Probiotic Yogurt Supplemented with Lactococcus lactis R7 and Red Guava Extract: Bioaccessibility of Phenolic Compounds and Influence in Antioxidant Activity and Action of Alpha-amylase and Alpha-glucosidase Enzymes.

The industry has increasingly explored the development of foods with functional properties, where supplementation with probiotics and bioactive compounds has gained prominence. In this context, the study aimed to evaluate the influence of in vitro biological digestion on the content of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities of probiotic yogurt supplemented with the lactic acid bacteria Lactococcus lactis R7 and red guava extract (Psidium cattleianum). A yogurt containing L. lactis R7 (0.1%) and red guava extract (4%) was characterized for the content of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and potential for inhibition of digestive enzymes after a simulated in vitro digestion process. After digestion, the caffeic and hydroxybenzoic acids remained, and sinapic acid only in the last digestive phase. Antioxidant activity decreased during digestion by 28.93, 53.60, and 27.97% for DPPH, nitric oxide and hydroxyl radicals, respectively, and the inhibition of the α-amylase enzyme decreased only 4.01% after the digestion process. α-glucosidase was more efficient in intestinal digestion, demonstrating an increase of almost 50% in probiotic yogurt with red guava extract before digestion. Possibly, the phenolics change their conformation during digestion, generating new compounds, reducing antioxidant activity, and increasing the inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase digestive enzymes. It was concluded that the probiotic yogurt formulation supplemented with red guava extract could interfere with the concentration of phenolic compounds and the formation of new compounds, suggesting a positive and effective inhibition of the digestive enzymes, even after the digestive process.

Morphophysiological changes of Acca sellowiana (Myrtaceae: Myrtoideae) saplings under shade gradient / Alterações morfofisiológicas em mudas de Acca sellowiana (Myrtaceae: Myrtoideae) sob gradiente de sombreamento

Abstract Understanding morphological and physiological changes under different light conditions in native fruit species in juveniles' stage is important, as it indicate the appropriate environment to achieve vigorous saplings. We aimed to verify growth and morphophysiological changes under shade gradient in feijoa (Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret) to achieve good quality saplings adequate to improve cultivation in orchards. The saplings were grown for twenty-one-month under four shading treatments (0%, 30%, 50%, and 80%). Growth, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchanges, chlorophyll fluorescence, and leaf anatomy parameters were evaluated. Saplings under full sun and 30% shade had higher height and diameter growth and dry mass accumulation due to higher photosynthesis rate. As main acclimatization mechanisms in feijoa saplings under 80% shade were developed larger leaf area, reduced leaf blade thickness, and enhanced quantum yield of photosystem II. Even so, the net CO2 assimilation and the electron transport rate was lower and, consequently, there was a restriction on the growth and dry mass in saplings under deep shade. Therefore, to obtain higher quality feijoa saplings, we recommend that it be carried out in full sun or up to 30% shade, to maximize the sapling vigor in nurseries and, later, this light environment can also be used in orchards for favor growth and fruit production.

Resumo A verificação de mudanças morfológicas e fisiológicas sob diferentes condições luminosas em espécies frutíferas nativas em estágio juvenil é importante, uma vez que indicam o ambiente adequado para a formação de mudas com alto vigor. Objetivou-se verificar o crescimento e as alterações morfofisiológicas sob gradiente de sombreamento em mudas de feijoa (Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret) para obter mudas de boa qualidade, adequadas para fomentar os plantios da espécie em pomares. As mudas foram cultivadas por vinte e um meses sob quatro tratamentos de sombreamento (0%, 30%, 50% e 80%). Foram avaliados parâmetros de crescimento, pigmentos fotossintéticos, trocas gasosas, fluorescência da clorofila e anatomia foliar. Mudas a pleno sol e 30% de sombra apresentaram maior crescimento em altura, diâmetro e acúmulo de massa seca, devido à maior taxa de fotossíntese. Como principais mecanismos de aclimatação sob 80% de sombra, as mudas desenvolveram maior área foliar, redução da espessura do limbo foliar e aumento do rendimento quântico do fotossistema II. Mesmo assim, a assimilação líquida de CO2 e a taxa de transporte de elétrons foram menores e, consequentemente, houve restrição ao crescimento e acúmulo de massa seca das mudas no maior nível de sombreamento. Portanto, para a obtenção de mudas de feijoa de maior qualidade, recomendamos que seja realizada a pleno sol ou até 30% de sombra, para maximizar o vigor das mudas em viveiros e, posteriormente, este ambiente de luz também pode ser utilizado em pomares para favorecer o crescimento e a produção de frutos.

Morphophysiological changes of Acca sellowiana (Myrtaceae: Myrtoideae) saplings under shade gradient

Abstract Understanding morphological and physiological changes under different light conditions in native fruit species in juveniles stage is important, as it indicate the appropriate environment to achieve vigorous saplings. We aimed to verify growth and morphophysiological changes under shade gradient in feijoa (Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret) to achieve good quality saplings adequate to improve cultivation in orchards. The saplings were grown for twenty-one-month under four shading treatments (0%, 30%, 50%, and 80%). Growth, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchanges, chlorophyll fluorescence, and leaf anatomy parameters were evaluated. Saplings under full sun and 30% shade had higher height and diameter growth and dry mass accumulation due to higher photosynthesis rate. As main acclimatization mechanisms in feijoa saplings under 80% shade were developed larger leaf area, reduced leaf blade thickness, and enhanced quantum yield of photosystem II. Even so, the net CO2 assimilation and the electron transport rate was lower and, consequently, there was a restriction on the growth and dry mass in saplings under deep shade. Therefore, to obtain higher quality feijoa saplings, we recommend that it be carried out in full sun or up to 30% shade, to maximize the sapling vigor in nurseries and, later, this light environment can also be used in orchards for favor growth and fruit production.

