El valor de p del test no es un ‘índice matemático’, es simplemente una frecuencia relativa / The p-value of the test is not a ‘mathematical index’, it is simply a relative frequency

Las revistas científicas más importantes en campos como medicina, biología y sociología publican reiteradamente artículos y editoriales denunciando que un gran porcentaje de médicos no entiende los conceptos básicos del análisis estadístico, lo que favorece el riesgo de cometer errores al interpretar los datos, los hace más vulnerables frente a informaciones falsas y reduce la eficacia de la investigación. Este problema se extiende a lo largo de toda su carrera profesional y se debe, en gran parte, a una enseñanza deficiente en estadística que es común en países desarrollados. En palabras de H. Halle y S. Krauss, ‘el 90% de los profesores universitarios alemanes que usan con asiduidad el valor de p de los test no entiende lo que mide ese valor’. Es importante destacar que los razonamientos básicos del análisis estadístico son similares a los que realizamos en nuestra vida cotidiana y que comprender los conceptos básicos del análisis estadístico no requiere conocimiento matemático alguno. En contra de lo que muchos investigadores creen, el valor de p del test no es un ‘índice matemático’ que nos permita concluir claramente si, por ejemplo, un fármaco es más efectivo que el placebo. El valor de p del test es simplemente un porcentaje.(AU)

Abstract. Leading scientific journals in fields such as medicine, biology and sociology repeatedly publish articles and editorials claiming that a large percentage of doctors do not understand the basics of statistical analysis, which increases the risk of errors in interpreting data, makes them more vulnerable to misinformation and reduces the effectiveness of research. This problem extends throughout their careers and is largely due to the poor training they receive in statistics – a problem that is common in developed countries. As stated by H. Halle and S. Krauss, ‘90% of German university lecturers who regularly use the p-value in tests do not understand what that value actually measures’. It is important to note that the basic reasoning of statistical analysis is similar to what we do in our daily lives and that understanding the basic concepts of statistical analysis does not require any knowledge of mathematics. Contrary to what many researchers believe, the p-value of the test is not a ‘mathematical index’ that allows us to clearly conclude whether, for example, a drug is more effective than a placebo. The p-value of the test is simply a percentage.(AU)

Comparativa de los métodos de evComparativa de los métodos de evaluación de la reserva de yodo corporal previamente a la realización de tratamiento con radioyodoaluación de la reserva de yodo corporal previamente a la realización de tratamiento con radioyodo / Comparison of Body Iodine Pool Assessment Methods Before Radioiodine Therapy

Introducción y objetivos: El tratamiento con yodo radiactivo (RAIT) se recomienda para reducir el riesgo de recurrencia y de metástasis en personas con cáncer diferenciado de tiroides (CDT) de riesgo intermedio-alto. En la preparación para la RAIT, la estimulación de la tirotropina y la reducción en la reserva corporal de yodo son elementos importantes para contribuir al éxito de la terapia. Para ello, se pide a los pacientes que reduzcan la ingesta de este mineral antes de la RAIT, y puede evaluarse su reserva corporal midiendo su excreción por la orina (yoduria) antes del tratamiento. El objetivo de nuestro estudio ha sido comparar los métodos utilizados para medir la reserva de yodo corporal en la evaluación de la eficacia de la dieta con bajo contenido en yodo (RID) aplicada a la preparación del paciente para la RAIT. Pacientes y métodos: Suspendieron la levotiroxina tres semanas antes de la RAIT y fueron controlados con una RID durante las dos semanas previas a la realización del tratamiento 80 pacientes con CDT. Tras dos semanas de RID, en todos se llevó a cabo una recolección de orina de 24h el día previo a la fecha de administración de la RAIT. Los sujetos finalizaron dicha recolección en la mañana de la fecha de RAIT y suministraron una muestra puntual de orina. Se calculó la excreción estimada de creatinina en orina de 24 horas de los pacientes. La estimación de la excreción urinaria de yodo o yoduria (UIE) de 24 horas oras se determinó a partir del índice yodo/creatinina (I/C) obtenido en la muestra de orina puntual de los individuos. Se compararon los resultados de la yoduria de 24 horas, la concentración de yodo en la muestra puntual de orina, el cociente I/C en la muestra puntual de orina y la estimación de la yoduria de 24 horas en los pacientes. Resultados: En 99%, la eficacia de la RID fue suficiente según la yoduria de 24 horas obtenida previamente a la RAIT...(AU)

