations-that characterize the roles played by Brazilian judges working with Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Restorative Justice. This movement can be classified as the modal type of institutional change called layering and "radical" frame blending.

A arbitragem na ginástica artística masculina do Brasil segundo a perspectiva de seus protagonistas / Judgment in brazilian men's artistic gymnastic according to the protagonists' perspective

A Ginástica Artística possui um sistema de pontuação qualitativo, pautada por um intrincado conjunto de regras e atributos quantitativos, que visa normalizar o julgamento e garantir uma classificação justa dos competidores. No entanto, devido à natureza qualitativa do referido processo avaliativo, seja por meio da mídia ou em manifestações públicas durante os eventos competitivos, podemos constatar a insatisfação de atletas, treinadores e, por vezes, público acerca das notas obtidas pelos ginastas, contestando o rigor e a validez do julgamento realizado. Considerando que quanto maior ou mais homogêneo for o nível técnico da competição, mais sutis serão as diferenças entre as notas dos exercícios realizados pelos atletas e, por conseguinte, maior será a importância da precisão do processo de arbitragem na definição dos vencedores. Parte da complexidade desse sistema de avaliação reside na formação adequada, especializada e contínua dos árbitros, assim como na experiência dos mesmos em competições, uma vez que as regras se modificam periodicamente. Dito isso, objetivamos nesse artigo discutir aspectos inerentes à arbitragem na Ginástica Artística Masculina brasileira. Metodologicamente realizamos um estudo descritivo exploratório, cuja coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevistas semi estruturadas com 09 especialistas da modalidade que atuam diretamente com a arbitragem. Para a organização e o tratamento dos dados recorremos à Análise de Conteúdo. Os resultados sinalizam avanços significativos na qualificação e nas condições de atuação dos árbitros brasileiros. No entanto, a escassa oferta de cursos dificulta o aprimoramento e o aumento do contingente de árbitros, o que afeta negativamente o desenvolvimento da modalidade no âmbito nacional...(AU)

Artistic Gymnastics has a qualitative scoring system, marked by an intricate set of rules which aims to homogenize the evaluation process to ensure a fair rating of competitors. However, due to the qualitative nature of this evaluation process, whether through the media or by audience manifestation during competitions, we can perceive the dissatisfaction of athletes, coaches and sometimes by fans contesting the scores obtained by gymnasts and the validity of the evaluation process. We nderstand that greater the technical level of the competition, more slight is the differences in athletes' performances. And, therefore, it is greater the importance of judges' accuracy to determine the champions. Part of complexity of this evaluation process lies in the proper and specialized training of judges, as well as their need to be constantly updated and also get experiences in competitions. In this direction, we aim to discuss the judgment in Brazilian men's artistic gymnastic according to the protagonists' perspective. As a methodological procedure, we performed a descriptive exploratory study. The data collection occurred through semi-structured interviews with 09 experts of this sport who work directly with the judging process. For organization and processing of data, we opted for Content Analysis according to Laurence Bardin. The results indicated significant advances in Brazilian judges' qualification and working conditions. However, the restricted numbers of courses still a barrier to judge's development. It also slows down the increase of the number of judges available in the country. Therefore, these aspects affect the development of this sport in Brazil...(AU)

Sentencia judicial, delito sexual y pericial psicológica: enfoque transcultural / Judicial Sentence, Sexual Assaults and Psychological Expertise: A Cross-Cultural Approach

Resumen Se analiza la influencia de la pericial psicológica en las decisiones judiciales en delitos sexuales infantiles en tres departamentos de Colombia y una provincia española. El estudio transcultural compara las sentencias entre los años 2000 y 2014. Los resultados arrojaron que en el 91.7 % de sentencias de juicios celebrados, los magistrados españoles hacen referencia explícita a la pericial psicológica. En tanto que en Colombia, la proporción fue del 88.8 %. La cercanía de estos porcentajes es alentadora, porque a estos resultados se llega utilizando examen de datos distintos, desiguales códigos penales y recorridos dispares en la aplicación de la pericial psicológica. Se obtienen conclusiones similares que refrendan la importancia del psicólogo en la toma de decisiones judiciales.