Resumo A verificação de mudanças morfológicas e fisiológicas sob diferentes condições luminosas em espécies frutíferas nativas em estágio juvenil é importante, uma vez que indicam o ambiente adequado para a formação de mudas com alto vigor. Objetivou-se verificar o crescimento e as alterações morfofisiológicas sob gradiente de sombreamento em mudas de feijoa (Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret) para obter mudas de boa qualidade, adequadas para fomentar os plantios da espécie em pomares. As mudas foram cultivadas por vinte e um meses sob quatro tratamentos de sombreamento (0%, 30%, 50% e 80%). Foram avaliados parâmetros de crescimento, pigmentos fotossintéticos, trocas gasosas, fluorescência da clorofila e anatomia foliar. Mudas a pleno sol e 30% de sombra apresentaram maior crescimento em altura, diâmetro e acúmulo de massa seca, devido à maior taxa de fotossíntese. Como principais mecanismos de aclimatação sob 80% de sombra, as mudas desenvolveram maior área foliar, redução da espessura do limbo foliar e aumento do rendimento quântico do fotossistema II. Mesmo assim, a assimilação líquida de CO2 e a taxa de transporte de elétrons foram menores e, consequentemente, houve restrição ao crescimento e acúmulo de massa seca das mudas no maior nível de sombreamento. Portanto, para a obtenção de mudas de feijoa de maior qualidade, recomendamos que seja realizada a pleno sol ou até 30% de sombra, para maximizar o vigor das mudas em viveiros e, posteriormente, este ambiente de luz também pode ser utilizado em pomares para favorecer o crescimento e a produção de frutos.

Exploring Anthocyanin and Free and Bound Phenolic Compounds from Two Morphotypes of Araçá (Psidium cattleianum Sabine) by LC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS.

Araçá is a Brazilian native fruit belonging to the Myrtaceae family. Although some studies already prove its health benefits, it is still necessary to explore the phenolic compounds in all its parts separately. This study aimed to investigate the free, esterified, glycosylated, and insoluble phenolics in two morphotypes of araçá, red and yellow, evaluating peel, pulp, and seed separately, using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS). Fourteen phenolics and five anthocyanins were quantified in both morphotypes. The peels presented the highest contents, followed by the pulp and seeds. Red araçá stood out over the yellow one only in the phenolic fractions resulting from the peel, with the yellow araçá being superior in the phenolic fractions of the pulp and seed. The highest antioxidant capacities were detected for the pulp-esterified phenolics (498.3 µmol g-1) and peel-free phenolics (446.7 µmol g-1) of yellow araçá. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated specific markers to differentiate the samples. All parts of the araçá proved to be a rich source of phenolic compounds, in different fractions, mainly in the peel. This information will be beneficial to stimulate the consumption of native fruits and their possible use in the development of new products.

Ameliorating effects of metabolic syndrome with the consumption of rich-bioactive compounds fruits from Brazilian Cerrado: a narrative review.

Evidence suggests that bioactive compounds present in fruits and vegetables, including carotenoids, polyphenols, and phytosterols, may have beneficial effects against the development of obesity and other diseases. The fruits of the Brazilian Cerrado are rich in biologically active compounds but are underexplored by the population being used only locally dietary consumption. The objective of this review is to direct attention to the bioactive compounds already elucidated for the fruits of "Cerrado" cashew (Anacadium othanianum Rizz.), baru almond (Dipteryx alata Vogel), cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica DC.), "Cerrado" pear (Eugenia klotzschiana Berg), mangaba (Hancornia speciosa), and pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb), demonstrating possible metabolic effects of the consumption of these fruits on the metabolic syndrome and its risk factors. Studies have shown that Cerrado native fruits have a high content of bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds, which also demonstrate high antioxidant capacity and may be related to the protective effect in metabolic syndrome-related diseases by act as inhibitors in various processes in lipid metabolism and glucose transport. Although more scientific evidence is still needed, the consumption of native fruits from the Cerrado seems to be a promising strategy which -along with other strategies such as nutritional therapy- can ameliorate the effects of the metabolic syndrome.

Phenolic profiling, organic acids and sugars composition of feijoa (Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret) and uvaia (Eugenia pyriformis Cambess) from the southern Brazilian highlands / Perfil fenólico, composição de ácidos orgânicos e de açúcares de feijoa (Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret) e uvaia (Eugenia pyriformis Cambess) do planalto sul brasileiro

Brazil is a large country with high biodiversity in its different regions. However, species of native fruits widely reported in the southern Brazil have not been properly explored so far, remaining underutilized by the food industry. This study evaluated the polyphenolic profile, as well as the composition of organic acids and sugars of the pulps of the feijoa, and the uvaia from southern brazilian highlands. The uvaia pulp showed the highest total polyphenol content and the highest antioxidant capacity by the methods used. The polyphenol (+)-catechin (6.54 mg 100g-1) was the major phenolic compound in uvaia pulp, which has not yet been reported in the literature for fruits of other regions. In addition, the feijoa pulp stood out for the presence of (-)-epicatechin (18.29 mg 100g-1). The pulps of native fruits in this study only quantified values for citric and malic acids. Malic acid (553.00 mg 100g-1) was the main acid in the uvaia pulp, and citric acid (455.60 mg 100g-1) was the main acid in the feijoa pulp. It is possible to note that the feijoa pulp showed the highest total sugar content (11.14 g 100g-1) and was the only pulp that contained sucrose. The uvaia pulp, conversely, showed fructose (3.10 g 100g-1) as the main sugar. The results obtained in this study contributed to the valuation and conservation of the species investigated, representing a promising alternative for the use of these native fruits in the development of new products.

