Efficacy and safety of neuroendoscopy surgery versus craniotomy for supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Neuroendoscopy (NE) surgery emerged as a promising technique for the treatment of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). A previous meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) analyzed the efficacy and safety of NE compared to craniotomy, but NE did not present a significant improvement in functional outcomes. However, a new study provided an opportunity to update the current knowledge. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for RCTs reporting NE evacuation of spontaneous supratentorial ICH compared to craniotomy. The efficacy outcomes of interest were favorable functional outcome, functional disability, hematoma evacuation rate, and residual hematoma volume. The safety outcomes of interest were rebleeding, infection, and mortality. Seven RCTs were included containing 879 patients. The NE approach presented a significantly higher rate of favorable functional outcome compared with craniotomy (RR: 1.42; 95% CI 1.17, 1.73; p < 0.001). The evacuation rate was higher in patients who underwent the NE approach (MD: -8.36; 95% CI -12.66, -4.07; p < 0.001). NE did not show a benefit in improving the mortality rate (RR: 0.81, 95% CI 0.54, 1.22; p = 0.32). NE was associated with more favorable functional outcomes and lower rates of functional disabilities compared to craniotomy. Also, NE was superior regarding evacuation rate, while presenting a reduction in residual hematoma volume. NE might be associated with lower infection rates. Mortality was not improved by NE surgery. Larger, higher-quality randomized studies are needed to adequately evaluate the efficacy and safety of NE compared to craniotomy.

The long-term effect on functional outcome of endoscopic brainwashing for intraventricular hemorrhage compared to external ventricular drainage alone: A retrospective single-center cohort study.

Background: Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a complex condition with both mechanical and chemical effects, resulting in mortality rates of 50-80%. Recent reports advocate for neuroendoscopic treatment, particularly endoscopic brainwashing (EBW), but long-term functional outcomes remain insufficiently explored. This study aims to outline the step-by-step procedure of EBW as applied in our institution, providing results and comparing them with those of external ventricular drainage (EVD) alone. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of adult patients with IVH who underwent EBW and patients submitted to EVD alone at our institution. All medical records were reviewed to describe clinical and radiological characteristics. Results: Although both groups had similar baseline factors, EBW patients exhibited a larger hemoventricle (median Graeb score 25 vs. 23 in EVD, P = 0.03) and a higher prevalence of chronic kidney disease and diabetes. Short-term mortality was lower in EBW (52% and 60% at 1 and 6 months) compared to EVD (80% for both), though not statistically significant (P = 0.06). At one month, 16% of EBW patients achieved a good outcome (Modified Rankin scale < 3) versus none in the EVD group (P = 0.1). In the long term, favorable outcomes were observed in 32% of EBW patients and 11% of EVD patients (P = 0.03), with no significant difference in shunt dependency. Conclusion: Comparing EBW and EVD, patients submitted to the former treatment have the highest modified Graeb scores and, at a long-term follow-up, have better outcomes, demonstrated by the improvement of the patients in the follow-up.

Cylinder tumor surgery in pediatric low-grade gliomas.

BACKGROUND: Periventricular pediatric low-grade gliomas (pLGG) present a surgical challenge due to their deep-seated location, accessibility, and relationship with the subcortical network connections. Minimally invasive parafascicular approaches with tubular brain retractors (port brain surgery) have emerged, in recent years, as an alternative to conventional microsurgical and endoscopic approaches for removal of periventricular tumors. OBJECTIVES: To describe the minimally invasive approach with tubular brain retractors for periventricular pLGG, its technique, applications, safety, and efficacy. METHODS: In this article, we describe the port brain surgery techniques for periventricular pLGG as performed in different centers, with different commercialized tubular retractor systems. Illustrative cases followed by a literature review are analyzed, with a detailed description of different approaches or techniques, comparing their advantages and disadvantages with contemporary microsurgical and endoscopic approaches. CONCLUSIONS: The port brain surgery with micro-exoscopic vision and endoscopic assistance, for the treatment of deep-seated lesions such as periventricular pLGG, is an alternative for achieving a functionally safe-gross total or subtotal-tumor resection, obtaining adequate tissue for pathological examination. This technique could offer a new dimension for a less-invasive, safe, and effective access to deep-seated tumors, offering the possibility to lower morbidity in experienced hands.

Current Role of Surgery in the Treatment of Neurocysticercosis.