Introduction and Objectives: Radioactive iodine therapy (RAIT) is recommended to reduce the risk of recurrence and metastasis in patients with intermediate-high risk differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). In preparation for RAIT, stimulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone and reduction of body iodine pool are important for treatment success. For this purpose, patients are asked to reduce their iodine intake before RAIT, and the body iodine pool can be evaluated by measuring iodine excretion in urine before treatment. The aim of our study is to compare the methods used to measure the body iodine pool in the evaluation of the restricted iodine diet (RID) effectiveness applied in the RAIT preparation. Patients and methods: Eighty DTC patients discontinued levothyroxine three weeks before RAIT and followed up with a RID two weeks before treatment. After two weeks of RID, all patients collected their 24-hour urine the day before the RAIT date. Patients completed 24-hour urine samples on the morning of the RAIT date and also provided a spot urine sample. The estimated 24-hour creatinine excretion of the patients was calculated. Estimated 24-hour urinary iodine excretion (UIE) was calculated using the spot urine iodine/creatinine (I/C) ratio of the patients. 24-hour UIE, iodine concentration in spot urine, I/C ratios in spot urine and estimated 24-hour UIE of the patients were analyzed by comparing with each other. Results: In 99% of the patients, RID efficiency was sufficient according to 24-hour UIE before RAIT. The mean 24-hour UIE was 48.81 micrograms/day (mcg/day) in 24-hour urine samples taken from the patients to evaluate the body iodine pool. The patients’ iodine concentrations in spot urine, I/C ratios in spot urine, and estimated 24-hour UIE were all statistically significantly lower than actual 24-hour UIE, which was the reference method (p: 0.026 vs <0.001 vs 0.041)..... (AU)

Childhood adversity in a youth psychiatric population: prevalence and associated mental health problems.

Background: Childhood adversity can have lasting negative effects on physical and mental health. This study contributes to the existing literature by describing the prevalence rates and mental health outcomes related to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among adolescents registered for mental health care.Methods: Participants in this cross-sectional study were youths (aged 12-18 years) who were referred to outpatient psychiatric departments in the Netherlands. Demographic information was collected from the medical records. The Child Trauma Screening Questionnaire (CTSQ) was used to examine the presence of ACEs and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). To assess mental health problems, we used the Dutch translation of the Youth Self Report. Descriptive statistics and frequencies were used to calculate prevalence rates across the various ACEs domains. ANOVA and chi-square tests were used to explore the relationship between ACEs and mental health.Results: Of the 1373 participants, 69.1% reported having experienced at least one ACE and 17.1% indicated exposure to four or more ACEs in their lives. Although there was substantial overlap among all ACE categories, the most frequently reported were bullying (49.2%), emotional abuse (17.8%), physical abuse (12.2%), and sexual abuse (10.1%). Female adolescents (72.7%) reported significantly more ACEs than their male counterparts (27.0%). Furthermore, a higher number of ACEs was associated with significantly more self-reported general mental health problems, an elevated prevalence of both mood and post-traumatic stress disorders, and a greater presence of two or more co-existing psychiatric diagnoses (comorbid psychiatric classification).Conclusions: This cross-sectional study on childhood adversity and its association with mental health showed that ACEs are highly prevalent in youth registered for mental health care. This study provides support for a graded and cumulative relationship between childhood adversity and mental health problems.

This study investigated the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences and associated mental health problems among Dutch youth registered for mental health care. Almost seven out of ten patients reported having been exposed to childhood adversity, and two out of ten patients reported exposure to four or more adverse childhood experiences.The results indicated a significant association between exposure to childhood adversity and mental health problems.Analysis of the data showed a cumulative effect of adverse childhood experiences, meaning that patients who reported exposure to more childhood adversity also showed more severe internalizing and externalizing mental health problems, a significant increase in both posttraumatic stress disorder and mood disorder diagnoses, and a general increase in psychiatric comorbidities.

Comparison of body iodine pool assessment methods before radioiodine therapy.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Radioactive iodine therapy (RAIT) is recommended to reduce the risk of recurrence and metastasis in patients with intermediate-high risk differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). In preparation for RAIT, stimulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone and reduction of body iodine pool are important for treatment success. For this purpose, patients are asked to reduce their iodine intake before RAIT, and the body iodine pool can be evaluated by measuring iodine excretion in urine before treatment. The aim of our study is to compare the methods used to measure the body iodine pool in the evaluation of the restricted iodine diet (RID) effectiveness applied in the RAIT preparation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighty DTC patients discontinued levothyroxine three weeks before RAIT and followed up with a RID two weeks before treatment. After two weeks of RID, all patients collected their 24-h urine the day before the RAIT date. Patients completed 24-h urine samples on the morning of the RAIT date and also provided a spot urine sample. The estimated 24-h creatinine excretion of the patients was calculated. Estimated 24-h urinary iodine excretion (UIE) was calculated using the spot urine iodine/creatinine (I/C) ratio of the patients. 24-h UIE, iodine concentration in spot urine, I/C ratios in spot urine and estimated 24-h UIE of the patients were analyzed by comparing with each other. RESULTS: In 99% of the patients, RID efficiency was sufficient according to 24-h UIE before RAIT. The mean 24-h UIE was 48.81 micrograms/day (mcg/day) in 24-h urine samples taken from the patients to evaluate the body iodine pool. The patients' iodine concentrations in spot urine, I/C ratios in spot urine, and estimated 24-h UIE were all statistically significantly lower than actual 24-h UIE, which was the reference method (p: 0.026 vs <0.001 vs 0.041). Moderate positive correlation between 24-h UIE and iodine concentration in spot urine (r: 0.440), I/C ratio in spot urine (r: 0.493), and estimated 24-h UIE (r: 0.560) found. The strongest correlation was obtained with the estimated 24-h UIE. CONCLUSION: The estimated 24-h UIE obtained by using the I/C ratio in spot urine can be used practically and safely as an alternative to UIE in 24-h urine, which is the gold standard method for evaluating body iodine pool.

