Prevalence of Cardiomyopathy in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

Background: Diabetic cardiac muscle disease or diabetic cardiomyopathy (DbCM) comprises a set of myocardial lesions that are not associated with coronary atherosclerosis or high blood pressure. It is characterized by fibrosis and hypertrophy, which ultimately results in heart failure. Diastolic dysfunction (DD) has been shown to be the first manifestation of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Currently, there are few studies on the prevalence of diabetic cardiomyopathy in adult patients diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). Methods: The study included 75 adult participants who underwent an echocardiogram. Data on their comorbidities were collected from their medical records and biochemical parameters were analyzed in blood and urine samples. Results: We found that the prevalence of DbCM in our T1D population was more than one-third (34%), which exceeded the prevalence reported in studies with adolescents and that reported in the population without diabetes. Also, we found that the probability of developing DD after 20 years of T1D diagnosis was 78%. Conclusions: Recommendations need to be issued in relation to diabetic cardiomyopathy to carry out secondary prevention in adult patients with T1D. More multicenter studies, which include a larger population, from different regions of the world need to be performed.

Elevated Blood Pressure and Worsening Cardiac Damage During Adolescence.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the longitudinal course for the development of elevated blood pressure (BP)/hypertension and cardiac damage in adolescents. STUDY DESIGN: From the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, UK birth cohort, 1856 (1011 female) 17-year-old adolescents were followed up for 7 years. BP and echocardiography were assessed at ages 17 and 24 years. Elevated/hypertensive BP was defined as ≥130 mm Hg systolic and ≥85 mm Hg diastolic. Left ventricular (LV) mass indexed for height2.7 (LVMI2.7) ≥51 g/m2.7 was defined as LV hypertrophy (LVH) and LV diastolic function (LVDF) E/A <1.5 as LVD dysfunction (LVDD). Data were analyzed with generalized logit mixed-effect models and cross-lagged structural equation temporal path models adjusting for cardiometabolic and lifestyle factors. RESULTS: Over follow-up, the prevalence of elevated systolic BP/hypertension increased from 6.4% to 12.2%, LVH from 3.6% to 7.2%, and LVDD from 11.1% to 16.3%. Cumulative elevated systolic BP/hypertension was associated with worsening LVH in female participants (OR 1.61, CI 1.43-1.80 P < .001) but not in male participants. Elevated systolic BP/hypertension was associated with worsening LVDD in male and female participants. Elevated diastolic BP/hypertension was associated with worsening LVH in male and female participants. In cross-lagged temporal path models, higher baseline systolic BP was associated with LVDF (ß = 0.09, SE = 0.002, P = .029) but not LVMI2.7 at follow-up. Higher baseline cardiac indices were not associated with follow-up systolic BP. Higher baseline diastolic BP was associated with follow-up higher cardiac indices except LVDF. Baseline LVMI2.7 was not associated with follow-up diastolic BP. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated BP/hypertension may temporally precede premature cardiac damage in youth.

Hemodynamic Characterization of Neonates With Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia-Associated Pulmonary Hypertension by Cardiac Catheterization.

We examined the results of cardiac catheterization in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) from 2009 to 2020. Catheterization confirmed pulmonary arterial hypertension in all cases (n =  17) and identified left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) in 53%. LVDD was associated with greater respiratory morbidity. Preprocedural noninvasive assessment showed inconsistent agreement with catheterization results.

Higher body mass index and disease duration are associated with increased risk of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in women with systemic lupus erythematosus.