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a common parasitic disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in low- and middle-income countries. The infection is pleomorphic, caused by the larval form of the cestode, Taenia solium, and part of the heterogeneity of its clinical presentations is associated with the localization of the parasite within the CNS. Changes in the current epidemiological trends of NCC indicate that extra-parenchymal NCC is proportionally becoming more frequent. Extraparenchymal NCC is commonly accompanied by raised intracranial hypertension due to hydrocephalus, which is an emergency requiring cyst extirpation by surgical intervention to relieve the symptoms. Although less frequent, parenchymal cysts may also reach giant sizes requiring urgent surgical treatment. Finally, there is an advancement in the comprehension of the association between NCC and epilepsy-and patients with drug-resistant seizures are candidates for surgical treatment. In this narrative review, we summarize the present state of knowledge to update the current trends in the role of surgery in the treatment of NCC.

Resultados quirúrgicos de pacientes con lesiones orbitarias a través de abordajes mínimamente invasivos

Introducción: Los abordajes mínimamente invasivos a la órbita constituyen métodos novedosos para el tratamiento quirúrgico de las lesiones orbitarias. Objetivos: Describir los resultados quirúrgicos de los abordajes mínimamente invasivos en pacientes con lesiones orbitarias. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, que incluyó a 33 pacientes del Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras con diagnóstico de lesiones orbitarias, operados mediante abordajes mínimamente invasivos con apoyo endoscópico, con sus diferentes variables: abordajes empleados, resultados posquirúrgicos y complicaciones. Se determinó de forma posoperatoria el grado de resección imagenológica, evaluación visual, estado de la enfermedad y complicaciones. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizaron frecuencias absolutas y relativas como medidas resumen. Resultados: Existió predominio de abordajes endonasales endoscópicos extendidos a la órbita en el 48, 5 %. Se alcanzó 90,9 % de resección total de las lesiones. Entre las complicaciones: diplopía 6,1 %, enoftalmos, ptosis, infección y hematoma, 3,0 % respectivamente. Conclusiones: Los abordajes mínimamente invasivos a la órbita con apoyo endoscópico constituyen procedimientos seguros, efectivos y con baja tasa de complicaciones.

Introduction: Minimally invasive approaches to the orbit constitute novel methods for the surgical treatment of orbital lesions. Objectives: To describe the surgical results of minimally invasive approaches in patients with orbital lesions. Method: A descriptive retrospective study was carried out, which included 33 patients from the Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital with a diagnosis of orbital lesions operated on using minimally invasive approaches with endoscopic support with their different variables: approaches used, post-surgical results and complications. The degree of imaging resection, visual evaluation, disease status, and complications were determined postoperatively. For data analysis, absolute and relative frequencies were used as summary measures. Results: A predominance of endoscopic endonasal approaches extended to the orbit was evident in 48.5%. A 90.9% total resection of the lesions was achieved. Among the complications: diplopia 6.1%, enophthalmos, ptosis, infection and hematoma, 3.0 % respectively. Conclusions: Minimally invasive approaches to the orbit with endoscopic support are safe, effective procedures with a low complication rate.

Fibrina rica en plaquetas y leucocitos en abordajes endonasales endoscópicos

Introducción: La medicina regenerativa y terapia celular representa una alternativa segura y eficaz en la regeneración hística. La fibrina rica en plaquetas y leucocitos favorece la cicatrización de la base craneal, con una disminución significativa en las complicaciones, en especial la fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo. Objetivo: Describir los resultados del empleo de la fibrina rica en plaquetas y leucocitos como elemento accesorio en la reparación de la base craneal. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal en 250 pacientes en el Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras, operados por procedimientos endonasales endoscópicos con diversos tumores de la base craneal, en los cuales se empleó la fibrina rica en plaquetas y leucocitos durante la fase de reconstrucción. Se realizó una evaluación de la barra de reparación y las complicaciones presentes. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizaron frecuencias absolutas y relativas como medidas resumen. Resultados: El 97,2 % de las barreras de reparación fue catalogada de óptima. Se reporta con el uso de la fibrina rica en plaquetas y leucocitos 2,0 % de fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo, 0,8 % de infección del sistema nervioso central, 4,0 % de costras nasales posoperatorias. Conclusiones: El presente estudio evidencia el efecto positivo del empleo de la fibrina rica en plaquetas y leucocitos en la reparación del base craneal con gran impacto en el índice de fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo y la calidad de vida nasosinusal.