Mitos y realidad en el cálculo del tamaño muestral / Myths and reality about calculating sample size

Cuando decidimos hacer un estudio, una de las primeras cuestiones que se plantea es ¿qué número de individuos debo incluir en la muestra para que sea ‘representativa’ y el estudio sea ‘válido’? Como en otros ámbitos de la vida, hay muchas cuestiones para las que no hay una cantidad ‘adecuada’ y son válidas diferentes cantidades. Aquí ocurre lo mismo. La pregunta ‘¿cuántos euros costó esta bicicleta?’ tiene como respuesta un número concreto. Pero la pregunta ‘¿cuántos euros necesito para comprar una bicicleta?’ admite muchas cifras distintas como respuesta, dependiendo del tamaño y otras características de la bicicleta. Los libros de estadística contienen fórmulas que relacionan el tamaño de la muestra con ciertos parámetros y la mayoría de los médicos cree que una de ellas les dará el tamaño ‘adecuado’ para su investigación, y que usándolas queda ‘justificado el tamaño de la muestra’ ante posibles revisores. En este documento se hace una reflexión sobre el verdadero peso que tienen dichas fórmulas y cuál debe ser el uso adecuado que el investigador haga de ellas. Es necesario mostrar errores y simulaciones que no benefician a nadie y perjudican a muchos restando tiempo y energía.(AU)

When we decide to conduct a study, one of the first questions that arises is what number of individuals should be included in the sample for it to be ‘representative’ and for the study to be ‘valid’? As in other areas of life, there are many matters for which there is no ‘right’ amount and different quantities are valid. The same applies here. When asked the question ‘How many euros did this bicycle cost?’, the answer is a definite number. But the question ‘How many euros do I need to buy a bicycle?’ can be answered in many different ways, depending on the size and other characteristics of the bicycle. Statistics textbooks contain formulas relating sample size to certain parameters and most doctors believe that one of these will give them the ‘right’ size for their research, and that by using them their choice of sample size will be justified in the eyes of potential reviewers. This document reflects on the true value of these formulas and how researchers should make proper use of them. It is necessary to show errors and simulations that benefit no one and hinder many by taking up large amounts of time and energy.(AU)

Do external urine collection devices reduce contamination in urine samples for women with symptoms of urinary tract infection? A systematic review / ¿Reducen los dispositivos externos de recogida de orina la contaminación de las muestras de orina en mujeres con síntomas de infección urinaria? Una revisión sistemática

Introduction: To evaluate the impact of external urine collection devices (UCD) on contamination of urine samples in women with symptoms of urinary tract infection. Methods: This review was conducted according to the Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy guidelines (PROSPERO CRD42021241758). PubMed was searched for paired sample studies and controlled trials. Studies comparing UCDs with non-invasive urine collection procedures were considered. Results: Only two studies were found. Neither of the two studies found any difference regarding contamination between specimens collected with the UCDs compared and non-invasive techniques. In the largest study, including 1264 symptomatic women, 18.8% of those allocated to UCDs failed to collect urine samples successfully. Conclusions: More studies involving women with symptoms of urinary tract infection are needed to produce more robust data on the impact of these devices on urine contamination rates.

Introducción: Evaluar el impacto de los dispositivos externos de recogida de orina (DERO) sobre la contaminación en muestras de orina en mujeres con síntomas de infección urinaria. Métodos: Esta revisión siguió la pauta de revisiones sistemáticas de pruebas diagnósticas (PROSPERO CRD42021241758). Se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed de estudios de muestras pareadas y ensayos controlados. Se consideraron los estudios que compararon los DERO con procedimientos no invasivos de recogida de orina. Resultados: Solo se hallaron 2 estudios. Ninguno encontró diferencia alguna en la contaminación de las muestras recogidas con DERO y técnicas no invasivas. En el estudio más grande, que incluyó a 1.264 mujeres sintomáticas, el 18,8% de las asignadas a los DERO no pudieron recoger las muestras satisfactoriamente. Conclusiones: Se necesitan más estudios con mujeres con síntomas de infección urinaria para tener datos más consistentes del impacto de estos dispositivos sobre la contaminación de las muestras urinarias.(AU)

Diseño Óptimo de Estudios en Rehabilitación: Importancia del Tamaño Muestra / Optimal Design of Rehabilitation Studies: Importance of Sample Size

Este artículo aborda los principios esenciales para la estimación del tamaño muestral en estudios cuantitativos de ciencias de la rehabilitación y movimiento humano. Además, proporciona una guía práctica y accesible sobre el diseño de investigaciones rigurosas, abordando conceptos clave como la precisión, nivel de confianza, nivel de significancia y potencia estadística, fundamentales para obtener resultados válidos y confiables. También se explora cómo estos parámetros influyen en la generalización de hallazgos y la detección de diferencias significativas, así como la importancia de un tamaño muestral adecuado para que los futuros investigadores mejoren la calidad de sus estudios en campos de la rehabilitación y el movimiento humano.