BACKGROUND: Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have an increased cardiovascular (CV) risk. Insulin resistance (IR), which is higher in patients with SLE, adversely impacts left ventricular (LV) remodeling and function. The aims were to determine LV dysfunction and evaluate the influence of potential risk factors on subclinical LV dysfunction in women with SLE, including IR. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included adult women with SLE without diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension or severe obesity. Diastolic dysfunction (DD) was verified according to current guidelines. Insulin resistance was estimated using the Quantose score. RESULTS: We included 77 women. The frequency of IR was 65%. All participants had a normal ejection fraction (EF), and 11 (15.7%) had abnormal LV global longitudinal strain (GLS). Twenty-three (32.8%) had DD. The GLS% and global circumferential strain (GCS)% did not differ in patients with and without IR (-20.8 ± 3.1 vs -20.5 ± 2.1; p = 0.61 and -27.9 ± 4.4 vs -27.4 ± 3.7; p = 0.57, respectively). The prevalence of DD was 38.1% in patients with IR versus 25% in those without (p = 0.30). E/e' and E/A ratios did not differ between groups (6.6 ± 1.9 vs 6.6 ± 1.5; p = 0.98 and 1.3 ± 0.3 vs 1.3 ± 0.2; p = 0.27). Higher BMI (OR: 1.2, 95% CI 1.1-1.5) and disease duration (OR: 1.2, 95% CI 1.1-1.4) were associated with DD. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with overweight/obesity may be at higher risk of LV dysfunction. Although IR was high in our patients with SLE was not associated with systolic dysfunction or DD. Body mass index and disease duration were associated with an increased risk of DD.

Parâmetros Ecocardiográficos Simples são Fortes Preditores de Risco Cardiovascular em Indivíduos Assintomáticos: Coorte Elsa-Brasil / Simple Echocardiographic Parameters are Strong Predictors of the Cardiovascular Risk in Asymptomatic Individuals: Elsa-Brasil Cohort

Resumo Fundamento vários estudos avaliam alterações ecocardiográficas como preditores de risco cardiovascular; entretanto, nenhum associa risco cardiovascular global com alterações ecocardiográficas em brasileiros. Objetivo Este estudo avalia a associação entre risco cardiovascular global (ASCVD) e achados ecocardiográficos como hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE), disfunção diastólica (DDVE) e aumento do volume do átrio esquerdo (AE). Métodos A população foi composta por participantes do ELSA-Brasil que realizaram ecocardiografia entre 2008 e 2010 (n = 2.973). Eram assintomáticos e não tinham história de doença cardiovascular (DCV). O escore ASCVD foi calculado em dois períodos: 2008-2010 e 2012-2014. Razões de prevalência (RP) foram estimadas com intervalos de confiança (IC) de 95%. Resultados Evidenciou-se associação entre alterações ecocardiográficas e alto risco cardiovascular global (escore ASCVD ≥ 7,5) nos dois períodos do estudo, separadamente. O risco global combinado (baixo risco no primeiro período e alto risco no segundo período) teve associação significativa apenas com DDVE (RP = 3,68; IC 95%: 2,63-5,15) e HVE (RP = 2,20; IC 95%: 1,62-3,00). Conclusão Alterações ecocardiográficas (DDVE, HVE e aumento do volume do AE) são preditores independentes de risco cardiovascular em adultos brasileiros sem DCV prévias.

Abstract Background Several studies have evaluated echocardiographic abnormalities as predictors of cardiovascular risk; however, none have associated the global cardiovascular risk with echocardiographic abnormalities in the Brazilian population. Objective This study evaluates the association between the global cardiovascular risk (ASCVD score) and three echocardiographic abnormalities: left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD), and increased left atrium (LA) volume. Methods The study population was composed of participants from ELSA-Brasil who underwent echocardiography between 2008 and 2010 (n = 2973). They were asymptomatic and had no history of cardiovascular disease. The ASCVD score was calculated in two periods: 2008-2010 and 2012-2014. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results There is an association between echocardiographic abnormalities and high global cardiovascular risk (ASCVD score ≥ 7.5) in both study periods, separately. The combined global risk (low risk in the first period and high risk in the second period) was significantly associated only with LVDD (PR = 3.68, CI 95% 2.63-5.15) and LVH (PR = 2.20, 95% CI 1.62-3.00). Conclusion Echocardiographic abnormalities (LVDD, LVH, and increased LA volume) are independent predictors of cardiovascular risk in Brazilian adults.

Reduction of cardiac and renal dysfunction by new inhibitor of DPP4 in diabetic rats.