O Brasil é um grande país e com elevada biodiversidade em suas diferentes regiões. Entretanto, espécies de frutas nativas amplamente encontradas no sul do Brasil ainda não foram devidamente exploradas, permanecendo desconhecidas e subutilizadas pela indústria de alimentos. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil fenólico, bem como a composição de ácidos orgânicos e de açúcares de polpas de feijoa (Acca sellowiana) e de uvaia (Eugenia pyriformis) provenientes do planalto sul brasileiro. A polpa de uvaia apresentou o maior teor de polifenóis totais e a maior capacidade antioxidante pelos métodos utilizados. A (+)-catequina (6.54 mg 100g-1) foi o principal composto fenólico da polpa da uvaia, o que ainda não foi relatado na literatura para frutas de outras regiões. Além disso, a polpa da feijoa se destacou pela presença de (-)-epicatequina (18.29 mg 100g-1). Dentre os ácidos orgânicos avaliados, as polpas de frutas nativas apresentaram valores para os ácidos cítrico e málico, sendo o ácido málico (553.00 mg 100g-1) o principal na polpa de uvaia, e o cítrico (455.60 mg 100g-1) na polpa de feijoa. Em relação aos açúcares, a polpa da feijoa apresentou o maior teor de açúcar total (11.14 g 100g-1) e foi a única polpa que continha sacarose. Já a polpa da uvaia apresentou a frutose (3.10 g 100g-1) como principal açúcar. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo contribuem para a valorização e conservação das espécies investigadas, representando uma alternativa promissora para a utilização dessas frutas nativas no desenvolvimento de novos produtos.

Campomanesia spp. native fruits as potential source of health-promoting compounds

Campomanesia xanthocarpa var. littoralis, Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Berg), and Campomanesia eugenioides are native fruit plants found in Brazil. Due to the scarce number of controlled scientific studies comparing different native Campomanesia species, this study sought to determine their bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties. C. eugenioides proved to be a rich source of total phenolic compounds, also showing the best antioxidant capacity by the ABTS, DPPH and molybdenum reduction power methods. On the other hand, C. xanthocarpa var. littoralis showed the best results for total flavonoids content, and Iron(II) chelation power. The phenolic compounds contents present in C. eugenioides could be responsible for the best antioxidant activity. This study provides key scientific data regarding the use of valuable fruits from different edible Campomanesia species to produce bioactive ingredients, as well as natural preservatives for food products. Thus, our results contribute to the discovery of the potential application of these native Campomanesia Brazilian fruits, as a natural product with functional and antioxidant properties.

Feijoa [Acca sellowiana (Berg) Burret] accessions characterization and discrimination by chemometrics.

BACKGROUND: Feijoa [Acca sellowiana (Berg) Burret] is a Brazilian native fruit with few commercial-level plantations and high agroindustrial potential. A genotype evaluation experiment was conducted from 1996 onward, aiming to obtain fruits based on the agronomical parameters; however, the selection based on chemical composition had not been evaluated with respect to developing a new cultivar. Accordingly, the present study aimed to discriminate seven accessions of feijoa in terms of nutritional composition, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity using multivariate analysis (principal component analysis and multivariate contrast), targeting the potential production of a new cultivar with better nutritional value and high antioxidant capacity. RESULTS: Feijoa husk presented high content of ashes, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity compared to feijoa pulp. However, only feijoa pulp was selected to multivariate analysis because it is the fruit edible part. Data variability was explained in 78% and the feijoa pulp accessions were discriminated into four groups related to their characteristics. The accession 5 discrimination can be explained by the high content of ashes, carbohydrates, soluble solids, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Accession 6 was also discriminated by the high content of total acidity, pH and proteins, as well as a low content of soluble solids. CONCLUSION: Feijoa accessions may be indicated for increasing plant selection via hybridization with the other accessions, aiming to produce new cultivars with better nutritional composition and antioxidant capacity. For example, accession 5 is the most suited fruit for human consumption and is a potential plant with respect to becoming a new cultivar. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Native and exotic plants with edible fleshy fruits utilized in Patagonia and their role as sources of local functional foods.

BACKGROUND: Traditionally part of the human diet, plants with edible fleshy fruits (PEFF) contain bioactive components that may exert physiological effects beyond nutrition, promoting human health and well-being. Focusing on their food-medicine functionality, different ways of using PEFF were studied in a cross-sectional way using two approaches: a bibliographical survey and an ethnobotanical case study in a rural community of Patagonia, Argentina. METHODS: A total of 42 studies were selected for the bibliographical review. The case study was carried out with 80% of the families inhabiting the rural community of Cuyín Manzano, using free listing, interviews, and participant observation. In both cases we analyzed species richness and use patterns through the edible consensus and functional consensus indices. Local foods, ailments, medicines and drug plants were also registered. RESULTS: The review identified 73 PEFF, the majority of which (78%) were native species, some with the highest use consensus. PEFF were used in 162 different local foods, but mainly as fresh fruit. Of the total, 42% were used in a functional way, in 54 different medicines. The principal functional native species identified in the review were Aristotelia chilensis and Berberis microphylla. In the case study 20 PEFF were in current use (50% were native), and consensus values were similar for native and exotic species. These were used in 44 different local foods, mainly as fresh fruit. Only 30% were recognized for their functional value by inhabitants (mainly as gastrointestinal and respiratory treatments). The species with the highest functional consensus were the exotic Sambucus nigra and Rosa rubiginosa, followed by the native A. chilensis, Ribes magellanicum and B. microphylla. Infusions also constituted important local functional foods. CONCLUSIONS: This survey highlights the importance of studying the different local functional foods to depict the biocultural diversity of a human society. The preparation of different beverages and herbal medicines was relevant, and would be a promising subject to investigate in the future. The living heritage of PEFF appears to have undergone hybridization processes, such that exotic species play an increasingly significant role.