This article addresses the essential principles for sample size estimation in quantitative studies of rehabilitation sciences and human movement. In addition, it provides a practical and accessible guide on the design of rigorous investigations, addressing key concepts such as precision, confidence level, significance level and statistical power, essential to obtain valid and reliable results. It also explores how these parameters influence the generalization of findings and the detection of significant differences, as well as the importance of an adequate sample size for future researchers to improve the quality of their studies in the fields of rehabilitation and human movement.

La muestra en ensayos clínicos aleatorizados con análisis interino / Samples in randomized clinical trials with interim analysis

RESUMEN En este artículo se introducen los ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y conceptos básicos de la inferencia estadística. Se presenta como calcular el tamaño de muestra por tipo de desenlace e hipótesis a probar, junto con el código en el lenguaje de programación R para realizar su aplicación. Se presentan cuatro métodos para realizar el ajuste del tamaño de muestra original, cuando se planean análisis interinos. De una manera sencilla y concreta se busca realizar una introducción a estos temas, considerando las expresiones matemáticas que soportan los resultados y su implementación en programas estadísticos disponibles. Con el fin de acercar a los estudiantes de áreas de la salud a la estadística y al uso de programas estadísticos, aspectos poco considerados en su formación.

ABSTRACT This article introduces randomized clinical trials and basic concepts of statistical inference. We present methods for calculating the sample size by outcome type and the hypothesis to be tested, together with the code in the R programming language. We describe four methods for adjusting the original sample size for interim analyses. We sought to introduce these topics in a simple and concrete way, considering the mathematical expressions that support the results and their implementation in available statistical programs; therefore, bringing health students closer to statistics and the use of statistical programs, which are aspects that are rarely considered during their training.

Caregivers' positive emotion socialization tendencies are associated with positive affect in preschool age children.

Longstanding theories of emotion socialization postulate that caregiver emotional and behavioral reactions to a child's emotions together shape the child's emotion displays over time. Despite the notable importance of positive valence system function, the majority of research on caregiver emotion socialization focuses on negative valence system emotions. In the current project, we leveraged a relatively large cross-sectional study of caregivers (N = 234; 93.59% White) of preschool aged children to investigate whether and to what degree, caregiver (1) emotional experiences, or (2) external behaviors, in the context of preschoolers' positive emotion displays in caregiver-child interactions, are associated with children's general positive affect tendencies. Results indicated that, in the context of everyday caregiver-child interactions, caregiver-reported positively valenced emotions but not approach behaviors were positively associated with child general positive affect tendencies. However, when examining specific caregiver behaviors in response to everyday child positive emotion displays, caregiver report of narrating the child's emotion and joining in the emotion with their child was positively associated with child general positive affect tendencies. Together, these results suggest that in everyday caregiver-child interactions, caregivers' emotional experiences and attunement with the child play a role in shaping preschoolers' overall tendencies toward positive affect.

Las teorías de socialización de la emoción que han existido por mucho tiempo postulan que las reacciones emocionales y de comportamiento de quien presta el cuidado ante las emociones del niño juntas le dan forma a la emoción que el niño muestra a través del tiempo. A pesar de la notable importancia de la función del sistema positivo de valores, la gran mayoría de la investigación acerca de la socialización de la emoción de quien presta cuidado se enfoca en emociones del sistema negativo de valores. En el presente proyecto, aprovechamos un estudio transversal relativamente grande de quienes prestan cuidado (N = 234; 93.59% blancos) a niños de edad prescolar para investigar si y hasta qué punto (1) las experiencias emocionales de quien presta el cuidado, o (2) los comportamientos externos dentro del contexto de la emoción positiva mostrada por los prescolares en las interacciones cuidador-niño, se asocian con las generales tendencias afectivas positivas de los niños. Los resultados indicaron que, dentro del contexto de las interacciones cuidador-niño diarias, las emociones de valores positivamente reportadas por el cuidador, pero no así las conductas de acercamiento, fueron positivamente asociadas con las generales tendencias afectivas positivas del niño. Sin embargo, cuando se examinaron los específicos comportamientos del cuidador como respuesta a las muestras diarias de emociones positivas del niño, el reporte del cuidador al narrar la emoción del niño y el unirse en la emoción con el niño, fueron positivamente asociados con las generales tendencias afectivas positivas del niño. Juntos, estos resultados sugieren que, en las interacciones diarias entre cuidador y niño, las experiencias emocionales del cuidador y la compenetración con el niño juegan un papel en el proceso de darle forma a las generales tendencias de los prescolares hacia el afecto positivo.

