Association Between Body Mass Index, Obesity, and Clinical Outcomes Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Brazil: An Analysis of One Year of Follow-up of BYPASS Registry Patients.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between body mass index (BMI), obesity, clinical outcomes, and mortality following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in Brazil using a large sample with one year of follow-up from the Brazilian Registry of Cardiovascular Surgeries in Adults (or BYPASS) Registry database. METHODS: A multicenter cohort-study enrolled 2,589 patients submitted to isolated CABG and divided them into normal weight (BMI 20.0-24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m2), and obesity (BMI > 30.0 kg/m2) groups. Inpatient postoperative outcomes included the most frequently described complications and events. Collected post-discharge outcomes included rehospitalization and mortality rates within 30 days, six months, and one year of follow-up. RESULTS: Sternal wound infections (SWI) rate was higher in obese compared to normal-weight patients (relative risk [RR]=5.89, 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.37-17.82; P=0.001). Rehospitalization rates in six months after discharge were higher in obesity and overweight groups than in normal weight group (χ=6.03, P=0.049); obese patients presented a 2.2-fold increase in the risk for rehospitalization within six months compared to normal-weight patients (RR=2.16, 95% CI=1.17-4.09; P=0.045). Postoperative complications and mortality rates did not differ among groups during time periods. CONCLUSION: Obesity increased the risk for SWI, leading to higher rehospitalization rates and need for surgical interventions within six months following CABG. Age, female sex, and diabetes were associated with a higher risk of mortality. The obesity paradox remains controversial since BMI may not be sufficient to assess postoperative risk in light of more complex and dynamic evaluations of body composition and physical fitness.

Association Between Body Mass Index, Obesity, and Clinical Outcomes Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Brazil: An Analysis of One Year of Follow-up of BYPASS Registry Patients

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the association between body mass index (BMI), obesity, clinical outcomes, and mortality following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in Brazil using a large sample with one year of follow-up from the Brazilian Registry of Cardiovascular Surgeries in Adults (or BYPASS) Registry database. Methods: A multicenter cohort-study enrolled 2,589 patients submitted to isolated CABG and divided them into normal weight (BMI 20.0-24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m2), and obesity (BMI > 30.0 kg/m2) groups. Inpatient postoperative outcomes included the most frequently described complications and events. Collected post-discharge outcomes included rehospitalization and mortality rates within 30 days, six months, and one year of follow-up. Results: Sternal wound infections (SWI) rate was higher in obese compared to normal-weight patients (relative risk [RR]=5.89, 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.37-17.82; P=0.001). Rehospitalization rates in six months after discharge were higher in obesity and overweight groups than in normal weight group (χ2=6.03, P=0.049); obese patients presented a 2.2-fold increase in the risk for rehospitalization within six months compared to normal-weight patients (RR=2.16, 95% CI=1.17-4.09; P=0.045). Postoperative complications and mortality rates did not differ among groups during time periods. Conclusion: Obesity increased the risk for SWI, leading to higher rehospitalization rates and need for surgical interventions within six months following CABG. Age, female sex, and diabetes were associated with a higher risk of mortality. The obesity paradox remains controversial since BMI may not be sufficient to assess postoperative risk in light of more complex and dynamic evaluations of body composition and physical fitness.

Is the obesity paradox in outpatients with heart failure reduced ejection fraction real?

Background: The obesity occurrence has achieved epidemic levels worldwide and several studies indicate a paradoxical similarity among obesity and the prognosis in heart failure (HF). The primary objective was to understand the association between body mass index (BMI) and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFREF) of ischemic etiology in outpatients, using mortality as a parameter. The secondary objectives were to determine the differences in HF functional class, pharmacological therapy and evaluate the prognostic value of MAGGIC Score in this population. Methods: We analyzed 1,556 medical records from the HF outpatient clinic of a quaternary hospital and 242 were selected according to the criteria. Most were male, average age 62.6 (56-70), BMI 18.5-24.9 = 35.1%, 25-29.9 = 37.2%, 30-34.9 = 17.8%, 35-39.9 = 7%; BMI <18.5 and >40 groups were eliminated from the central analyzes because of scarce testing. Results: BMI 30-34.9 and BMI 18.5-24.9 had the best prognosis, BMI 25-29.9 had an average performance, and BMI -39.9 group provided the worst outcome (p = 0.123). In the subcategory analysis, BMI 30-34.9 group had a better prognosis compared to the BMI 35-39.9 group (p = 0.033). In the multivariate analysis The MAGGIC score was not able to foretell mortality in this population according to BMI. Conclusion: In not hospitalized patients with HFREF of ischemic etiology, obesity was not a protective factor.