Introduction: Regenerative medicine and cell therapy represents a safe and effective alternative in tissue regeneration. Fibrin rich in platelets and leukocytes promotes healing of the cranial base, with a significant decrease in complications, especially cerebrospinal fluid leak. Objective: Describe the results of using fibrin rich in platelets and leukocytes as an accessory element in the repair of the cranial base. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in 250 patients at the "Hermanos Ameijeiras" Hospital operated by endoscopic endonasal procedures with various tumors of the cranial base, in which fibrin rich in platelets and leukocytes was used during the reconstruction phase. An evaluation of the repair bar and the complications present was performed. For data analysis, absolute and relative frequencies were used as summary measures. Results: 97.2% of the repair barriers were classified as optimal. With the use of fibrin rich in platelets and leukocytes, 2.0% of cerebrospinal fluid leak, 0.8% of central nervous system infection, 4.0% of postoperative nasal scabs are reported. Conclusions: The present study evidences the positive effect of the use of leukocyte-platelet-rich fibrin in the repair of the skull cranial base, with great impact on the rate of cerebrospinal fluid leak and sinonasal quality of life.

Tercerventriculostomía endoscópica del paciente adulto. Resultados tras la aplicación de nuestro protocolo / Endoscopic third ventriculostomy of the adult patient. Results from the application of our protocol

Introducción: La tercerventriculostomía endoscópica (TVE) es una técnica quirúrgica ampliamente reconocida para el tratamiento de la hidrocefalia obstructiva. Al igual que otras técnicas para el manejo de la hidrocefalia, la protocolización del manejo intra y peri-operatorio deviene en mejores resultados. Sin embargo, no existe en la literatura en castellano alguna publicación que exponga en detalle un protocolo de trabajo de TVE. El objetivo de este estudio es presentar los resultados tras la aplicación de nuestro protocolo. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó una descripción del protocolo para TVE prequirúrgico, intraoperatorio y post-operatorio. Se realizó un análisis prospectivo de una serie de casos. Resultados: Un detallado protocolo fue presentado. Un total de 70 pacientes fueron incluidos para su análisis. La tasa de éxito del procedimiento fue del 82.43%. Hubo una mejoría en la escala de Karnofsky tras la TVE [media de 26.22 puntos (IC 95% 13,77 -36,92)]; siendo esta estadísticamente significativa (p=<0,001). Conclusión: La TVE demostró ser un procedimiento seguro y efectivo para el tratamiento de la hidrocefalia obstructiva. El protocolizar el procedimiento quirúrgico demostró una alta tasa de éxito en nuestra cohorte de pacientes, comparando con los resultados de la literatura internacional

Background. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is a worldwide accepted technique to treat obstructive hydrocephalus. As per many other techniques to treat hydrocephalus, protocols had improved the overall results and reduced the complications rate. However, there are no protocols written in Spanish literature, that illustrate in detailed a step by step on how to perform and follow up patients with ETV.The aim of this study is to present the results after the application of our protocol. Methods. A protocol with surgical technique, management and follow up for ETV in adults was written and a retrospective analysis of several cases was presented. Results. A detailed protocol was presented. Forty-three patients included in the protocol were analysed after ETV. The success rate of the procedure was 82.43%. There was a statistically significant improvement of a mean 26.22 points (IC 95% 13.77 -36.92) in the Karnofsky scale after the ETV (p=<0.001). Conclusion: ETV has shown to be a safe and effective procedure to treat obstructive hydrocephalus. The protocolization of the procedure proved a high success rate in our cohort of patients, comparable with the international literature results

Cirugía neuroendoscópica intraventricular en pacientes adultos con hidrocefalia obstructiva. Serie corta de casos

Introducción: la hidrocefalia es una patología neuroquirúrgica que presenta varias alternativas de tratamiento. A pesar de esto, el índice de disfunción y reintervención de los pacientes es considerablemente elevado. Objetivo: describir los resultados de la cirugía neuroendoscópica intraventricular en pacientes operados de hidrocefalia obstructiva. Materiales y métodos: se trata de un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, de serie de casos, en el que se describen variables clínicas, de imagen y quirúrgicas de pacientes operados mediante neuroendoscopia intraventricular. Después de aplicar criterios de inclusión y exclusión, la muestra quedó conformada por cinco pacientes. Resultados: la escala de coma de Glasgow de los pacientes al momento de la cirugía, fue mayor de 12 puntos en todos los casos. El 60 % de los casos presentó un grado 4 en la escala de Frisen para evaluar la gravedad del papiledema. El promedio del índice de Evans medido por tomografía fue de 0,39; el del tercer ventrículo fue de 14,75 mm, mientras que el promedio de los cuernos temporales fue de 4,1 mm. En tres casos se presentaron variedades anatómicas dilatadas de los forámenes de Monro, mientras que en dos presentaban diámetros medianos. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 45 minutos. Entre las complicaciones posoperatorias estuvo la disfunción del estoma quirúrgico en un paciente con tercer ventriculostomía. Conclusiones: la cirugía neuroendoscópica intraventricular es un método efectivo para tratar pacientes con hidrocefalia obstructiva en pacientes seleccionados.