Les théories de la socialisation de l'émotion qui existent de longue date postulant que les réactions émotionnelles et comportementales aux émotions d'un enfant des modes de soin forment la manière dont l'émotion de l'enfant s'affiche au fil du temps. En dépit de l'importance notable d'un système de fonction de valence positive, la plus grande partie des recherches sur la socialisation de l'émotion de la personne prenant soin d'un enfant se concentrent sur le système d'émotions de valence négative. Dans ce projet nous avons tiré parti une assez grande étude de coupe transversale de personnes prenant soin d'un enfant (N = 234; 93,59% blanches) d'enfant d'âge préscolaire afin de découvrir si et à quel degré (1) les expériences émotionnelles ou (2) les comportements externes de la personne prenant soin de l'enfant dans le contexte de l'affichage de l'émotion positive des enfants d'âge préscolaire dans les interactions personne prenant soin de l'enfant-enfant sont liées aux tendances générales de l'affect positif des enfants. Les résultats ont indiqué que, dans le contexte de la journée typique de la personne prenant soin de l'enfant, les interactions de l'enfant, les émotions avec une valence positive rapportées par la personne prenant soin de l'enfant mais non les comportements d'approche étaient liés de manière positive avec tendances générales de l'affect positif de l'enfant. Cependant, en examinant les comportements spécifiques des personnes prenant soin de l'enfant en réponse aux affichages de l'émotion positive de l'enfant chaque jour, le compte rendu de l'émotion de l'enfant fait par la personne en prenant soin et de sa participation à l'émotion avec leur enfant était liée de manière positive aux tendances générales de l'affect positif de l'enfant. Tous ensemble, ces résultats suggèrent que dans les interactions de chaque jour de la personne prenant soin de l'enfant et l'enfance, les expériences émotionnelles des personnes prenant soin de l'enfant et l'harmonisation avec l'enfant jouent un rôle dans la construction des tendances générales des enfants d'âge préscolaire vers un affect positif.

Do external urine collection devices reduce contamination in urine samples for women with symptoms of urinary tract infection? A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the impact of external urine collection devices (UCD) on contamination of urine samples in women with symptoms of urinary tract infection. METHODS: This review was conducted according to the Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy guidelines (PROSPERO CRD42021241758). PubMed was searched for paired sample studies and controlled trials. Studies comparing UCDs with non-invasive urine collection procedures were considered. RESULTS: Only two studies were found. Neither of the two studies found any difference regarding contamination between specimens collected with the UCDs compared and non-invasive techniques. In the largest study, including 1264 symptomatic women, 18.8% of those allocated to UCDs failed to collect urine samples successfully. CONCLUSIONS: More studies involving women with symptoms of urinary tract infection are needed to produce more robust data on the impact of these devices on urine contamination rates.

Rapid, recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model.

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat-occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.

Un bioblitz genera información sobre la biodiversidad de manera rápida y económica, pero con frecuencia se realizan con muestreos irregulares e irrepetibles. Además, los resultados tienden a estar sesgados taxonómica, geográfica o temporalmente, carecen de metadatos y consisten en una lista de taxones observados que no permiten análisis más profundos o la corrección de las detecciones imperfectas. Un censo rápido, recurrente y estructurado (CRRE) usa un diseño de muestreo estructurado y la replicación temporal y espacial para censar los sitios seleccionados al azar en una propiedad de conservación. Participamos en un bioblitz ligeramente estructurado y en un CRRE subsecuente en la reserva natural Big Canoe Creek en Springville, condado St. Clair, Alabama, EUA, para comparar la riqueza observada derivada de las dos estrategias de censo. La estructura de datos del CRRE nos permitió ajustar los modelos que explicaban la detección imperfecta para estimar abundancias, probabilidades de ocupación y asociaciones de hábitat. No pudimos usar los datos del bioblitz en dichos modelos. Presentamos un nuevo modelo de abundancia multiespecie que aplicamos a los datos ornitológicos del CRRE. Nuestra extensión del modelo permite la estimación de la comunidad, usa el aumento de datos para estimar el número de especies no detectadas e incorpora las covariables. El CRRE generó una lista más completa y menos sesgada de la riqueza taxonómica observada que el bioblitz (73 especies de aves versus 45 y 104 familias de insectos versus 63, respectivamente). Los modelos ajustados a los datos del CRRE identificaron patrones estacionales en la composición de la comunidad ornitológica y permitieron la estimación de las relaciones de ocupación de hábitat de los taxones de insectos. El protocolo del CRRE tiene potencial para usarse de manera general como un método de inventario de la biodiversidad estandarizado, rápido y económico y para estimar los parámetros ecológicos a la vez que proporciona una oportunidad de divulgación.

¿Participan los pacientes crónicos en su plan de tratamiento?: resultados de la encuesta nacional de salud, Chile, ENS 2016-2017 / Do chronic patients participate in decision-making about their treatment plans? Results of a national health survey, Chile, ENS 2016-2017