Carotenoids, sugars, ascorbic acid, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity of murici from Brazilian Cerrado during refrigerated storage / Carotenoides, açúcares, ácido ascórbico, fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante de murici do Cerrado brasileiro durante armazenamento refrigerado

Native fruits are economically important to small producers, and they are a important part of the diet of several communities. Therefore, postharvest studies of these fruits are essential. In addition, research involving their chemical composition can identify substances that add potential value to the fruits, especially from a nutritional and medicinal standpoint. This study characterized the fruits of the muricizeiro shrub (Byrsonima crassifolia, Malpighiaceae), which were harvested from native plants on private properties and stored for 16 days at a mean temperature of 12 °C. The fruits were evaluated during storage for: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ascorbic acid content, phenolics and carotenoids total, carotenoids profile, glucose, fructose and sucrose contents. Overall, the temperature that the fruits were storage at was effective at maintaining the quality of the fruit. However, the ascorbic acid content of the fruits did decrease during the storage period. Results showed that the fruits had a high antioxidant capacity, possibly because of the presence of phenolic compounds and carotenoids. It is also important to highlight that this fruit is source of vitamin A, owing to the high concentration of β-carotene.(AU)

Frutas nativas são economicamente importantes para pequenos produtores, e são uma parte importante da dieta de várias comunidades. Portanto, estudos pós-colheita desses frutos são essenciais. Além disso, pesquisas envolvendo sua composição química podem identificar substâncias que agregam valor potencial às frutas, principalmente do ponto de vista nutricional e medicinal. Este estudo caracterizou os frutos do arbusto muricizeiro (Byrsonima crassifolia, Malpighiaceae), que foram colhidos de plantas nativas em propriedades particulares e armazenados por 16 dias em temperatura média de 12 °C. Os frutos foram avaliados durante o armazenamento em vista da: atividade de eliminação de radicais 2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazil (DPPH), conteúdo de ácido ascórbico, fenólicos e carotenoides totais, perfil de carotenoides, conteúdo de glicose, frutose e sacarose. No geral, a temperatura em que os frutos foram armazenados foi eficaz para manter a qualidade do fruto. No entanto, o teor de ácido ascórbico dos frutos diminuiu durante o período de armazenamento. Os resultados mostraram que os frutos apresentaram alta capacidade antioxidante, possivelmente pela presença de compostos fenólicos e carotenoides. Também é importante destacar que esta fruta é fonte de vitamina A, devido à alta concentração de β-caroteno.(AU)

Carotenoids, sugars, ascorbic acid, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity of murici from Brazilian Cerrado during refrigerated storage / Carotenoides, açúcares, ácido ascórbico, fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante de murici do Cerrado brasileiro durante armazenamento refrigerado

ABSTRACT: Native fruits are economically important to small producers, and they are a important part of the diet of several communities. Therefore, postharvest studies of these fruits are essential. In addition, research involving their chemical composition can identify substances that add potential value to the fruits, especially from a nutritional and medicinal standpoint. This study characterized the fruits of the muricizeiro shrub (Byrsonima crassifolia, Malpighiaceae), which were harvested from native plants on private properties and stored for 16 days at a mean temperature of 12 °C. The fruits were evaluated during storage for: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ascorbic acid content, phenolics and carotenoids total, carotenoids profile, glucose, fructose and sucrose contents. Overall, the temperature that the fruits were storage at was effective at maintaining the quality of the fruit. However, the ascorbic acid content of the fruits did decrease during the storage period. Results showed that the fruits had a high antioxidant capacity, possibly because of the presence of phenolic compounds and carotenoids. It is also important to highlight that this fruit is source of vitamin A, owing to the high concentration of β-carotene.

RESUMO: Frutas nativas são economicamente importantes para pequenos produtores, e são uma parte importante da dieta de várias comunidades. Portanto, estudos pós-colheita desses frutos são essenciais. Além disso, pesquisas envolvendo sua composição química podem identificar substâncias que agregam valor potencial às frutas, principalmente do ponto de vista nutricional e medicinal. Este estudo caracterizou os frutos do arbusto muricizeiro (Byrsonima crassifolia, Malpighiaceae), que foram colhidos de plantas nativas em propriedades particulares e armazenados por 16 dias em temperatura média de 12 °C. Os frutos foram avaliados durante o armazenamento em vista da: atividade de eliminação de radicais 2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazil (DPPH), conteúdo de ácido ascórbico, fenólicos e carotenoides totais, perfil de carotenoides, conteúdo de glicose, frutose e sacarose. No geral, a temperatura em que os frutos foram armazenados foi eficaz para manter a qualidade do fruto. No entanto, o teor de ácido ascórbico dos frutos diminuiu durante o período de armazenamento. Os resultados mostraram que os frutos apresentaram alta capacidade antioxidante, possivelmente pela presença de compostos fenólicos e carotenoides. Também é importante destacar que esta fruta é fonte de vitamina A, devido à alta concentração de β-caroteno.