Abstract It was analyze the influence of psychological evaluation in judicial decisions of child sexual abuse in three departments of Colombia and in a Spanish province. The transcultural analysis compares judgments of child sexual abuse in both countries between the year of 2000 and 2014. The 91.7% of judgments of the Spanish judges or magistrates made explicit reference to the psychological evaluation while in Colombia the proportion was 88.8%. The proximity of these percentages is encouraging because these results were reached using different test data, different criminal codes and different routes in the application of psychological expertise. Similar conclusions in both countries confirm the value of the contribution of psychologist on judicial decisions.

Conformación de un panel de jueces en entrenamiento para el análisis sensorial de licores de cacao obtenidos de diferentes modelos de siembra

La evaluación sensorial es una disciplina de la ciencia de los alimentos que permite establecer el grado de aceptación o rechazo de un alimento por parte de los consumidores, soportado en la conformación y entrenamiento de grupos de jueces para el análisis sensorial. El objetivo principal es entrenar jueces en la evaluación sensorial de licores de cacao, contando con personal técnico de la Federación Nacional de Cacaoteros, productores y pequeños empresarios del municipio de San Vicente de Chucurí (Santander). Se realizó la selección de 18 candidatos, mediante una encuesta que permite conocer aspectos generales de salud, disponibilidad, interés, motivación y gusto por el producto. El entrenamiento se llevó a cabo en sesiones presenciales, inicialmente hubo pruebas de identificación de sabores básicos, olores y colores. Se evaluó la capacidad de los candidatos con la aplicación de pruebas de pares, dúo-trío y triangular con muestras problema. Una vez seleccionados se procedió al entrenamiento específico en aromas y sabores que se presentán en el cacao, en lo que respecta a su intensidad, calidad y calificación global, y del mismo modo, las posibles intensidades de defectos presentes, Finalmente, se comprobó el entrenamiento con la aplicación del análisis de varianza y diferencias mínimas significativas con un nivel de confianza del 0,05% para tener un grupo de jueces en entrenamiento con habilidades y competencias en el análisis de licores de cacao.

Sensorial evaluation is a discipline of the food science that allows establishes the degree of acceptance or rejection of a food by consumers, enduring in the conformation and training of a group of judges for the sensorial analysis. The principal objective is training judges in the sensorial evaluation of cocoa liquors counting with technical staff of the national federation of cocoa producers and small businessmen of the township San Vicente del Chucuri (S). We performed the selection of eighteen aspirants with a poll that allow us know general aspects like health, avai-lability, interest, motivation and liking of the product. The training was developed on classroom sessions; initially we made tests of basic flavor Identification, odors and colors. We evaluated the capacity of the aspirants with the application of test in pairs, duo-threesome and triangular with problem samples. Once it was done we made the specific training on scents and flavors that are found in the cocoa, not only in the intensity or the quality but also in the global qualification, and in the same way with the possible intensities of the defects. Finally we checked the training with the application of the variance analysis and the significant minimal differences with a confident level of the 0,05% to get a group of judges trained with abilities and competences in the analysis of cocoa liquors.

Avaliação sensorial é uma disciplina da ciência dos alimentos que estabelece o grau de aceitação ou rejeição de um alimento pelos consumidores, apoiou a formação e capacitação de grupos de juízes para a análise sensorial. O objetivo principal é capacitar juízes na avaliação sensorial de licor de cacau, com a equipe técnica da Federação Nacional de Cacau, produtores e empresas de pequeno porte no município de San Vicente de Chucurí (Santander). a selecção de 18 candidatos foi realizada através de uma pesquisa que permite conhecer os aspectos gerais da saúde, disponibilidade, interesse, motivação e paixão para o produto. O treinamento foi realizado em sessões, inicialmente, não havia provas de identificação dos sabores básicos, cheiros e cores. Foi avaliada a capacidade dos candidatos aplicação de testes de pares, duo-trio e triangular com amostras de teste. Uma vez selecionado procedeu à formação específica em aromas e sabores que estão presentes no cacau, no que diz respeito à sua intensidade, qualidade e classificação geral, e da mesma forma, possíveis intensidades de defeitos presentes, por fim, o treinamento foi encontrado com a aplicação de análise de variância e as diferenças menos significativas com um nível de confiança de 0,05% de ter um grupo de juízes em treinamento de habilidades e competências na análise de licor de cacau.

