Fermentación alcohólica por Saccharomyces cerevisiae y cuantificación de flavonoides del zumo de Citrus x clementina (naranja)

Objetivo: elaborar una bebida por fermentación alcohólica y la cuantificación de flavonoides del zumo de Citrus x clementina (naranja). Metodología: se utilizó el método de fermentación alcohólica por levadura de la variedad Saccharomyces cerevisiae, se fermento el jugo de naranja con una densidad de 1,050 glcm3 por 5 semanas y se cuantificó los flavonoides de la bebida alcohólica por el método de cromatografía HPLC. Resultados: después de las 5 semanas se analizó que la bebida por fermentación alcohólica tuvo un 11 % de alcohol y flavonoides de hesperidina 13,9 mgl100 ml y naringenina 6,3 mg/100 ml en su concentración.

SUMMARY Aim: to elaborate a drink by alcoholic fermentation and the quantification of flavonoids in Citrus x clementine (orange) juice. Methodology: the method of alcoholic fermentation by yeast of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae variety was used, the orange juice was fermented with a density of 1.050 glcm3 for 5 weeks and the flavonoids of the alcoholic beverage were quantified by the HPLC chromatography method. Results: after 5 weeks it was analyzed that the drink by alcoholic fermentation had 11 % alcohol and hesperidin flavonoids 13.9 mgl100 ml and 6.3 mg/100 ml naringenin in its concentration.

Objetivo: elaborar uma bebida por fermentação alcoólica e quantificação de flavonóides no suco Citrus x clementina (laranja). Metodologia: foi utilizado o método de fermentação alcoólica por levedura da variedade Saccharomyces cerevisiae, o suco de laranja foi fermentado com densidade de 1,050 glcm3 por 5 semanas e os flavonóides da bebida alcoólica foram quantificados pelo método de cromatografía HPLC. Resultados: após 5 semanas foi analisado que a bebida por fermentação alcoólica continha álcool a 11 % e flavonóides de hesperidina 13,9 mgl100 ml e 6,3 mg/100 ml naringenina em sua concentração.

Phytochemical composition and biological screening of two Lophophytum species / Composición fitoquímica y cribado biológico de dos especies de Lophophytum

Lophophytum species are holoparasites that grow on tree roots. The objectives of the work were to explore the chemical composition of the tubers of two Lophophytum species and to analyze the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antilithiatic activity of their extracts using in vitro methods. The chemical composition was determined by histochemical, phytochemical and TLC tests. In addition, the profile of phenolic compounds was determined by HPLC-MS. The presence of secondary metabolites of recognized activity was demonstrated. The results of the HPLC-MS/MS allowed the tentative identification of catechin, luteolin and glycosides of eriodictyol, naringenin and luteolin in the extract of Lophophytum leandriand eriodictyol, naringenin, luteolin and their glycosylated derivatives in Lophophytum mirabile. The extracts showed promising antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS and ß-carotene-linoleic acid), anti-inflammatory (inhibition of 5-LOX) and anti-urolytic (by bioautographic TLC) activity. It is noteworthy that these are the first results of the phytochemical composition and biological activity of L. mirabile. However, in vivo studies are required to corroborate these activities.

Las especies de Lophophytumson holoparásitas que crecen en raíces de árboles. Los objetivos del trabajo fueron explorar la composición química del túber de dos especies de Lophophytum y analizar la actividad antioxidante, antiinflamatoria y antilitiásica de sus extractos usando métodos in vitro. La composición química se determinó mediante pruebas histoquímicas, fitoquímicas y por TLC. Además, se determinó el perfil de compuestos fenólicos por HPLC-MS/MS. Se demostró presencia de metabolitos secundarios de reconocida actividad. Los resultados del HPLC-MS/MS permitieron identificar tentativamente catequina, luteolina y glucósidos de eriodictiol, naringenina y luteolina en el extracto de Lophophytum leandriy eriodictiol, naringenina, luteolina y sus derivados glicosilados en Lophophytum mirabile. Los extractos mostraron prometedora actividad antioxidante (DPPH, ABTS y ß-caroteno-ácido linoleico), antiinflammatoria (inhibición de la 5-LOX) y antiurolitiásica (por TLC bioautográfica). Es de destacar que estos son los primeros resultados de composición fitoquímica y actividad biológica de L. mirabile. Sin embargo, se requieren estudios in vivo para corroborar dichas actividades.

Direct actions of naringin on rat cardiac and vascular smooth muscle / Acciones directas de la naringina sobre los músculos cardíaco y liso vascular de rata

Naringin (NRG) is a flavanone glycoside present in grapefruit juice. Its biological activity has been only partially characterized and little is known about its potential effects in the cardiovascular system. We studied the effects of NRG on the electrical and contractile activities of isolated rat hearts and on the contraction of rat abdominal aortic rings. NRG exerted a negative inotropic action in hearts with an IC50 of 72.5 umol/L but its effects on heart rate and surface electrogram were minimal. Surprisingly, NRG (10-100 umol/L) was able to increase tension in aortic rings contracted by isotonic KCl or phenylephrine. This action of NRG was also evident in aortic rings in basal (resting) conditions but it was absent when resting aortic rings were previously perfused with ryanodine (30 umol/L). Our results indicate that NRG has direct actions on cardiac and vascular smooth muscles that should be taken into account when considering this molecule either as a dietetic supplement or as a template to develop therapeutic agents for human diseases.