Geographical discrimination of uvaia (Eugenia pyriformis Cambess) by principal component analysis.

BACKGROUND: The international marketing of native Brazilian fruits may benefit from research into discrimination between plants with particular properties. Plants with certain characteristics have strong potential for use in agroindustry and for the development of new processed products. In the current study, 12 uvaia plants (Eugenia pyriformis Cambess), native to Brazil, were geographically discriminated by chemometric methods, using nutritional composition, physicochemical characterization, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant capacity data. RESULTS: Uvaia fruits presented good nutritional value, with a high moisture and carbohydrate content. All fruits presented a pH value lower than 4, being classified as highly acidic, and the total soluble solids (°Brix) ranged between 2.90 and 9.80. Some plants had a higher vitamin C content, and all the plants had a high bioactive compound content (phenolic and flavonoids) and antioxidant capacity in 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Hydroethanolic solution was the best extraction solvent tested when compared with water and ethanol. Using principal component analysis, it was possible to discriminate among the plants in five different groups; however, just one group was responsible for higher antioxidant compound content. CONCLUSION: In this work, 12 native uvaia plants were discriminated by their geographical origin using a chemometric approach. Genetic improvement based on natural selection could be accomplished with some of the plants to improve the quality of uvaia pulp and to develop new cultivars. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Comprehensive characterization of bioactive phenols from new Brazilian superfruits by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS, and their ROS and RNS scavenging effects and anti-inflammatory activity.

Brazilian native fruits (BNF) remain unexplored and underutilized resources with a high potential to improve human health and wellness. In our study, five new BNF (Eugenia stipitata, Sageretia elegans, Byrsonima arthropoda, Spondias mombin andRubus rosaefolius)were evaluated for their phenolic composition by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS; and for their ROS and RNS scavenging effects (ROO, O2-, NO, HOCl); in vivo anti-inflammatory activity (neutrophil migration); and in vivo acute toxicity in Galleria mellonella. Eighty-six phenolic compounds were identified, including hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins and ellagitannins, several of which had never been reported in BNF. The BNF exhibited high antioxidant effects against biologically relevant radicals, and treated animals showed decreased neutrophil influx and NF-kB activation. Thus, these BNF are good sources of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecules that can be beneficial for human health as functional foods. Based on their bioactivity, they can be considered as new Brazilian superfruits.

Physicochemical characterization of fruits of Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg (Myrtaceae)

Belonging to the family Myrtaceae, ‘sete capotes’ is a plant native to the Atlantic Forest biome. It produces yellow-green fruits between February and May. Although used for consumption by local populations, studies of the fruit are rare. The present work aimed at characterize the fruit in terms of physicochemical properties. We quantified mass, volume, moisture, pulp yield, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids/titratable acidity, proteins, lipids, total sugars, reducing sugars, ash, macronutrients, micronutrients, pectin, vitamin C and phenolic compounds. Compared with commercial fruits and other native fruit trees, sete capotes is unusual for its pulp yield, vitamin C levels, total phenolic compound content, protein levels, calcium content, potassium levels and iron content. Through the results it is verified of the fruit as a functional food, mainly because of its nutritive content and because of its bioactive compounds. Our data emphasize the importance of study of the constituents of native flora.

Physical and physicochemical characteristics, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of xiquexique (Pilosocereus gounellei (A. Weber ex K. Schum.)) fruit / Características físicas e físico-químicas, compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante do fruto de xiquexique (Pilosocereus gounellei (A. Weber ex K. Schum.))

Many native species from the Cactaceae family with occurrence in northeastern Brazil have been investigated targeting their chemical composition and functional properties as strategy of adding value to these species that are underexploited according to ethnobotanical studies. The xiquexique (Pilosocereus gounellei (A. Weber ex K. Schum.)) is one of these species that adapts in high temperatures and low rainfall environments and some local populations use it for several purposes, including animal feeding and medicinal. However, there is few studies regarding the physical and physicochemical characterization and on the compounds of functional interest in fruits of this species. In the context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and physicochemical characteristics, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of the xiquexique fruit from plants occurring in three municipalities of the state of Paraíba, Brazil. The pulp of fruits from the municipalities of Boqueirão and Solânea presented lower acidity content, with higher SS/AT ratio and may be more suitable for fresh consumption. Furthermore, fruits from these municipalities can be also attractive for processing once they had larger sizes. Fruits of xiquexique exhibited high contents of functional compounds such as phenolic and betalains, which provided high antioxidant activity, with potential for adding value.(AU)

Diversas espécies nativas da família Cactaceae de ocorrência no Nordeste do Brasil têm sido estudadas quanto à qualidade, composição química e propriedades funcionais como estratégia de agregação de valor às essas espécies que são subutilizadas de acordo com estudos etnobotânicos. O xiquexique (Pilosocereus gounellei (A. Weber ex K. Schum.)) é uma dessas espécies que se adapta em ambientes com temperaturas elevadas e baixa pluviosidade e é utilizada pela população local para diversos usos, inclusive na alimentação animal e medicinal. Contudo, há escassez de estudos voltados para a determinação de compostos funcionais nos frutos desta espécie. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características físicas e físico-químicas, os compostos bioativos e a atividade antioxidante de frutos de xiquexique provenientes de três municípios do estado da Paraíba. A polpa dos frutos dos municípios de Boqueirão e Solânea apresentou conteúdo de acidez mais baixo, com relação SS/AT elevada, podendo se adequar para consumo fresco. Além disso, os frutos destes municípios por apresentarem maior tamanho podem também ser atrativos para o processamento. Os frutos de xiquexique apresentam altos conteúdos de compostos funcionais, a exemplo de compostos fenólicos e de betalaínas, o que proporcionou elevada atividade antioxidante, com potencial de agregação de valor.(AU)