Self-reported medical leave by Brazilian Labor-law magistrates.

BACKGROUND: Sick leave can be envisaged as an important public health indicator. Health problems and trouble at work are predictors of absenteeism. OBJECTIVE: Within the context of reforming the judicial system, the aim of this study was to examine whether individual characteristics and working conditions influenced reports of sick leave amongst a population of Brazilian magistrates. METHODS: A web-based survey was conducted in 2011 in such a way as to reach the entire population of Brazilian Labor-law magistrates across the country. The variable of interest related to the question: "Have you taken any medical leave due to illness over the last 12 months?" RESULTS: Less than a quarter of the population participated in the survey, despite widespread publicity produced by the professional association. Among the work-related factors, experiences of violence in the courthouse were shown to be associated with the outcome. No significant association with the material or psychosocial working conditions or with the workload was found. Female, worse health assessment, not participating in social activities and having a mother with higher schooling level were significantly associated with absenteeism among the magistrates. CONCLUSION: It is desirable to formulate sectorial policies focusing on controlling and monitoring violent events in the courthouse.

Validación de un programa de estimulación neuropsicológico NEUROPROTENIC en pacientes con daño cerebral adquirido / Validation of a neuropsychological stimulation program NEUROPROTENIC in patients with acquired brain injury

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue realizar el diseño de un software de estimulación neuropsicológica denominado NEUROPROTENIC y validación de las actividades incluidas en el software, como proyecto de grado para el programa de Maestría en Neuropsicología Clínica de la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad de San Buenaventura. Esta es la primera fase general del estudio que posteriormente será sistematizado e implementado en pacientes que han presentado daño cerebral adquirido, específicamente aquellos con las etiologías correspondiente a accidente cerebrovascular y trauma cráneo encefálico. En el contexto actual de investigaciones sobre rehabilitación neuropsicológica y/o estimulación neuropsicológica, se ha iniciado una tendencia mayor al uso de nuevas herramientas tecnológicas, por tanto es quizás por esto la gran oportunidad de NEUROPROTENIC de ser un software pionero en Colombia que se somete a validación las actividades de rehabilitación, consiguiendo un alto índice de validez en las actividades diseñadas lo que garantiza en una gran parte que realmente que las personas con Daño Cerebral Adquirido que participen de la estimulación neuropsicológica mediante presenten una mejoría significativa en la curva de recuperación espontanea...

The objective of this research is to design software called NEUROPROTENIC neuropsychological stimulation, as degree project for Master of Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology at the University of San Buenaventura. This generally is the first phase of the study which will later be systematized and implemented in patients who have acquired brain injury, specifically those corresponding to the stroke etiologies and Traumatic Brain Injury. In the current context of neuropsychological rehabilitation research and / or neuropsychological stimulation, has started a greater tendency to use new technological tools, so it is perhaps for this NEUROPROTENIC the great opportunity to be a pioneer in Colombia that software undergoes validation rehabilitation activities, achieving high level of validity in activities designed which guarantees really much that people with Acquired Brain Injury to participate by presenting neuropsychological stimulation significantly improved the spontaneous recovery curve...