Introduction: hydrocephalus is a neurosurgical pathology that presents several treatment alternatives. Despite this, the rate of dysfunctions and re-interventions of the patients is considered high. Objective: to describe the results of intraventricular neuro-endoscopic surgery in patients operated on for obstructive hydrocephalus. Materials and methods: this is an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, of case series, where clinical, imaging and surgical variables of patients operated by intraventricular neurosurgery are described. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, the sample was made up of five patients. Results: the Glasgow coma scale of the patients at the moment of surgery was greater than 12 points in all cases. 60% of the cases presented a grade 4 on Frisen scale to assess the severity of papilledema. The average Evans index, measured by tomography was 0.39; that of the third ventricle was 14.75 mm, while the average of the temporal horns was 4.1 mm. In three cases there were dilated anatomical variants of the foramens of Monro f, while in two they presented medium diameters. The average surgical time was 45 minutes. Surgical stoma dysfunction in one patient with a third ventriculostomy was among the postoperative complications. Conclusions: intraventricular neuro-endoscopic surgery is an effective method for treating patients with obstructive hydrocephalus in selected patients.

Hydrocephalus Resolution with Third Ventriculostomy with Floor Stenting: Technical Note and Literature Review.

INTRODUCTION: The management of refractory obstructive hydrocephalus is a paramount neurosurgical challenge. The endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) has been accepted as the procedure of choice for obstructive hydrocephalus, depending on the presence of certain risk factors, such as intracranial infections, young age, previous shunt failure and distorted anatomy of the ventricular floor, that predispose occlusion or obstruction of the CSF outflow through the stoma. CASE REPORT: A 20-year-old man with obstructive hydrocephalus due to primary aqueductal stenosis performed several neurosurgical procedures, including two previous ETV, without long term resolution. We performed another ETV, with stent placement at the stoma to prevent occlusion. After 25 months of asymptomatic follow-up, the patient presented with an enlarged fourth ventricle, and a new neuroendoscopic procedure showed a patent stoma and a well-placed stent. DISCUSSION: Stent placement on the third ventricular floor was already reported 19 times in the literature. Its success rate is about 94,7%, and complications happened in 2 cases, with functional impaired in only one of them. CONCLUSION: Third ventriculostomy with floor stenting proved to be an effective procedure in our case of complex hydrocephalus. It is a viable option in cases where there is a greater chance of stoma occlusion.

Resección de astrocitoma fibrilar cerebeloso con apoyo endoscópico. Presentación de un caso

Se presentó paciente femenina de 7 años de edad, con antecedentes de salud aparente, atendida en el Hospital Pediátrico Docente "Pedro Agustín Pérez", de provincia Guantánamo. Al interrogatorio, la madre refirió semana de evolución con cefalea y vómitos. Cumplió tratamiento con analgésicos y antieméticos sin resolución de dicho cuadro. El estudio de resonancia magnética nuclear de cráneo informó en T1, corte axial, una lesión ocupativa de espacio, hipointensa, de aspecto quístico de fosa posterior, en hemisferio cerebeloso derecho, que comprimía el IV ventrículo, lo que causó una hidrocefalia obstructiva secundaria. Se realizó ventriculostomía con derivación ventriculoperitoneal y resección macroscópica de lesión con apoyo endoscópico. Se confirmó por estudio histopatológico el diagnóstico de astrocitoma fibrilar cerebeloso.

A seven years old female patient was evaluated at the Hospital Pediátrico Docente "Pedro Agustín Pérez", in Guantánamo, with a history of an apparent health situation. The patient´s mother referred a week with headache and vomiting. Patient underwent an analgesics and antiemetics treatment without resolution of symptoms. A magnetic resonance imaging study of the brain showed in T1 scan, in the axial section, a space-occupying, hypointense, and appearance of posterior fossa cystic lesion, in the right cerebellar hemisphere, which was compressing the IV ventricle, causing obstructive hydrocephalus secondary. Ventriculostomy routing ventriculoperitoneal shunt and macroscopic resection of lesion with endoscopic support included was performed. Cerebellar fibrillary astrocytoma was the diagnosis confirmed by histopathological study.