BACKGROUND: Increased mortality due to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been associated with renal and/or cardiovascular dysfunction. Dipeptidyl dipeptidase-4 inhibitors (iDPP-4s) may exert cardioprotective effects through their pleiotropic actions via glucagon-like peptide 1-dependent mechanisms. In this study, the pharmacological profile of a new iDPP-4 (LASSBio-2124) was investigated in rats with cardiac and renal dysfunction induced by T2DM. METHODS: T2DM was induced in rats by 2 weeks of a high-fat diet followed by intravenous injection of streptozotocin. Metabolic disturbance and cardiac, vascular, and renal dysfunction were analyzed in the experimental groups. RESULTS: Sitagliptin and LASSBio-2124 administration after T2DM induction reduced elevated glucose levels to 319.8 ±â€¯13.2 and 279.7 ±â€¯17.8 mg/dL, respectively (p < 0.05). LASSBio-2124 also lowered the cholesterol and triglyceride levels from 76.8 ±â€¯8.0 to 42.7 ±â€¯3.2 mg/dL and from 229.7 ±â€¯25.4 to 100.7 ±â€¯17.1 mg/dL, in diabetic rats. Sitagliptin and LASSBio-2124 reversed the reduction of the plasma insulin level. LASSBio-2124 recovered the increased urinary flow in diabetic animals and reduced 24-h proteinuria from 23.7 ±â€¯1.5 to 13.3 ±â€¯2.8 mg (p < 0.05). It also reduced systolic and diastolic left-ventricular dysfunction in hearts from diabetic rats. CONCLUSION: The effects of LASSBio-2124 were superior to those of sitagliptin in the cardiovascular systems of T2DM rats. This new prototype showed promise for the avoidance of comorbidities in a T2DM experimental model, and thus may constitute an innovative therapeutic agent for the treatment of these conditions in the clinical field in future.

Interrelationship between Emphysema and Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction: our experience in the Hospital Privado Centro Médico de Córdoba

Introduction: The hemodynamic consequences of hyperinflation and emphysema are produced by cardiac compression due to high intrathoracic pressures, which could produce subclinical left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Our purpose is to correlate the percentage of emphysema with lung function parameters and cardiac chamber sizes, the global ventricular systolic function and the left ventricular diastolic function, in cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Materials and Methods: The participants were patients with moderate and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated in the Pulmonology Service of the Hospital Privado Centro Médico de Córdoba from January 1st to October 13th, 2014. We quantified the volume and percentage of emphysema by high resolution computed tomography and carried out a spirometry, a Six Minute Walk Test, measurement of pulmonary volumes and color Doppler echocardiography. Results: We found a significant negative correlation between the percentage of emphysema and the percentage of the post-bronchodilator FEV1 theoretical value (p = 0.005) and the post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC (Forced Expiratory Volume in First Second/Forced Vital Capacity) quotient (p = 0.004), and, also, between the post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC quotient and the emphysema volume in cm3 (p = 0.000). Out of a sub-group of 20 patients, seven patients (35%) were diagnosed with grade I left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. We found negative, but not significant correlations between the percentage of emphysema and global ventricular systolic function and cardiac chamber sizes. Conclusions: We should emphasize the usefulness of the echocardiography in reducing sub-diagnoses of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. We should also stress on the importance hyperinflation and emphysema would have in the impairment of the left ventricular diastolic filling pattern and in the decrease in cardiac chamber sizes, with a decrease in exercise tolerance.