Introducción: el apoyo al automanejo, la participación y retroalimentación son centrales en la implementación de una atención centrada en el usuario en el marco del modelo de cuidados crónicos. Esto ha demostrado mejorar diversos resultados sanitarios. Objetivo: estimar el grado de participación de los pacientes hipertensos y diabéticos, en las decisiones sobre su plan de tratamiento en población adulta chilena. Métodos: análisis secundario de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENS) 2016-2017, muestra aleatoria estratificada de hogares, multietápica por conglomerados, representativa de la población adulta chilena. Se incluyó población mayor de 15 años hipertensa o diabética bajo tratamiento. Se describen las prevalencias expandidas de la variable percepción de participación en la toma de decisio-nes sobre plan terapéutico en escala Likert de 5 niveles, según edad, sexo, zona urbana/rural y nivel educacional. Se utilizó regresión logística y OR ajustados. Resultados: el 72,3% de los diabéticos y el 71,9% de los hipertensos, refieren "nunca" haber sido consultados al preparar su plan de tratamiento. En la población hipertensa, existe una percepción de participación significativamente más baja en mujeres que en hombres (OR ajustado por edad = 0,5 (IC 95% de 0,3-0,8) no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas según edad, ruralidad ni nivel educacional. Conclusiones: la población hipertensa y diabética percibe bajos niveles de participación en el diseño de su plan terapéutico y los resultados sugieren inequidad de género en hipertensos. Este estudio permitirá evaluar futuras políticas y modificaciones al modelo de cuidados crónicos en el sistema de salud chileno.

Introduction: Self-management support, activation, participation, and feedback are core elements in chronic care models. Patients' participation in decision-making has been shown to improve health outcomes. Objective: To estimate the degree of participation of hypertensive and diabetic patients in decisions about their treatment plan in the general Chilean adult population. Methods: Secon-dary analysis of the "Encuesta Nacional de Salud (National Health Survey) (ENS) 2016-2017" multistage random stratified sample of households representative of the Chilean adult population. Hypertensive or diabetic populations older than 15 years of age that were under treatment were included. The weighted prevalence of the variable "perception of participation in decision making about their treatment plan" was described on a Likert scale of 5 levels, according to age, sex, urban/rural area, and educational level. We used logistic regression and adjusted OR. Results 72.3.5% of diabetic and 71.9% of hypertensive patients say they have "never" been asked their opinion about their treatment plan. In the hypertensive population, women perceived less participation than men (OR adjust by age =0.5 [IC 95% de 0.3-0.8]), with no significant differences observed by age, rurality, or educational level. Conclusions: Hypertensive and diabetic populations perceive low levels of participation in the design of their therapeutic plan, results also suggest gender inequity. This study contributes essential insights for the reformulation of Chilean chronic care models and may stand as a baseline to evaluate the implementation of future health policy.

Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB-E) and normative values in a representative adult population sample.

BACKGROUND: The Frontal Assessment Battery is a short bedside test used to assess executive functions (EF). The aims of the present study were, first, to evaluate the psychometric proprieties of the Spanish version of the FAB (FAB-E) in a representative sample, and second, to establish cut-off points for impairment in executive function according to age and education level. METHODS: A sample of 798 healthy Spanish adult subjects aged 19 to 91 participated in this study. Neuropsychological assessment of participants was conducted using the FAB-E, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Trail Making Test (TMT). We examined internal consistency, intraclass correlation, test-retest reliability, and concurrent and divergent validity. In addition, we established a cut-off point for detecting executive function impairment based on the 5th percentile by age group and education level. RESULTS: The analysis of the psychometric properties of the FAB-E showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.60), intraclass correlation (0.72), test-retest reliability (0.70) and concurrent and divergent validity between the TMT (r = -0.523), MMSE (r = 0.426) and the FAB-E. The cut-off points for each age group were 16 points for the ≤ 29 group, 15 points for the 30-39 group, 14 points for the 40-49 and 50-59 groups, 12 points for the 60-69 group, and 10 points for the ≥ 70 age group. CONCLUSIONS: The psychometric analysis showed that the FAB-E has good validity and reliability. Thus, FAB-E may be a helpful tool to evaluate EF in a healthy Spanish population. In addition, this study provides information on reference data that will be very valuable for clinicians and researchers.

Método de captura y recaptura: una experiencia de su aplicación para determinar la incidencia de diabetes gestacional / Capture and recapture method: anexperience of itsapplication to estimatetheincidence of gestational diabetes

Los métodos de captura y recaptura (MCR) se emplean en la estimación de poblaciones mediante la utilización de diferentes fuentes de datos, disponibles e incompletas, que registran por separado un mismo evento. En esta metodología, las fuentes son utilizadas para extrapolar el número de individuos no registrados, usando la información recopilada sobre los individuos sí registrados. Este artículo describe todos los pasos de su aplicación práctica, a partir de un ejemplo de estimación de la incidencia de diabetes gestacional en una institución, a partir de cinco fuentes documentales. (AU)

Capture-recapture (CRM) methods are widely used to estimate populations by using different data sources, available and incomplete, that record the same event separately. In these methods, the available sources are used to extrapolate the number of unregistered individuals, using the information collected on the individuals that are registered. This article describes all the steps of its practical application, based on an example of estimating the incidence of gestational diabetes in an institution based on five documentary sources. (AU)

Estructura Factorial de Agencia Personal en Estudiantes Colombianos y Mexicanos / Factor Structure of Personal Agency in Colombian and Mexican Students

Resumen En el presente estudio se busca analizar los predictores de la agencia personal de estudiantes universitarios, diferenciando entre estudiantes colombianos y mexicanos. Para lo cual se exploraron las estructuras factoriales de la Agencia Personal de ambos grupos de estudiantes, así como las interrelaciones que exhiben los factores en cada una de las muestras. Se trabajó con una muestra no probabilística de 243 estudiantes, 127 mexicanos y 116 colombianos quienes respondieron la Escala de Agencia Personal del IASE. Un AF-MM refleja universalidad a juzgar por los valores de chi cuadrado; sin embargo, sí se presentan diferencias entre los predictores de cada factor para ambas muestras. Se discute acerca de que estudios de este tipo permiten el uso de la escala de Agencia personal como predictor de dicho factor para estudiantes de ambas muestras dado que es un instrumento culturalmente sensible y relevante para la realidad cultural latinoamericana.