Abdominal adiposity as a prognosis biomarker of clinical outcome in metastatic colorectal cancer.

OBJECTIVES: Adipose tissue distribution and radiodensity are associated with prognosis in many types of cancer. However, the roles of adipose tissue distribution and radiodensity in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) remain unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic effect of adiposity and adipose tissue radiodensities in patients with mCRC. METHODS: Patients with mCRC who received first-line palliative chemotherapy and had a computed tomography (CT) scan at the third lumbar vertebra (L3) level, admitted between January 2010 and December 2018, were sequentially enrolled. Body composition was assessed using CT-derived measurements. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses and Kaplan-Meier curves were used to determine prognostic values. RESULTS: The study included 237 patients. Cox analyses demonstrated that high subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) index was associated with a lower risk for death (hazard ratio [HR], 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29-0.88; Ptrend < 0.025). There was no significant association between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) index tertiles and overall survival. However, high VAT and SAT radiodensities were significantly associated with increased mortality (HR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.12-2.89; Ptrend < 0.030 and HR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.19-2.86; Ptrend < 0.021, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: A higher SAT index in patients with mCRC was associated with a favorable overall survival outcome, whereas higher SAT and VAT radiodensities were associated with an increased risk for death, supporting that early nutritional intervention may improve mCRC prognosis.

Obesity in cases undergoing the surgical procedure of lung lobectomy: risk or benefit?

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of body mass index on patients' short-term results following lung lobectomy. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we compared the perioperative and short-term postoperative results of obese (BMI≥30 kg/m2) versus non-obese patients (BMI<30 kg/m2) who underwent anatomical lung resection for cancer. The two groups had the same distribution of input risk factors and the same ratio of surgical approaches (thoracoscopy vs. thoracotomy). RESULTS: The study included a total of 144 patients: 48 obese and 96 non-obese patients. Both groups had the same ratio of thoracoscopic vs. thoracotomy approach (50/50%), and were comparable in terms of demographics and clinical data. The g roups did not significantly differ in the frequency of perioperative or postoperative complications. Postoperative morbidity was higher among non-obese patients (34.4 vs. 27.1%), but this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.053). Hospital stay was similar in both study groups (p=0.100). Surgery time was significantly longer among obese patients (p=0.133). Postoperative mortality was comparable between the study groups (p=0.167). CONCLUSIONS: Obesity does not increase the frequency of perioperative and postoperative complications in patients after lung lobectomy. The slightly better results in obese patients suggest that obesity may have some protective role.

Obesity Paradox in Atrial Fibrillation and its Relation with the New Oral Anticoagulants.

Obesity, a chronic disease established as a global epidemic by the World Health Organization, is considered a risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, which has high morbidity and mortality. Although both obesity and AF are diseases associated with negative outcomes, studies have shown the presence of an obesity paradox, in which patients with a high body mass index (BMI) and AF have a better prognosis than patients with a normal BMI. Despite the fact that the mechanisms that lead to this paradox are still uncertain, adequate anticoagulation in obese patients seems to play an important role in reducing adverse events in this group. In this perspective article, the authors discuss the relationship between new oral anticoagulants (NOACs), namely, apixaban, edoxaban and rivaroxaban (factor Xa inhibitors) and dabigatran (direct inhibitor of thrombin), and the obesity paradox, seeking to deepen the understanding of the mechanism that leads to this paradox.

Metabolic syndrome improves cardiovascular dysfunction and survival during cecal ligation and puncture-induced mild sepsis in mice.

AIMS: Sepsis is a potentially fatal systemic inflammatory response and its underlying pathophysiology is still poorly understood. Studies suggest that obesity, a component of metabolic syndrome (MS), is associated with sepsis survival. Therefore, this study focused on investigating the influence of MS on mortality and cardiovascular dysfunction induced by sublethal cecal ligation and puncture (SL-CLP). MAIN METHODS: Newborn Swiss mice received monosodium glutamate (MSG) (4 mg kg-1 day-1, s.c.) during the first 5 d of life for MS induction, while the control pups received equimolar saline solution. On the 75th day, SL-CLP was used to induce mild sepsis (M-CLP) in the MS (MS-M-CLP) and control (SAL-M-CLP) mice. The effect of MS on sepsis in mice was assessed by determining the survival rate and quantification of nitric oxide (NO) in the plasma, and associating this data with hematological and cardiovascular parameters. KEY FINDINGS: MS improved the survival of septic mice, preventing impairment to hematological and cardiovascular parameters. In addition, MS attenuated plasmatic NO increase, which is a typical feature of sepsis. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings provide new insights into the relationship between obesity and mild sepsis in mice, thus revealing an approach in favor of the "obesity paradox."