Association between left atrial strain and left ventricular diastolic function in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular diastolic function is an important prognostic marker in acute coronary syndrome. However, classification of the dysfunction grade using isolated echocardiographic parameters remains difficult. Therefore, it is necessary to combine multiple data in diagnostic algorithms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capacity of left atrial strain (LAS) components to classify left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (DD) grade. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 109 consecutive patients admitted to the emergency room with acute coronary syndrome. Patients were referred for echocardiographic evaluation within 72 h. Mean values of LAS, corresponding to three phases of atrial function (reservoir, conduit and contraction), were obtained by speckle-tracking echocardiography. Patients were divided according to the diastolic dysfunction grade for later association with the LAS. RESULTS: The three LAS components showed moderate correlation with most diastolic variables (left atrial volume index, E/e' ratio and e' wave). In addition, there was related reduction of the LAS, which was inversely proportional to the DD grade (p < 0.05). LAS was effective for the identification of patients with DD grade III [area under the curve (AUC) for the reservoir = 0.99; conduit AUC = 0.89; contraction AUC = 0.99) and also those with DD grade II or III (reservoir AUC = 0.94; conduit AUC = 0.92; contraction AUC = 0.80]. CONCLUSIONS: LAS alone presented excellent capacity to classify DD in patients with acute coronary syndrome and may represent an additional tool for this purpose.

Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy: Another Case of a Successful Approach to Treatment of Hepatorenal Syndrome.

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is defined as a failure of renal function, potentially reversible, in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites. Recently, a component of cardiomyopathy associated with HRS was described, but the use of positive inotropic medicine as part of the treatment of the acute phase has not been extensively evaluated. We report a second case in our hospital of a patient with HRS type I without previous heart disease, with secondary hemodynamic decompensation due to liver disease, in which the abnormalities in systolic function by speckle-tracking echocardiography were observed and could be reversed by the use of inotropes. After partial response to current therapies, the patient presented a clinical and laboratorial response with improvement of renal function after infusion of dobutamine. Clinical studies are needed for the therapy approach to HRS taking into account myocardial dysfunction as a major contributing factor for renal dysfunction.

Metformin enhances left ventricular function in patients with metabolic syndrome / La metformina mejora la función ventricular izquierda en pacientes con síndrome metabólico

Background: Metabolic syndrome foretells several cardiovascular complications, including heart failure (HF). Left ventricular (LV) dysfunction accompanies the MS. Although metformin improves LV function in diabetics with HF, there is no evidence of its effect on LV dysfunction in MS patients. We studied the effect of metformin on LV dysfunction in MS patients using tissue Doppler myocardial imaging and two-dimensional speckle tracking. Aims: To evaluate the effects of metformin on metabolic syndrome (MS) induced left ventricular dysfunction. Material and methods: Patients with MS were randomly allocated into two groups (n = 20 each) receiving, an antagonist of angiotensin 2 receptors and; statins, fibrates or both. One group received 850 mg of metformin daily. LV mass, relative wall thickness (RWT), ejection fraction, E/A and E/E' relationship, systolic tissue Doppler velocity (Sm), mean peak systolic strain (SS), and peak early diastolic strain rate (SR-LVe) echocardiographic measurements, at baseline and six months were obtained. Results: All patients had LH concentric hypertrophy or remodeling. Metformin reduced LV mass and RWT. There were LV systolic and diastolic alterations in both groups that metformin improved significantly. SR-LVe increased nearly 2-fold with metformin. Diastolic function improvement was not related to regression of hypertrophy. Conclusions: Patients with MS experienced subtle alterations of systolic and diastolic functions, which improved significantly with a small dosage of metformin over a treatment period of six months.