Abstract The present study seeks to analyze the predictors of the personal agency of university students, differentiating between Colombian and Mexican students. For which the factorial structures of the Personal Agency of both groups of students were explored, as well as the interrelationships exhibited by the factors in each of the samples. We worked with a non-probabilistic sample of 243 students, 127 Mexicans and 116 Colombians who answered the IASE Personal Agency Scale. An AF-MM reflects universality as judged by chi square values; however, there are differences between the predictors of each factor for both samples. It is discussed that studies of this allow the use of the Personal Agency scale as a predictor of said factor for students from both samples, given that it is a culturally sensitive and relevant instrument for the Latin American cultural reality.

Psychometric properties of the portuguese self-monitoring scale: a reduced item version / Propriedades psicométricas da escala portuguesa de self-monitoring: uma versão reduzida / Propiedades psicométricas de la escala portuguesa de self-monitoring: una versión reducida

This study aimed to contribute to the adaptation of the Self-Monitoring Scale for a Portuguese sample and the examination of the possibility of reducing the scale's length. Considering the psychometric inconsistency of the scale reported in the literature, several analysis criteria to identify the number of factors to be retained were considered. The study included 791 Portuguese men and women aged 17 to 61 years. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis to assess construct validity, Cronbach's alpha to assess internal consistency, and fit indices (based on IRT). The results indicate a two-dimensional structure with a reduction to 9 items, which shows good values for validity and fit. This study proposes a reduced version of the self-monitoring scale for a Portuguese sample, considering that the use of this method is valuable to identify how individuals differ in the way they present themselves in social situations. (AU)

Este estudo tem como objetivo contribuir para a adaptação da Self-Monitoring Scale numa amostra Portuguesa e análise da possibilidade de reduzir o tamanho da escala. Além disso, e considerando a inconsistência psicométrica da escala relatada na literatura, foram considerados vários critérios de análise para identificar o número de fatores a reter. O estudo abrangeu 791 homens e mulheres Portugueses com idades entre os 17 e os 61 anos. A análise dos dados incluiu estatística descritiva, validade de construto (Análise Fatorial Confirmatória), consistência interna e índice de ajustamento (TRI). Os resultados apontam para uma estrutura bidimensional com uma redução para 9 itens, mostrando bons valores de validade e ajustamento. Este estudo propõe uma versão reduzida da escala de self-monitoramento para uma amostra Portuguesa, considerando que a utilização deste método é uma mais-valia para identificar como os indivíduos diferem na forma como se apresentam em situações sociais. (AU)

Este estudio tiene como objetivo contribuir a la adaptación de la Self-Monitoring Scale en una muestra portuguesa y analizar la posibilidad de reducir el tamaño de la escala. Además, teniendo en cuenta la inconsistencia psicométrica de la escala reportada en la literatura, se consideraron varios criterios de análisis para identificar el número de factores a retener. El estudio incluyó a 791 hombres y mujeres portugueses de entre 17 y 61 años. El análisis de los datos incluyó estadística descriptiva, validez del constructo (Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio), consistencia interna e índice de ajuste (TRI). Los resultados apuntan a una estructura bidimensional con una reducción a 9 ítems, mostrando buenos índices de validez y ajuste. Este estudio propone una versión reducida de la escala de automonitoramento para una muestra portuguesa, mientras que el uso de este método es particularmente valioso para identificar cómo los individuos se diferencian en la forma en que se presentan en situaciones sociales. (AU)

heRcules: A repository for annotated R scripts in Portuguese for scientific data analysis / heRcules: Un repositorio de scripts R anotados en Portugués para el análisis de datos científicos / heRcules: Um repositório de scripts R anotados em Português para a análise de dados científicos

Data analysis is a fundamental step in the development of scientific projects. Before starting a project, the researcher needs to plan their experiments and analyzes clearly, ensuring a robust approach, protected from the most elementary biases. This document reports the creation of the "heRcules" repository, which will provide public access to script models in R language for the analysis of scientific data, with an emphasis on disciplines of the Biological and Health Sciences. The model presented here provides scripts for essential tasks in planning, analysis, visualization, and hypothesis testing procedures, including sample size calculation, statistical power calculation, spreadsheet import, vector and data frame creation, descriptive statistics, file export, plot creation (base R and ggplot2), outlier tests, normality tests, hypothesis tests and notebook creation with R markdown. The "heRcules" repository is deposited on GitHub, which will ensure efficient, free, and collaborative access to these resources.