Paciente do sexo feminino, 7 anos, com histórico aparente de saúde, atendida no Hospital Pediátrico Docente "Pedro Agustín Pérez", na província de Guantánamo. Ao ser questionada, a mãe relatou uma semana de evolução com cefaléia e vômitos. Efetuou tratamento com analgésicos e antieméticos sem resolução dos referidos sintomas. O estudo de ressonância magnética nuclear do crânio relatou em T1, corte axial, lesão hipointensa, expansiva, de aspecto cístico em fossa posterior, no hemisfério cerebelar direito, que comprimia o quarto ventrículo, causando hidrocefalia obstrutiva secundária. Foi realizada ventriculostomia com derivação ventriculoperitoneal e ressecção macroscópica da lesão com suporte endoscópico. O diagnóstico de astrocitoma fibrilar cerebelar foi confirmado pelo estudo histopatológico.

Anatomic variations of the floor of the third ventricle: Surgical implications for endoscopic third ventriculostomy.

Background: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is currently used as a treatment for different types of hydrocephalus. However, the anatomical endoscopic variants of the third ventricle floor (3VF), as well as their surgical implications, have been underrated. The anatomic variations of the 3VF can influence the technique and the success rate of the ETV. The purpose of this article is to describe the anatomical variations of 3VF, assess their incidence, and discuss the implications for ETV. Methods: Intraoperative videos of 216 patients who underwent ETV between January 2012 and February 2020 at Hospital Infantil Universitario de San José, Bogotá, Colombia were reviewed. One hundred and eighty patients who met the criteria to demonstrate the type of 3VF were selected. Results: 3VF types were classified as follows: (1) Thinned, (2) thickened, (3) partially erased, (4) globular or herniated, and (5) narrowed. Conclusion: Knowledge of anatomical variations of the 3VF is paramount for ETV and it influences the success rate of the procedure.

Transorbital penetrating intracranial injury, with cavernous sinus involvement.

Transorbitary intracranial penetrating traumatic injuries are uncommon in the paediatric population, and may occur in the context of domestic, sporting or school accidents. They can extend to skull base and compromise vascular structures such as cavernous sinus and internal carotid. We present a case of 6 years-old girl that suffered an intracranial transorbital penetrating injury with a wooden pencil that crossed from the medial edge of left orbit, transetmoidal and trans-sphenoidal, entering the right sellar region and leaving its end in contact with carotid artery (cavernous segment). After pre-surgical studies, foreign body removal was performed with endoscopic surgery + endovascular control in case of carotid injury. After removing the foreign body, a CSF fistula occurred and was repaired. Patient recovered adequately, without neurological deficit, without postoperative CSF fistula, without CNS infection or oculomotor alteration.

Unusual bifrontal cerebral infarction related to pituitary apoplexy. An uncommon presentation and literature review.

Background: Pituitary apoplexy (PA) is a syndromic condition described in 1950. The main symptoms are headache, visual impairment, ophthalmoplegia, and hypopituitarism. The relationship between stroke and PA is uncommon and two mechanisms are described: vascular compression and vasospasm. Case Report: A 65-old-year man presented with severe headache, vomiting, ophthalmoplegia, and somnolence. Radiological examinations showed an expansive sellar and suprasellar lesion with a heterogeneous signal, besides Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) restriction in the bifrontal area was present. The findings were compatible with PA and stroke. Conclusion: PA leading to cerebral infarction is a rare condition that presents high morbidity and mortality levels. There are two main mechanisms related: direct arterial compression and arterial vasospasm. The cases must be conducted as neuroendocrinological emergencies and surgical management is a key point to better the prognosis of patients.