La paradoja de la obesidad en la insuficiencia cardíaca en ancianos / The Obesity Paradox of Heart Failure in the Elderly

RESUMEN Introducción: Múltiples estudios demostraron una relación "protectora" del índice de masa corporal (IMC) incrementado por sobre el IMC normal o bajo en el desarrollo y el pronóstico de la insuficiencia cardíaca. Las categorías de IMC de la población adulta no son adecuadas en la población anciana. Nos proponemos comparar la incidencia de mortalidad global y de reinternación por insuficiencia cardíaca durante el primer año según la categoría de IMC en esta población. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional y analítico de una cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes mayores de 65 años internados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos cardiológicos del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (HIBA) con diagnóstico de síndrome de insuficiencia cardíaca aguda (SICA) entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2017. Resultados: Se incluyeron 409 pacientes. Los subgrupos con mayor IMC presentaron menor mortalidad al año (peso insuficiente: 53%, normopeso: 41%, sobrepeso: 33%, obesos: 27%, p = 0,008). En el análisis multivariado, el HR para mortalidad anual ajustado por edad, sexo, reinternaciones, insuficiencia renal y tipo de insuficiencia cardíaca fue de 0,51 (IC95% 0,29-0,90) en los pacientes con sobrepeso y de 0,36 (IC95% 0,19-0,67) en los pacientes obesos con respecto a los de peso insuficiente. No hubo diferencias en la mortalidad intrahospitalaria ni en las reinternaciones al año entre los diferentes subgrupos de IMC. Conclusión: En la población de ancianos con SICA, los subgrupos con mayor IMC tienen mejor pronóstico durante el primer año, por lo que se cumple la "paradoja de la obesidad".

ABSTRACT Background: Multiple studies have demonstrated a "protective" relationship of increased body mass index (BMI) over normal or low BMI in the development and prognosis of heart failure. The BMI categories of the adult population are not adequate in the elderly population. We propose to compare the incidence of global mortality and/or readmission for heart failure during the first year according to the BMI category in this population. Methods: This was an observational and analytical study of a retrospective cohort of patients ≥65 years admitted to the cardiology intensive care unit of Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires with a diagnosis of Acute Heart Failure Syndrome (AHFS) between January 2013 and December 2017. Results: The study included 409 patients. The subgroups with higher BMI had lower mortality at one year (Underweight: 53%, Normal weight: 41%, Overweight: 33%, Obese: 27%, p = 0.008). In the multivariate analysis, annual mortality HR adjusted for age, gender, readmissions, kidney failure and type of heart failure was 0.51 (95% CI 0.29-0.90) for overweight patients and 0.36 (95% CI 0.19-0.67) for patients with obesity compared with underweight patients. There were no differences in inhospital mortality or in readmissions at one year between the different BMI subgroups. Conclusion: In the elderly population with AHFS, the subgroups with higher BMI have a better prognosis during the first year, fulfilling the "obesity paradox".

Obesidad como factor de riesgo para infección por COVID-19: obesidad y COVID-19 / Obesity as a risk factor for COVID-19 infection

La obesidad es una enfermedad que se ha visto relacionada con la pandemia del nuevo coronavirus, sugiriendo que los obesos tienen mayor riesgo a padecer COVID-19 grave y sus complicaciones, cobrando mayor relevancia en Chile, país con tasas elevadas de obesidad. Se revisan mecanismos fisiopatológicos involucrados, efecto de las comorbilidades, posibilidad de atención médica y resultados de una eventual vacunación, corroborando un peor pronóstico para este grupo de pacientes. Se destaca la necesidad de datos antropométricos específicos, además del índice de masa corporal (IMC) para establecer una relación más relevante. La paradoja de la obesidad, de igual manera, carece de evidencias para asociarse al COVID-19.

Obesity is a disease that has been related to the new coronavirus pandemic, suggesting that obese people have a greater risk of suffering from severe COVID-19 and its complications, becoming more relevant in Chile, a country with high rates of obesity. The pathophysiological mechanisms involved, effect of comorbidities, medical care atention and potential vaccination, outcomes are reviewed, showing a worse prognosis for this group of patients. The need for specific anthropometric data is highlighted, in addition to the body mass index (BMI) to establish a more relevant relationship. Likewise, the obesity paradox, lacks of evidence to be associated with COVID-19.