Sistemas de justiça e a vitimização secundária de crianças e ou adolescentes acometidas de violência sexual intrafamiliar / Justice system and secondary victimization of children and or adolescents victims of sexual violence in the family

Este artigo aponta resultados de pesquisa realizada junto aos juízes de direito, sobre a inquirição de crianças e/ou adolescentes, vítimas de violência sexual, no sistema de justiça. Referencial teórico centrado na visão do contexto ecológico do desenvolvimento humano. O método foi de natureza qualitativa, com entrevista semiestruturada e observação livre, em Comarcas do Judiciário Brasileiro. O tratamento dos dados deu-se a partir da técnica de análise de conteúdo temática, que aponta “Impotências e Limites” e “Violência Secundária”. Na primeira, o juiz, desprovido de preparo, socorre-se à hora da inquirição da vítima, de modelo cujas bases estão na prática, experiência de vida, sem apropriar-se das estruturas necessárias ao procedimento. A didática utilizada é de senso comum. “Violência Secundária” evidencia que os modos de intervenção do lugar do judiciário podem ser vistos como aspectos de revitimização de crianças e adolescentes, quando apenas ouve tais pessoas em sucessivos momentos para obtenção de materialidade da prova para incriminação do agressor, em discordância entre a prioridade imediata e a absoluta assegurada legalmente pela Constituição Federal Brasileira. O Sistema Judicial não demonstra estar organizado para priorizar questões envolvendo crianças e adolescentes. Seja como suporte para lidar com as possíveis implicações da inquirição, seja na discussão para se formular abordagens que evitem a violência secundária de vítimas de violência sexual. O campo da saúde poderá trazer contribuições para a área judiciária desde que o problema seja visto a partir de uma dimensão interdisciplinar, ainda que caiba ao judiciário a palavra final para a sua solução...

The present paper addresses the results of research conducted in collaboration with judges into the interrogation of child and adolescent victims of sexual abuse. The theoretical framework used was based on the Ecological Systems Theory. Qualitative research methods were used, with a semi- structured survey and free observation in different jurisdictions. The data was examined using thematic content analysis, through which two categories stand out: “lack of training and limitations” and “secondary abuse”. In the former, an unprepared judge will, when interrogating, resort to a technique based on practice, life experience and instincts, without following the necessary structural procedures. The rationale used is based on common sense. “Secondary abuse” clearly shows that local judicial intervention methods can be seen to re-victimize children and adolescents, since they only hear the victim’s testimony, on successive occasions, in order to obtain evidence to incriminate the aggressor. Acting in this way may generate discord between the immediate priority and the absolute priority guaranteed by the Brazilian Constitution. The judicial system does not show itself to be organized towards prioritizing issues involving children and adolescents, whether in terms of handling the possible implications of a hearing or discussing new approaches to preventing secondary abuse towards victims of sexual abuse. The field of health can support the justice system on this issue. To do this the problem must be approached from an interdisciplinary perspective, although the justice system is ultimately responsible for the solution...

Too good to be true Similarities and differences between engagement and workaholism among finnish judges / Demasiado bueno para ser cierto: similitudes y diferencias entre el engagement y la adicción al trabajo en jueces finlandeses

Recently, it has been suggested that in addition to positive relationships between work engagement and organizational outcomes, work engagement may also have a dark side, i.e., it may also lead to negative consequences for the employee. This study of a representative sample of Finnish judges (N = 550) investigated the similarities and differences between work engagement and workaholism. Despite some similarities, our results generally supported previous findings that engagement and workaholism are distinct concepts. First, confirmatory factor analysis showed that engagement and workaholism are separate notions, although absorption, a sub-dimension of engagement, also loaded weakly on the workaholism factor. Second, structural equation modeling results showed that in contrast to workaholism, engagement was positively related to job resources (positive core self-evaluations and social capital) and to better sleep quality, life satisfaction, and work-family and family-work interface, and negatively related to presenteeism and turnover intentions. Unexpectedly, engagement was unrelated to detachment from work. Both engagement and workaholism were positively associated with organizational commitment, working hours and overtime. Interestingly, workaholics showed both organizational commitment and, tentatively, turnover intentions. All in all, engagement was mainly related to healthy and positive outcomes. However, even though engaged employees enjoy working, they should ensure sufficient recovery, such as detachment from work, in order to remain engaged.