Neuroendoscopic lavage for the treatment of pyogenic ventriculitis in children: personal series and review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Pyogenic ventriculitis is a severe infection of the central nervous system with serious and often irreversible consequences in the quality of life of patients. Its treatment is difficult due to the impossibility of achieving sterility of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the physiological characteristics promptly. Several treatment options have been described, from prolonged antibiotic treatments to placement of ventricular drains with continuous irrigation and puncture reservoirs. We propose an aggressive and minimally invasive treatment with neuroendoscopic lavage (NEL). METHODS: Retrospective and descriptive study. We analyzed the NEL performed in our hospital for pyogenic ventriculitis between 2011 and 2020. A total of 16 patients were found; 2 of them lost follow-up, so they were not included. All patients had a diagnosis of pyogenic ventriculitis, either due to the macroscopic characteristics of the CSF or due to imaging criteria. Between 1 and 3 NEL were performed per patient until obtaining sterility and normalization of protein and cell counts of CSF. RESULTS: The average age was 38 months (2 months to 16 years). Ten patients were female and 4 were male. Sixty-four percent of germs in cultures corresponded to gram-negative and polymicrobial flora. The average number of days until the first sterile CSF post-NEL was 3.8 days (0 to 10 days). The NEL produced a significant improvement in the characteristics of the CSF compared to the pre-NEL. The mean pre-NEL of CSF protein levels was 907 mg/dl (123-4510 mg/dl) compared with the post-NEL of 292 mg/dl (38-892 mg/dl) with a p-value = 0.0076. Regarding cellularity, statistically significant results were also achieved (p-value = 0.0011) with a pre-surgical cellularity of 665 elements/mm3 (4-3090 elements/mm3) compared with 57 elements/mm3 (0-390 elements/mm3) post-NEL. Of the patients, 85.7% had a shunt prior to the onset of ventriculitis and the average number of days until the new shunt was 36.56 days (17-79 days), with a total hospitalization days ranging from 22 to 170. CONCLUSIONS: NEL allows rapid sterilization of CSF, decreasing the deleterious effect of infection in the CNS more rapidly compared to other types of conventional treatment.

Choroid plexus cyst causing acute hydrocephalus and transtentorial herniation: report of a rare case and its successful neuroendoscopic treatment.

Choroid plexus cysts (CPC) are a frequent incidental neuroimaging finding and completely asymptomatic in the vast majority of cases. We hereby describe a rare case of acute hydrocephalus secondary to a CPC, atypical in size, location and presentation, which required urgent neuroendoscopic management. There are very few reported cases of CPC causing obstructive hydrocephalus. The authors present the case of a previously healthy 2-year-old boy with severe symptoms of acute intracranial hypertension, triventricular hydrocephalus, and left ventricle exclusion after placement of a right external ventricular drain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a very subtle gadolinium enhancement in the anterior region of the third ventricle and foramen of Monro (FM). An emergency neuroendoscopic exploration was performed, where a big cyst was found in the choroid plexus near the FM. The foramen was completely unblocked by thoroughly fenestrating and coagulating the cyst, and a preventive endoscopic septum pellucidotomy was done in the same procedure. The patient completely resolved his symptoms, without neurological morbidity or requirement of a cerebrospinal fluid shunt placement. It is important to consider this infrequent presentation in cases of acute or intermittent obstructive hydrocephalus without apparent cause, bearing in mind its difficult detection in neuroimaging studies and the possibility of effective neuroendoscopic treatment.

Tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica en la hidrocefalia de presión normal idiopática / Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus

RESUMEN Introducción: La hidrocefalia de presión normal idiopática es un complejo sintomático caracterizado por afectación de la marcha, incontinencia urinaria y deterioro del estado mental. En la actualidad no existe un esquema diagnóstico estandarizado. La tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica se comenzó a utilizar hace unos años ante la elevada tasa de complicaciones de los sistemas derivativos pero aún no se definen con claridad los factores pronósticos de su éxito y se cuestiona su indicación. Objetivo: Describir el rol de la tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica en la hidrocefalia de presión normal idiopática. Métodos: Se realizó la revisión de la literatura en bases de datos PUBMED, además de literatura gris en los servidores de preprints BioRxiv, MedRxiv y preprint.org. Se seleccionaron los artículos de los últimos 15 años sin aplicación de filtros idiomáticos. Se usaron los siguientes descriptores Normal pressure hydrocephalus AND Endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Fueron seleccionados solo aquellos artículos con texto completo disponible. Resultados: Se identificaron un total de 430 artículos. Se analizaron 10 investigaciones sobre tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica en la hidrocefalia de presión normal idiopática, ocho fueron estudios retrospectivos con el 62,5 % de los mismos con una muestra inferior a 15 pacientes, además de dos estudios de cohorte. Conclusiones: La tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica ha tenido relativo éxito en el tratamiento de pacientes cuidadosamente seleccionados con hidrocefalia de presión normal idiopática. Es un procedimiento seguro y efectivo, encaminado a mejorar la compliance intracraneal a través de la restauración de la pulsatilidad cerebral, y la influencia de la misma en la dinámica del líquido cerebroespinal.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus is a clinical complex characterized by impaired gait, urinary incontinence and deterioration of mental status. Currently, there is not a standardized diagnostic scheme. The endoscopic third ventriculostomy began to be used a few years ago due to the high rate of complications of the derivative systems, but the prognostic factors of its success have not yet been clearly defined, and its indication is questioned. Objective: To describe role of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Methods: A literature review was performed in PUBMED and preprint servers BioRxiv, MedRxiv and preprint.org. Articles from the last 15 years were selected without the application of language filters. The following descriptors Normal pressure hydrocephalus AND Endoscopic third ventriculostomy were used. Only those articles with the full text available were selected. Results: A total of 430 articles were identified. Ten investigations about endoscopic third ventriculostomy in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus were analyzed, 8 were retrospective studies with 62.5% of them with a sample of less than 15 patients, in addition to two cohort studies. Conclusions: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy has been relatively successful in treating carefully selected patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. It is a safe and effective procedure, aimed at improving intracranial compliance through the restoration of cerebral pulsatility, and its influence on the dynamics of cerebrospinal fluid.