El papel de la paradoja de la obesidad y el conteo linfocitario en sepsis / The role of the obesity paradox and lymphocytic count on sepsis / O papel do paradoxo da obesidade e contagem de linfócitos na sepse

Resumen: Introducción: La obesidad es un factor protector para mortalidad en la sepsis, a este fenómeno se le conoce como «paradoja de la obesidad¼. La obesidad es un estado inflamatorio crónico, que incluye mediadores de la inmunidad innata y adaptativa. Un marcador de inmunidad adaptativa es la linfopenia, ésta es relacionada con peor evolución y mayor mortalidad. Objetivo: Determinar la relación del índice de masa corporal (IMC) con conteo linfocitario y su relación con supervivencia en pacientes sépticos. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohortes, retrospectivo, en pacientes con sepsis y/o choque séptico mayores de 18 años, sin enfermedades autoinmunes, ni tratamiento inmunosupresor, determinando IMC y linfopenia. Resultados: Se incluyeron 206 pacientes, 8.7% con peso bajo, 46.6% peso normal, 24.8% con sobrepeso, 19.9% con obesidad. El grupo de mayor mortalidad con linfopenia tuvo los menores valores de IMC 21.37 kg/m2. El análisis de supervivencia reveló que un IMC < 22.5 kg/m2 y linfopenia son factores de riesgo independientes para mortalidad. Conclusiones: La obesidad se relaciona con mayor conteo linfocitario y mayor supervivencia en sepsis y choque séptico, por lo que el IMC y el conteo linfocitario son factores independientes para mortalidad estadísticamente significativos, proponemos la escala APACHE II ajustada con estas variables.

Abstract: Introduction: Obesity is a mortality protector factor in sepsis; this phenomenon is known as «obesity paradox¼. Furthermore, obesity is a chronic inflammatory state in which adaptive and innate immunity mediators play key roles. Lymphopenia is an adaptive immunity marker and it has been related to poor outcomes and greater mortality. Objective: To determine the relationship between body mass index and lymphocyte count and its association with the survival of septic patients. Methods and materials: A cohort retrospective study of patients older than 18 years old with sepsis, septic shock and no history of autoimmune diseases nor immunosuppressor treatments. Outcomes included determining BMI and lymphopenia. Results: 206 patients were included, 8.7% with low weight, 46.6% with normal weight, 24.8% with normal weight, 19.9% with obesity. The group with the lowest BMI (median of 21.37) and lymphopenia was associated with the greatest mortality. The survival analysis revealed that a BMI lower than 22.5 and lymphopenia are independent risk factors for mortality. Conclusions: Obesity is associated to a higher lymphocyte count and a greater survival in sepsis and septic shock. Since BMI and lymphocyte count are statistically significant independent risk factors for mortality, we propose an APACHE II score adjusted to these variables.

Resumo: Introdução: Na sepse, a obesidade é um fator de proteção para mortalidade, denominando esse fenômeno de «paradoxo da obesidade¼. A obesidade é um estado inflamatório crônico, incluindo mediadores da imunidade inata e adaptativa. Um marcador de imunidade adaptativa é a linfopenia, que está relacionada a uma evolução desfavorável e maior mortalidade. Objetivo: Determinar a relação do índice de massa corporal (IMC) com a contagem de linfócitos e sua relação com a sobrevida em pacientes sépticos. Material e métodos: Estudo de coorte, retrospectivo em pacientes com sepse e / ou choque séptico com mais de 18 anos, sem doenças autoimunes ou tratamento imunossupressor, determinando o IMC e a linfopenia. Resultados: Foram incluídos 206 pacientes, sendo 8.7% com baixo peso, 46.6% com peso normal, 24.8% com sobrepeso, 19.9% com obesidade. O grupo com maior mortalidade com linfopenia apresentou os menores valores de IMC de 21.37 kg/m2. A análise de sobrevivência revelou que um IMC < 22.5 kg/m2 e a linfopenia são fatores de risco independentes para a mortalidade. Conclusão: A obesidade está relacionada à maior contagem de linfócitos e maior sobrevida em sepse e choque séptico. Como o IMC e a contagem de linfócitos são fatores independentes para mortalidade estatisticamente significante, propomos a escala APACHE II ajustada com essas variáveis.