El análisis de datos es un paso fundamental en el desarrollo de proyectos científicos. Antes de iniciar un proyecto, el investigador debe planificar sus experimentos y análisis con claridad, asegurando un enfoque robusto, protegido de los sesgos más elementales. Este documento reporta la creación del repositorio "Hércules", que brindará acceso público a modelos de script en lenguaje R para el análisis de datos científicos, con énfasis en disciplinas de las Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud. El modelo que se presenta aquí proporciona scripts para tareas esenciales en la planificación, análisis, visualización y procedimientos de prueba de hipótesis, incluido el cálculo del tamaño de la muestra, el cálculo de la potencia estadística, la importación de hojas de cálculo, la creación de vectores y marcos de datos, estadísticas descriptivas, exportación de archivos, creación de gráficos (base R y ggplot2), pruebas de valores atípicos, pruebas de normalidad, pruebas de hipótesis y creación de libretas con R markdown. El repositorio "heRcules" se deposita en GitHub, lo que garantizará un acceso eficiente, gratuito y colaborativo a estos recursos.

A análise de dados é uma etapa fundamental do desenvolvimento de projetos científicos. Antes mesmo de iniciar o trabalho, o pesquisador precisa planejar seus experimentos e análises de forma clara, garantindo uma abordagem robusta e protegida dos vieses mais elementares. O presente documento reporta a criação do repositório "heRcules," que dará acesso público a modelos de scripts em linguagem R para a análise de dados científicos, com ênfase nas disciplinas das Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde. Nesse primeiro modelo, reportado aqui, estão inclusos scripts para tarefas essenciais no planejamento, análise, visualização e teste de hipóteses, incluindo cálculo de tamanho amostral, cálculo de poder estatístico, importação de planilhas, criação de vetores e data frames, estatística descritiva, exportação de arquivos, criação de gráficos (base R e ggplot2), testes de outliers,testes de normalidade, testes de hipóteses e criação de notebooks com o R markdown. O repositório está depositado na plataforma GitHub1, o que garantirá acesso aos recursos de forma eficiente, gratuita e colaborativa.

Abordaje multidisciplinar del concepto Biobanco: revisión integrativa / A multidisciplinary approach to the Biobank concept: integrative review

Resumen Los biobancos son infraestructuras multidisciplinares y esta investigación integradora pretende exponer su concepto a las diferentes ciencias que lo construyen e interpretan, para entender sus elementos esenciales de forma holística. La revisión integradora se realizó siguiendo la guía PRISMA y la evaluación de la calidad según CASPe dando como resultado un total de 30 trabajos. El análisis de los datos se realizó a través de las categorías aristotélicas y los resultados se interpretaron según el paradigma de la complejidad de Edgar Morin. El concepto de Biobanco fue aclarado al considerarlo como la representación de un fenómeno bio-socio-cultural en el que los campos científicos desarrollan relaciones de tipo: complementarias, antagónicas y ambiguas de conocimientos y prácticas. Esta red de significación, desde la filosofía, impacta en la construcción de la subjetividad y en las formas de socialización.

Abstract Biobanks are multidisciplinary infrastructures and, accordingly, this integrative research seeks to bring out the concept of biobank in the various sciences that construct and interpret it, so as to arrive at a holistic understanding of its essential components. This integrative review - guided by PRISMA and with quality assessment following CASPe - resulted in a selection of 30 articles. Data were analysed by Aristotelian categories and the results were interpreted on the complexity paradigm of Edgar Morin. The biobank concept was clarified by considering it to be the representation of a biological, social and cultural phenomenon in which knowledge and practices from diverse scientific fields enter into complementary, antagonistic and ambiguous types of relationship. This network of signification, analysed here using categories from Aristotelian philosophy, has impacts on the construction of subjectivity and forms of socialisation.

Associations between hepatitis B infection and chronic kidney disease: 10-Year results from the U.S. National Inpatient Sample.

INTRODUCTION: Viral hepatitis infection is associated with negative impacts on renal function that may lead to nephropathy. We investigated associations between chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and chronic kidney disease (CKD) and/or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in a large, representative sample from a nationwide U.S. METHODS: This population-based, retrospective observational study extracted data from the U.S. Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, including adults ≥18 years old admitted to U.S. hospitals between 2005 and 2014 with records of chronic HBV infection in medical history. The final analytic sample included 70,674 HBV-infected patients and 282,696 matched non-HBV controls. Study endpoints were prevalent CKD and ESRD. Associations between CKD/ESRD and HBV and patients' clinical characteristics were determined by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: HBV infection was associated with slightly increased risk of prevalent CKD (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.004-1.119) and an approximate 2-times risk of prevalent ESRD (OR: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.880-2.086). HBV infection in both genders was associated with slightly increased risk of CKD (males, OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02-1.16; females, OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.98,1.17), and significantly associated with increased risk for CKD among non-diabetic patients (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.15-1.32), white patients (OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.06-1.23) and Asian/Pacific Islanders (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 0.98-1.30). CONCLUSIONS: Chronic HBV infection is associated with slightly increased risk for CKD and greater risk for ESRD in males and females, Whites and Asian/Pacific Islanders and non-diabetic patients.