Physical and physicochemical characteristics, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of xiquexique (Pilosocereus gounellei (A. Weber ex K. Schum.)) fruit / Características físicas e físico-químicas, compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante do fruto de xiquexique (Pilosocereus gounellei (A. Weber ex K. Schum.))

Many native species from the Cactaceae family with occurrence in northeastern Brazil have been investigated targeting their chemical composition and functional properties as strategy of adding value to these species that are underexploited according to ethnobotanical studies. The xiquexique (Pilosocereus gounellei (A. Weber ex K. Schum.)) is one of these species that adapts in high temperatures and low rainfall environments and some local populations use it for several purposes, including animal feeding and medicinal. However, there is few studies regarding the physical and physicochemical characterization and on the compounds of functional interest in fruits of this species. In the context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and physicochemical characteristics, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of the xiquexique fruit from plants occurring in three municipalities of the state of Paraíba, Brazil. The pulp of fruits from the municipalities of Boqueirão and Solânea presented lower acidity content, with higher SS/AT ratio and may be more suitable for fresh consumption. Furthermore, fruits from these municipalities can be also attractive for processing once they had larger sizes. Fruits of xiquexique exhibited high contents of functional compounds such as phenolic and betalains, which provided high antioxidant activity, with potential for adding value.

Diversas espécies nativas da família Cactaceae de ocorrência no Nordeste do Brasil têm sido estudadas quanto à qualidade, composição química e propriedades funcionais como estratégia de agregação de valor às essas espécies que são subutilizadas de acordo com estudos etnobotânicos. O xiquexique (Pilosocereus gounellei (A. Weber ex K. Schum.)) é uma dessas espécies que se adapta em ambientes com temperaturas elevadas e baixa pluviosidade e é utilizada pela população local para diversos usos, inclusive na alimentação animal e medicinal. Contudo, há escassez de estudos voltados para a determinação de compostos funcionais nos frutos desta espécie. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características físicas e físico-químicas, os compostos bioativos e a atividade antioxidante de frutos de xiquexique provenientes de três municípios do estado da Paraíba. A polpa dos frutos dos municípios de Boqueirão e Solânea apresentou conteúdo de acidez mais baixo, com relação SS/AT elevada, podendo se adequar para consumo fresco. Além disso, os frutos destes municípios por apresentarem maior tamanho podem também ser atrativos para o processamento. Os frutos de xiquexique apresentam altos conteúdos de compostos funcionais, a exemplo de compostos fenólicos e de betalaínas, o que proporcionou elevada atividade antioxidante, com potencial de agregação de valor.

Characterization and sensory preference of fermented dairy beverages prepared with different concentrations of whey and araticum pulp / Caracterização e preferência sensorial de bebida láctea fermentada elaborada com diferentes concentrações de soro lácteo e polpa de araticum

The objective of this study was to develop a fermented dairy beverage flavored with araticum pulp, assess its physicochemical characteristics, microbiological quality, and sensory preference by the consumer. Araticum pulp was prepared using two different methods: with or without bleaching (50 ºC/5 minutes). Formulations of fermented dairy beverages consisting of whey (50%), standardized pasteurized milk (50%), and seven different concentrations of bleached araticum pulp (5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, and 20.0% w/v) were prepared. In addition, seven formulations of fermented dairy beverage, without adding araticum pulp, and consisting of varying proportions of whey (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100%) were developed. In all formulations, thickeners/stabilizers were added. All araticum pulp samples (with and without bleach) and fermented dairy beverages (with and without araticum pulp) were analyzed for the relevant physicochemical properties: pH, titratable acidity, acidity of pulp, acidity of fermented beverage, moisture, ash, fat, protein, crude fiber, ascorbic acid, carbohydrates, total solids, and caloric values. Microbiological counts of coliforms at 35 °C and 45 °C in the pulp and beverage, and molds and yeasts and Salmonella sp. in the pulp were obtained. Additionally, sensory analysis regarding preferences of the different fermented dairy beverage formulations was also performed. The araticum pulp samples without bleach, showed higher values of pH, moisture, protein, total fiber, and ascorbic acid, as compared to bleached pulp samples, while bleached araticum pulp showed higher values for other physicochemical parameters. Microbiological results showed that all pulps and fruit-dairy beverages were suitable for consumption. It was found that there was no significant consumer preference between different fermented beverage formulations, according to the different percentages of pulp.[...]