La naringina (NRG) es un glicósido de flavanona que se encuentra presente en el jugo de toronja. Su actividad biológica ha sido solo parcialmente caracterizada y poco se conoce acerca de sus efectos sobre el sistema cardiovascular. En la presente investigación estudiamos los efectos de la NRG sobre las actividades eléctrica y contráctil de corazones aislados de rata y sobre la contracción de anillos de aorta abdominal de rata. La NRG ejerció una acción inotropo-negativa en corazones con una IC50 de 72.5 umol/L pero sus efectos sobre la frecuencia cardíaca y el electrograma de superficie fueron mínimos. Sorpresivamente, la NRG (10-100 umol/L) incrementó la tensión en anillos de aorta contraídos por KCl isotónico o fenilefrina. Esta acción de la NRG ocurrió también en anillos de aorta en condiciones basales (en reposo) pero estuvo ausente cuando los anillos de aorta fueron previamente perfundidos con ryanodina (30 umol/L). Nuestros resultados indican que la NRG tiene acciones directas sobre los músculos cardíaco y liso vascular que deben tenerse en cuenta al considerar esta molécula como suplemento dietético o como plantilla para el desarrollo de agentes terapéuticos para el tratamiento de enfermedades en humanos.

Producción de naringenina por Aspergillus niger IB-56 / Production of naringenin by Aspergillus niger IB-56

Aspergillus niger IB-56 fue usado como biocatalizador para la transformación de naringina en naringenina, un flavonoide de gran importancia en la industria farmacéutica. En el proceso biotecnológico planteado, se obtuvo un rendimiento (Yp/s= 0,4 g/g), productividad (Pv=0,1 g/Lh) y eficiencia del 85 por ciento similar al valor encontrado con naringinasa parcialmente purificada (Yp/s= 0,45 g/g; Pv= 0,12 g/Lh y Ef=92 por ciento). Los costos del proceso son bajos comparados a los ocasionados por la extracción, concentración y purificación de la enzima.

Aspergillus niger IB-56 was used like biocatalizador for the transformation of naringin in naringenin, a flavonoid of great important in the pharmaceutical industry. In the raised biotechnological process, one obtained a yield (Yp/s= 0.4 g/g), productivity (Pv=0.1 g/Lh) and efficiency of 85 percent similar to the value found with naringinase partially purified (Yp/s= 0.45 g/g; Pv= 0.12 g/Lh and Ef=92 percent). The costs of the process low are compared to the caused ones by the extraction, concentration and purification on the enzyme.

Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of extracts, fractions and isolated substances from the flowers of Acacia podalyriifolia A. Cunn. ex G. Don

The extracts and fractions from the flowers of A. podalyriifolia were analyzed previously for antibacterial activity using diffusion in disk, Antioxidant properties were evaluated by determining radical scavenging power (DPPH test) and total phenol content was measured (Folin method). The present study describes the in vitro antibacterial (determining minimum inhibitory concentration) and antioxidant activities (by thiobarbituric acid reactive species - TBARS method) for the ethanol extract, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions and two flavanones (naringenin and 5-β-D-glycosyl-naringenin) isolated from the flowers of Acacia podalyriifolia A. Cunn. ex G. Don. The flavanones naringenin and 5-β-D-glycosyl-naringenin had not previously been obtained from this species. The most effective antibacterial activity was observed in the ethyl acetate fraction (MIC=0.25 mg mL-1 against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, MIC = 0.125 mg mL-1 against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12229, MIC=0.5 mg mL-1 against Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 and Proteus mirabilis ATCC 43071). The evaluated samples showed antioxidant activity on the TBARS test, especially for ethanol extract (1000 ppm), which was the most active (29.43% ± 0.65) followed by ethyl acetate fraction (1000 ppm, 24.84% ± 1,28), both demonstrating higher activity than that presented by ascorbic acid (1000 ppm, 21.73% ± 1.77), although lower than the BHT (1000 ppm 35.15% ± 3.42), both reference compounds. Naringenin and 5-β-D-glycosyl-naringenin demonstrated antioxidant action, but only naringenin inhibited the growth of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Os extratos e frações de Acacia podalyriifolia foram analisados previamente para a atividade antibacteriana através da difusão em disco e as propriedades antioxidantes foram verificadas pela determinação da capacidade removedora do radical livre DPPH e pela mensuração do conteúdo de fenólicos totais (Método de Folin). O presente estudo descreve as atividades antibacteriana (determinação da concentração inibitória mínima) e antioxidante (espécies reativas do ácido tiobarbitúrico - teste TBARS) para o extrato etanólico e as frações diclorometano e acetato de etila e para duas flavanonas (naringenina e 5-β-D-glicosil-naringenina) isoladas das flores de Acacia podalyriifolia A. Cunn. ex G. Don. As flavanonas naringenina e 5-β-D-glicosil-naringenina ainda não haviam sido obtidas desta espécie. A atividade antibacteriana mais efetiva foi observada com a fração acetato de etila (CIM=0,25 mg/mL contra Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538; CIM=0,125 mg/mL, contra Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12229; CIM=0,5 mg/mL contra Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 e Proteus mirabilis ATCC 43071). As amostras avaliadas demonstraram atividade pelo teste TBARS, especialmente o extrato etanólico (1000 ppm), que foi o mais ativo (29,43% ± 0.65), seguido pela fração acetato de etila (1000 ppm, 24,84% ± 1,28), ambos demonstrando atividade mais elevada que a apresentada pelo ácido ascórbico (1000 ppm, 21,73% ± 1,77), ainda que menor que a do BHT (1000 ppm, 35,15% ± 3,42), ambas substâncias de referência. Naringenina e 5-β-D-glicosil-naringenina demonstraram ação antioxidante, porém somente a naringenina inibiu o crescimento de bactérias gram-positivas e gram-negativas.