Recientemente, se ha sugerido que además de las relaciones positivas del engagement en el trabajo con los resultados organizacionales, el engagement también podría tener un lado negativo, es decir, también podría generar consecuencias negativas para los trabajadores. Este estudio en una muestra representativa de jueces finlandeses (N = 550), investigó las similitudes y diferencias entre el engagement y la adicción al trabajo. A pesar de tener algunas similitudes, nuestros resultados respaldan investigaciones previas donde se afirma que el engagement y la adicción al trabajo son conceptos diferentes. En primer lugar, el análisis factorial confirmatorio probó que el engagement y la adicción al trabajo son nociones distintas, aunque la absorción, una sub-dimensión del engagement, también mostró una débil saturación con adicción al trabajo. En segundo lugar, los resultados de ecuaciones estructurales demostraron que al contrario que la adicción al trabajo, el engagement se relaciona de manera positiva con los recursos laborales (core selfevaluations y capital social), y con una mejor calidad del sueño, satisfacción con la vida, y con la interacción trabajo-familia / familia-trabajo; y se relaciona negativamente con el presentismo y a las intenciones de abandono. Inesperadamente, el engagement no presentó relación con el proceso de desconexión del trabajo. Ambos, el engagement laboral y la adicción al trabajo, se asociaron positivamente al compromiso organizacional, horas trabadas y al trabajar horas extras. Curiosamente, los adictos al trabajo muestran también compromiso organizacional, y, ocasionalmente, desconexión del trabajo. En términos generales, el engagement se relacionó a estados saludables y a resultados positivos. No obstante, a pesar de que los trabajadores engaged disfrutan del trabajo, ellos deberían asegurar una suficiente recuperación del mismo, con el objetivo de mantenerse engaged.

Resiliência e controle do stress em juízes e servidores públicos / Resilience and stress control in judges and public servants

A fim de identificar comportamentos resilientes no repertório de indivíduos que obtêm sucesso no confronto de adversidades e o modo como tais comportamentos são desenvolvidos, 220 adultos (148 mulheres e 72 homens) respondem aos seguintes instrumentos: Inventário de Sintomas de Stress, Levantamento de Fontes de Stress e Levantamento de Comportamentos Indicadores de Resiliência. Observa-se que 72 por cento dos participantes apresentam stress, com predominância de sintomas psicológicos. Setenta de seis por cento dos participantes alegam estar expostos a muitas fontes cotidianas de stress. Os principais estressores encontrados referem-se à administração de rotinas pessoais e à ocupação. Os homens apresentam maior frequência de comportamentos resilientes do que as mulheres e demonstram maior habilidade em regular emoções e em se predispor a novos desafios. Constata-se que pessoas com as seguintes características: maior senso de auto-eficácia e habilidade em analisar as causas das adversidades, melhor controle das emoções, otimismo e capacidade de empatia mais desenvolvida; correm menor risco de desenvolver stress crônico. A regulação emocional mostra-se o mais influente fator de proteção. A maioria dos participantes não estressados considera que o repertório eficaz de enfrentamento de adversidades é aprendido ao longo de sua história de vida(AU)

In an effort to identify responses pointing towards resilience in the behavioral system of individuals who are successful in confronting adversities and also to understand how such behaviors were developed, 220 adults (148 women and 72 men) were interviewed. The following instruments were used: Identification Data Form, Stress Symptom Inventory, Stressors Survey and Behaviors Pointing to Resilience Survey. It was observed that 72 percent of individuals were stressed out. There was a higher occurrence of psychological symptoms and 76 percent of the individuals stated that they were subjected to innumerous daily stressful situations. The main stressors mentioned were the administration of personal tasks, followed by the occupation itself. It was noted that men more frequently than the women in the sample showed a higher frequency of resilient behaviors. Moreover, men in the sample tended to show a greater ability to control emotions and to face new challenges. However, it was noticed both in men and women that, the individuals with more established sense of self-control and ability to understand the basis of adversities as well as those who were optimistic and sympathetic were less likely to show symptoms of chronic stress. A balanced emotional attitude was found to be the main protection factor. Most of those individuals who were not stressed considered that effective skills to confront the adversities were learned throughout the course of their lives(AU)