O papel do tecido adiposo na obesidade e na insuficiência cardíaca

Introdução. A obesidade, um importante fator de risco para o desenvolvimento da insuficiência cardíaca (IC), é um fator prognóstico protetor. Esse possível paradoxo pode explicar-se pelo papel protetor do tecido adiposo marrom (BAT), das adipocinas anti-inflamatórias e pela conexão do tecido adiposo ao coração mediada pelos peptídeos natriuréticos (NPs). Material e métodos. As evidências sobre os três mecanismos citados são discutidas. Resultados. Em animais e em humanos, tanto obesos como em portadores de IC, há aumento do BAT mas, é menos ativo, com menor expressão de proteína desacopladora tipo 1 (UCP1), limitando seu potencial protetor. A atividade anti-inflamatória de algumas adipocinas está associada à promoção da regeneração do miocárdio, formação de novos vasos sanguíneos, redução da pós-carga, melhora dos processos metabólicos em cardiomiócitos. Recentemente demonstrou-se que NPs, além de seu papel na homeostase circulatória, têm um papel na regulação do consumo energético e na regulação do tecido adiposo, interferindo na liberação de adipocinas. Sabe-se que os NPs estão diminuídos nos obesos, por haver maior clearence ou menor secreção. Conclusão. O papel das adipocinas anti-inflamatórias e a conexão do tecido adiposo ao coração mediada pelos NPs são mecanismos promissores para explicar o paradoxo da obesidade na IC. Localizamos somente dois estudos sobre o papel anti-inflamatório das adipocinas, com evidências diretas. Apesar da existência de inúmeros estudos sobre os NPs, as evidências são menos consistentes. Trata-se de uma área que merece ser acompanhada na tentativa de compreender o paradoxo da obesidade na IC, o que poderia permitir uma melhor abordagem ao paciente acometido por essa síndrome.

Introduction. Obesity, an important risk factor for the development of heart failure (HF), is a protective prognostic factor. This paradox can be explained by the protective role of brown adipose tissue (BAT), anti-inflammatory adipokines and the crosstalk between adipose tissue and heart mediated by natriuretic peptides (NPs). Material and methods. Evidence for these three mechanisms is discussed. Results. In animals and humans models, in both, obese and patients with HF, there is an increase in BAT, but it is less active, with lower expression of uncoupling protein type 1 (UCP1), limiting its protective potential. The antiinflammatory effect of some adipokines is associated with myocardial regeneration, production of new blood vessels, reduction of afterload and potentiation of metabolic processes in cardiomyocytes. It has been shown that NPs, in addition to their role in circulatory homeostasis, play a role in the energy tightening and regulation of adipose tissue, interfering with the release of adipokines. It is known that NPs are decreased in obese, due to a greater clearance or lower secretion. Conclusion. The role of anti-inflammatory adipokines and the crosstalk between adipose tissue and heart mediated by NPs are promising mechanisms to explain the paradox of obesity in HF. We found only two studies on the antiinflammatory role of adipokines, with direct evidence. Despite the existence of numerous studies on NPs, the evidence is less consistent. This area deserves to be followed in an attempt to understand the paradox of obesity in HF, which could allow a better care to the patient affected.

Inverse relationship between the body mass index and severity of carotid siphon calcifications (another obesity paradox): Results from the Atahualpa Project.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The importance of the obesity paradox in the intracranial vasculature has not been explored. We assessed whether the body mass index (BMI) correlates with severity of carotid siphon calcifications (CSC) in community-dwelling adults. METHODS: Using a population-based study design, Atahualpa residents aged ≥40 years underwent head computed tomography (CT) for assessment of CSC. We evaluated the association between BMI and severity of CSC (dependent variable) using regression models adjusted for demographics and cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS: Of 830 people enrolled in the Atahualpa Project, 651 (78%) were included. Mean BMI was 27.3 ± 5 kg/m2, with 39% being overweight and 27% obese. CT revealed high calcium content in the carotid siphon in 25% participants. In an adjusted model, individuals with normal weight had a trend for presenting with more severe CSC than those overweight (p = 0.06), and those ones had significantly more severe CSC than obese participants (p = 0.04). Predictive margins of BMI were higher in individuals with low calcium content in the carotid siphon. A contour plot with Shepard interpolation showed that the paradox disappeared in older individuals and in those with severe obesity, irrespective of age. CONCLUSIONS: BMI inversely associates with severity of CSC. This paradox is relevant in younger individuals and in those without severe obesity, irrespective of age.