Objetivou-se com o presente estudo desenvolver uma bebida láctea fermentada saborizada com polpa de araticum, avaliar suas características físico-químicas, qualidade microbiológica e preferência sensorial pelo consumidor. Foram realizados dois modos de preparo da polpa de araticum, sem e com branqueamento (50 ºC/5 minutos), para avaliação da qualidade e escolha de uso das mesmas. Foram elaboradas formulações de bebidas lácteas fermentadas constituídas de soro de leite (50%), leite pasteurizado padronizado (50%) adicionadas de sete concentrações de polpa de araticum branqueada (% m/v): 5,0%; 7,5%; 10,0%; 12,5%; 15,0%; 17,5% e 20,0%. Foram desenvolvidas, também, sete formulações de bebida láctea fermentada, sem adição de polpa, constituídas de soro de leite nas proporções de 40%; 50%; 60%; 70%; 80%; 90% e 100%, e leite pasteurizado padronizado necessário para completar 100% da mistura (soro:leite). Em todas as formulações foram adicionados espessantes/estabilizantes (mistura de 0,25% de gelatina incolor sem sabor, 0,12% de proteína láctea e 0,13% de concentrado protéico de soro) em 0,5% m/v, sacarose (10% m/v), cultura lática (recomendação do fabricante). Nas amostras de polpa de araticum (sem e com branqueamento) e bebidas lácteas fermentadas (sem e com polpa de araticum) foram realizadas as análises físico-químicas de pH, acidez titulável, acidez em ácido cítrico (na polpa), acidez em ácido lático (na bebida), umidade, cinzas, lipídios, proteínas, fibra bruta (na polpa), ácido ascórbico (na polpa), carboidratos, sólidos totais e valor calórico; avaliações microbiológicas de coliformes a 35 ºC e a 45 ºC (na polpa e bebida), bolores e leveduras e Salmonella sp. (na polpa); além das análises sensoriais de preferência entre as formulações de bebida láctea fermentada.[...]

Characterization and sensory preference of fermented dairy beverages prepared with different concentrations of whey and araticum pulp / Caracterização e preferência sensorial de bebida láctea fermentada elaborada com diferentes concentrações de soro lácteo e polpa de araticum

The objective of this study was to develop a fermented dairy beverage flavored with araticum pulp, assess its physicochemical characteristics, microbiological quality, and sensory preference by the consumer. Araticum pulp was prepared using two different methods: with or without bleaching (50 ºC/5 minutes). Formulations of fermented dairy beverages consisting of whey (50%), standardized pasteurized milk (50%), and seven different concentrations of bleached araticum pulp (5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, and 20.0% w/v) were prepared. In addition, seven formulations of fermented dairy beverage, without adding araticum pulp, and consisting of varying proportions of whey (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100%) were developed. In all formulations, thickeners/stabilizers were added. All araticum pulp samples (with and without bleach) and fermented dairy beverages (with and without araticum pulp) were analyzed for the relevant physicochemical properties: pH, titratable acidity, acidity of pulp, acidity of fermented beverage, moisture, ash, fat, protein, crude fiber, ascorbic acid, carbohydrates, total solids, and caloric values. Microbiological counts of coliforms at 35 °C and 45 °C in the pulp and beverage, and molds and yeasts and Salmonella sp. in the pulp were obtained. Additionally, sensory analysis regarding preferences of the different fermented dairy beverage formulations was also performed. The araticum pulp samples without bleach, showed higher values of pH, moisture, protein, total fiber, and ascorbic acid, as compared to bleached pulp samples, while bleached araticum pulp showed higher values for other physicochemical parameters. Microbiological results showed that all pulps and fruit-dairy beverages were suitable for consumption. It was found that there was no significant consumer preference between different fermented beverage formulations, according to the different percentages of pulp.[...](AU)

Objetivou-se com o presente estudo desenvolver uma bebida láctea fermentada saborizada com polpa de araticum, avaliar suas características físico-químicas, qualidade microbiológica e preferência sensorial pelo consumidor. Foram realizados dois modos de preparo da polpa de araticum, sem e com branqueamento (50 ºC/5 minutos), para avaliação da qualidade e escolha de uso das mesmas. Foram elaboradas formulações de bebidas lácteas fermentadas constituídas de soro de leite (50%), leite pasteurizado padronizado (50%) adicionadas de sete concentrações de polpa de araticum branqueada (% m/v): 5,0%; 7,5%; 10,0%; 12,5%; 15,0%; 17,5% e 20,0%. Foram desenvolvidas, também, sete formulações de bebida láctea fermentada, sem adição de polpa, constituídas de soro de leite nas proporções de 40%; 50%; 60%; 70%; 80%; 90% e 100%, e leite pasteurizado padronizado necessário para completar 100% da mistura (soro:leite). Em todas as formulações foram adicionados espessantes/estabilizantes (mistura de 0,25% de gelatina incolor sem sabor, 0,12% de proteína láctea e 0,13% de concentrado protéico de soro) em 0,5% m/v, sacarose (10% m/v), cultura lática (recomendação do fabricante). Nas amostras de polpa de araticum (sem e com branqueamento) e bebidas lácteas fermentadas (sem e com polpa de araticum) foram realizadas as análises físico-químicas de pH, acidez titulável, acidez em ácido cítrico (na polpa), acidez em ácido lático (na bebida), umidade, cinzas, lipídios, proteínas, fibra bruta (na polpa), ácido ascórbico (na polpa), carboidratos, sólidos totais e valor calórico; avaliações microbiológicas de coliformes a 35 ºC e a 45 ºC (na polpa e bebida), bolores e leveduras e Salmonella sp. (na polpa); além das análises sensoriais de preferência entre as formulações de bebida láctea fermentada.[...](AU)

Biodiversidade e composição de alimentos: dados nutricionais de frutas nativas brasileiras subutilizadas da flora brasileira / Biodiversity and food composition nutritional data of Brazilian native fruits underused from Brazilian Flora