Probable Hydrocephalus Decompensation after Immunization with Pentavalent Vaccine: Case Report and Literature Review / Descompensação provável de hidrocefalia após imunização com vacina pentavalente: Relato de caso e revisão da literatura

There are several complications associated with immunization with the pentavalent vaccine. Most of them are mild reactions, of spontaneous resolution; however, though rare, serious and potentially-fatal adverse effects can occur. We report a case of acute intracranial hypertension syndrome in an infant with a previously-unknown suprasellar arachnoid cyst who developed acute obstructive hydrocephalus after immunization with the pentavalent vaccine. He underwent neuroendoscopic treatment, showing complete resolution of the condition. The present article aims to compare the activation of the immune system by the pertussis component of the vaccine and the mechanisms that hypothetically potentiated the pathological decompensation.

Várias são as complicações associadas à imunização com a vacina pentavalente (VP). Em geral, são reações leves, de resolução espontânea; entretanto, raramente podem ocorrer efeitos adversos graves, potencialmente fatais. Relatamos um caso de síndrome de hipertensão intracraniana aguda (HIA) em lactente portador de cisto aracnoide suprasselar até então desconhecido, que desenvolveu hidrocefalia obstrutiva aguda pós imunização com VP. Ele foi submetido a tratamento neuroendoscópico, e apresentou resolução completa do quadro. Este artigo pretende comparar a ativação do sistema imune pelo componente pertússis da vacina e os mecanismos que hipoteticamente potencializaram a descompensação patológica.

[Microscopic excision of a colloyd cyst of the third ventricle assisted by endoscopy. Case report and literature analysis.] / Exéresis microquirúrgica de quiste coloide del tercer ventrículo asistido por endoscopía. Presentación de un caso y revisión bibliográfica.

Introduction: Colloid cysts are histologically benign lesions, probably derived from the endoderm, which represent 0.3-2% of brain tumors. They are usually attached to the roof of the third ventricle in direct relation to the foramen of Monro, which can cause a blockage to the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, determining hydrocephalus and in some cases sudden death. Other more common symptoms are headache, nausea and vomiting, blurred vision, gait ataxia, and cognitive impairment. Treatment options include microsurgery, endoscopy, stereotaxic casting, or cerebrospinal fluid shunts for the treatment of hydrocephalus. The objective of surgery is the total excision of the lesion. It should be noted that the microsurgical technique allows total excision more frequently, but at the cost of greater manipulation and tissue trauma; on the contrary, endoscopic being minimally invasive, allows better tissue preservation, although the rates of complete tumor excision are usually lower due to the difficulties in dissecting the lesions densely adhered to the roof of the third ventricle. Method: We present a clinical case of a patient with a third ventricle tumor compatible with a colloid cyst, with progressive hydrocephalus, operated with microsurgical technique and endoscopic assistance. Result: Total excision of the colloid cyst with improvement of the symptoms. Antegrade memory disorder that resolved completely after 3 months. Conclusion: The endoscopy-assisted microsurgical technique is safe for the management of this pathology and provides intraoperative benefits.