Antecedentes: El síndrome metabólico (SM) predice varias complicaciones cardiovasculares, como la insuficiencia cardiaca (IC). La disfunción ventricular izquierda (DVI) acompaña al síndrome metabólico. Aunque la metformina mejora la función del ventrículo izquierdo en pacientes diabéticos con insuficiencia cardiaca, no hay evidencia de su efecto sobre la disfunción ventricular izquierda en pacientes con síndrome metabólico. Se estudió el efecto de la metformina sobre la disfunción ventricular izquierda en pacientes con síndrome metabólico utilizando imágenes Doppler de tejido miocárdico y rastreo de manchas bidimensional. Objetivos: Evaluar los efectos de la metformina sobre la disfunción ventricular izquierda inducida por el SM. Material y métodos: Los pacientes con SM fueron asignados al azar en dos grupos (n = 20 cada uno) que recibieron, un antagonista de la angiotensina 2 y receptores; estatinas, fibratos o ambos. Un grupo recibió 850 mg de metformina diaria. La masa del VI, el espesor relativo de la pared (ERP), fracción de eyección, E/A y relación E/E', la velocidad Doppler tisular sistólica (Sm), el promedio de pico de tensión sistólica (SS), y la velocidad de deformación diastólica precoz pico (VDDPP) se obtuvieron por mediciones ecocardiográficas al inicio del estudio y a los seis meses. Resultados: Todos los pacientes presentaban hipertrofia concéntrica o remodelado. La metformina reduce la masa del VI y el ERP. Había alteraciones del ventrículo izquierdo sistólica y diastólica, alteraciones en ambos grupos que la metformina mejoró significativamente. VDDPP aumentó casi al doble con metformina. La mejoría de la función diastólica no se relacionó con regresión de la hipertrofia. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con SM experimentaron alteraciones sutiles de las funciones sistólica y diastólica, lo que mejoró significativamente con una pequeña dosis de metformina en un periodo de tratamiento de seis meses.

Disfunción diastólica subclínica del ventrículo izquierdo en adolescentes con diabetes tipo 1 / Subclinical left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in adolescents with type 1 diabetes

Introducción: El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la prevalencia de disfunción diastólica subclínica del ventrículo izquierdo (DDVI) y su asociación con el descontrol metabólico en adolescentes con diabetes tipo 1. Métodos: Se trató de un estudio en 53 adolescentes con diabetes tipo 1 en dos fases: primero, un estudio transversal descriptivo y, después de realizar un ecocardiograma, un transversal comparativo. Se consideró DDVI cuando tuvieron tres o más datos ecocardiográficos alterados: velocidad de contracción auricular (relación E/A), tiempo de desaceleración (TD), tiempo de relajación volumétrico (TRIVI) y función sistólica mayor de 50%. Además, se les determinaron los niveles de glucosa, de hemoglobina glucosilada y microalbuminuria. Resultados: El 16.98% de los adolescentes diabéticos mostraron datos ecocardiográficos de DDVI, y el 15.10% correspondió al sexo masculino. El patrón pseudonormalizado se observó en 7.54%, en relación con el 5.66% del patrón de alteración de la relajación y del 3.77% del restrictivo. Estos pacientes, además, mostraron mayor tiempo de la enfermedad, obesidad y un aumento en la glucemia, en la hemoglobina glucosilada y de la microalbuminuria. Conclusiones: La DDVI es una complicación frecuente en los adolescentes con diabetes tipo 1. Aquellos con DDVI presentaron con mayor frecuencia obesidad, mayor tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad y un peor control metabólico. Se propone que en estos pacientes se realice un diagnóstico oportuno y sistemático a través de un ecocardiograma.

Background: To determine the prevalence of subclinical left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) and its association with metabolic control in adolescents with type 1diabetes. Methods: We carried out a study in 53 adolescents with type 1 diabetes in two phases: cross-sectional and after performing two-dimensional M-mode echocardiogram and color Doppler, a cross-sectional comparison. Subjects were divided into two groups: the first without LVDD and the second with LVDD. LVDD was considered when there were three or more alterations according to echocardiographic data (rate of atrial contraction, time of deceleration, time of volumetric relaxation) accompanied by systolic function >50%. We also determined glucose, hemoglobin, glycosylate, and microalbuminuria. Results: Of the adolescents with diabetes, 16.98% showed echocardiographic data of LVDD; 15.10% were male. Pseudonormalized pattern was observed in 7.54% compared to 5.66% with impaired relaxation pattern and 3.77% with restrictive pattern. Furthermore, there was a longer time of disease evolution, obesity and a significant increase of glycemia, glycosylated hemoglobin and microalbuminuria. Conclusions: LVDD is a frequent complication in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Those with LVDD had a higher prevalence of obesity, longer time of disease, and poorer metabolic control. Therefore, we propose that a timely and systematic search with echocardiogram is important in patients with type 1 diabetes.