Introdução: O Brasil é um país de grande diversidade biológica, apresentando 15 a 20 por cento de todas as espécies do planeta. Visando mapear essa rica biodiversidade que é subutilizada, o Ministério do Meio Ambiente lançou ao longo de 2004 e 2005 a iniciativa "Plantas para o Futuro", cujo principal objetivo foi identificar as espécies nativas da flora brasileira de valor econômico atual e potencial. O projeto elencou 674 espécies nativas de diferentes regiões do Brasil com diferentes aplicações: alimentos, frutas, medicamentos, ornamentais e outros fins. As espécies frutíferas elencadas são, em sua maioria, subutilizadas e um dos motivos é a falta de dados nutricionais Objetivos: Este trabalho visou compilar dados de composição nutricional de espécies de frutas nativas elencadas pela iniciativa Plantas para o Futuro de modo a disponibilizar dados de macro e micronutrientes que possam ser inseridos em tabelas de composição de alimentos e, ao mesmo tempo, avaliar a qualidade dos dados nutricionais em publicações científicas que subsidiam a compilação dos dados de composição. Metodologias: Para a compilação dos dados foi utilizada a metodologia preconizada pela FAO-INFOODS (FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION-The International Network of Food Data Systems), com o emprego da ferramenta Compilation tool. Realizou-se levantamento bibliográfico em periódicos nacionais e internacionais e em bases de dados de teses e dissertações. Os critérios considerados essenciais para a compilação foram: nome cientifico conhecido do alimento, metodologia indicada e unidade de expressão conhecida. Avaliou-se a qualidade dos dados publicados e utilizados neste trabalho por meio de indicadores como: número de amostras, plano de amostragem, tratamento dado à amostra, método analítico e controle de qualidade analítica.

Background: Brazil is a country with a vast biological diversity, containing 15-20 per cent of all species on the planet. In order to map this rich biodiversity that is underutilized, the Ministry of Environment released, throughout the year of 2004 and 2005, the initiative "Plants for the Future" whose main goal was to identify the native species of Brazilian flora that have current economic value and potential. The project listed 674 native species from different regions of Brazil with different applications: food, fruits, medicine, ornamental, and other purposes. The fruit species listed are, in the majority, underutilized and one reason for that is the lack of nutritional data. Objective: This study aims to compile nutritional composition data of native fruits species listed by the "Plants for the Future" in order to provide macro and micronutrients data that can be inserted in food composition tables and at the same time, evaluate the quality of nutritional data in scientific publications that support the compilation of compositional data. Methodology: For the compilation of the data it was used the methodology recommended by FAO-INFOODS (FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION- The International Network of Food Data Systems) with the use of the Compilation tool. The bibliographical research was conducted in national and international journals and theses and dissertations databases. The criteria considered essential for the compilation were known scientific name of the food, indicated methodology and known expression unit. The quality of the published data used in this study was assessed using indicators such as number of samples, sampling plan, treatment of the sample, analytical method and analytical quality control.

Antioxidant activity of anthocyanins from quixabeira (Sideroxylon obtusifolium) fruits / Atividade antioxidante de antocianinas de frutos de quixabeira (Sideroxylon obtusifolium)

ABSTRACT The fruits of Sideroxylon obtusifolium T.D. Penn. are small berries which have dark purple skin color at maturity due the anthocyanins presence. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of anthocyanins from mature fruits which were obtained at a semi-arid region of Paraiba/BR. In addition, the total anthocyanins content was measured by the pH differential method. The anthocyanins were purified by solid-phase extraction (SPE) using C18 Sep-Pak cartridges and submitted to antioxidant activity determined by scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·). The butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was the positive control and the results were expressed as DPPH· scavenging activity (%). Anthocyanins content were higher in the husks (236.15 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside 100g-1 fw) than in the pulp (30.49 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside 100g-1 fw). The results showed that the potential free radical scavenging grew with the increase of concentration used and the reaction time. The ability of the anthocyanins in scavenging the free radical was statistically greater than the BHT one. The anthocyanins which were present in this fruit may supply substantial dietary source of antioxidant that may promote health and produce disease prevention effects or that could be applied in food industry as a good source of natural pigments.

RESUMO Os frutos da Sideroxylon obtusifolium TD Penn., são bagas pequenas que, quando maduras, apresentam a coloração roxo-escuro devido à presença de antocianinas. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a atividade antioxidante das antocianinas desses frutos maduros obtidos da região do semiárido da Paraíba/BR. Além disso, o teor de antocianinas total foi quantificado pelo método de pH diferencial. As antocianinas foram purificadas por extração em fase sólida (EFS) utilizando cartuchos Sep-Pak C18 e submetidas à avaliação da atividade antioxidante por meio da capacidade de sequestrar o radical DPPH·. Butil-hidroxi-tolueno (BHT) foi utilizado como controle positivo e os resultados foram expressos como percentual de sequestro de radical livre. Os resultados demonstraram que o teor de antocianinas presente nas cascas foi maior (236,15 mg de cianidina-3-glicosídeo 100g- 1, peso fresco) do que na polpa (30,49 mg de cianidina-3-glicosídeo 100g-1, peso fresco) e que o percentual de sequestro de radical livre aumentou com o aumento da concentração utilizada e o tempo de reação. A habilidade das antocianinas em sequestrar o radical livre foi estatisticamente superior à do BHT. As antocianinas presentes nesta fruta podem fornecer fonte dietética significativa de antioxidantes que podem promover a saúde e produzir efeitos de prevenção de doenças ou ser aplicada na indústria de alimentos como uma boa fonte de pigmentos naturais.