Introducción: Los quistes coloides son lesiones histológicamente benignas, probablemente derivadas del endodermo, que representan el 0,3-2% de los tumores cerebrales. Habitualmente se encuentran adheridas al techo del tercer ventrículo en relación directa con el foramen de Monro, lo que puede provocar un bloqueo a la circulación del líquido cefalorraquídeo determinando hidrocefalia y en algunos casos muerte súbita. Otros síntomas más habituales son cefalea, náuseas y vómitos, visión borrosa, ataxia de la marcha y deterioro cognitivo. Las opciones terapéuticas incluyen la microcirugía, endoscopia, vaciamiento estereotáxico o derivaciones de líquido cefalorraquídeo para el tratamiento de la hidrocefalia. El objetivo de la cirugía es la exéresis total de la lesión. Se destaca que la técnica microquirúrgica permite exéresis totales con más frecuencia, pero a costa de mayor manipulación y traumatismo tisular; por el contrario la endoscópica al ser mínimamente invasiva permite mejor preservación tisular, aunque los índices de exéresis completa del tumor suelen ser menores debido a las dificultades para disecar a las lesiones densamente adheridas al techo del tercer ventrículo. Método: Se presenta un caso clínico de un paciente con un tumor del tercer ventrículo compatible con quiste coloide, con hidrocefalia evolutiva, operado con técnica microquirúrgica y asistencia endoscópica. Resultado: Exéresis total del quiste coloide con mejoría de la sintomatología. Trastorno mnésico anterógrado que resolvió a los 3 meses completamente. Conclusión: La técnica microquirúrgica asistida por endoscopia es segura para el manejo de esta patología y aporta beneficios intraoperatorios.

Resection of Clival Chordoma Through the Anterior Clivectomy: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

Clival chordomas are rare malignant behaving tumors that grow, locally invade, metastasize, and seed, and they have a high recurrence rate.1,2 The longest disease control is achieved by radical resection followed by high doses of radiation therapy, commonly proton beam.3 To achieve radical tumor removal, multiple surgical procedures through different approaches might be required.4 Since the chordoma's origin is, and remains, extradural, an extradural approach is preferred, and can lead to intradural extension. Anterior approach is frequently utilized to remove the midline-located tumor and the eroded clivus.5 Several midline approaches were utilized, including the transbasal, transfacial, transcervical, open door, and Lefort's maxillotomies1; however, the same tumor removal can be achieved with a simple extension of the trans-sphenoidal approach, by resecting the anterior maxillary wall, of the contralateral to the lesion preponderant side.5 This approach coupled with the use of neuronavigation on mobile head and endoscopic-assisted technique allowed to achieve a wide and direct exposure, with the ability to resect extra- and intradural tumors.2,5 Lately, the endonasal endoscopic technique became popular as an alternative4; however, we found a great advantage in the ability to combine the stereoscopic microsurgical technique with the endoscopic dissection, in addition to avoiding the extensive nasal dissection and its complications. We present a case of a 63-yr old woman with an upper clivus chordoma compressing the brainstem who underwent a gross total resection by endoscopic-assisted microscopic techniques through an anterior clivectomy approach. Patient consented to the procedure and publication of her images.

Endoscopic Laser Fenestration to Treat a Bobble-Head Doll Syndrome Caused by Suprasellar Cyst.

The bobble-head doll syndrome (BHDS) is a rare acquired head movement disorder characterized by up and down or side-to-side movement, most commonly seen in the first decade of life. The syndrome occurs more often in lesions causing third ventricle dilatation such as suprasellar or third ventricle cyst, but it is also found in other pathologies associated with hydrocephalus like shunt dysfunctions, trapped fourth ventricle, congenital aqueductal stenosis, Dandy-Walker syndrome, and cerebellar malformations. The pathophysiology of this head movement has different origins theories; one states that this stereotyped movements empties the cyst and move the dome away from the foramina of Monro, which relieves the symptoms of hydrocephalus; the other suggests that the extrapyramidal tracts (rubrotegmentospinal and reticulospinal) are stimulated by the compression of dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus by the cyst, whose tracts innervate the neck muscles resulting in the bobbling head movements. This video (Video 1) presents a clinical case of BHDS caused by suprasellar cyst in a 10- year-old boy treated by endoscopic procedure. A ventricular-cyst-cisternostomy was performed resulting in complete improvement of the head movements and uneventful recovery. Postoperative images demonstrate decreasing of the cyst lesion and resolution of the hydrocephalus.