First Molecular Diagnosis of Oestrus ovis (Linnaeus, 1758) Larvae Causing Conjunctival Ophthalmomyiasis in Mexico City, Mexico.

PURPOSE: Human ophthalmomyiasis is a rare ocular parasitosis that results from the accidental infestation of dipteran larvae of several species, including Oestrus ovis (Linnaeus, 1758). This study aims to present the fourth documented human case of ophthalmomyiasis in Mexico, identifying the etiological agent through morphological and molecular analyses. Additionally, we investigated the phylogenetic position and genetic distances among different specimens globally characterized based on mitochondrial Cox1 sequences. METHODS: A total of five larval specimens were extracted from the patient's eye, with two specimens allocated for identification based on morphological features using a stereomicroscope, and the remaining three preserved in absolute ethanol, one of them used for subsequent analysis using molecular methods. The mitochondrial Cox1 region was amplified and sequenced using automated Sanger sequencing. The resulting sequence was deposited in GenBank under accession number OR440699 and subjected to BlastN analysis against 35 other Cox1 sequences of O. ovis from GenBank. The identity and phylogenetic position of the strains were further explored using parsimony and maximum likelihood phylogenetic methods. RESULTS: Morphological examination of the larval specimens extracted from the patient's eye unequivocally identified them as O. ovis species. BlastN analysis and comprehensive phylogenetic investigations involving a total of 36 Cox1 sequences confirmed the taxonomic identity of the larvae. Notably, our sequence was positioned within the cluster formed by the Brazilian and two Iranian samples. This finding underscores a shared genetic ancestry among these distinct geographical isolates and provides valuable insights into the evolutionary relationships within O. ovis populations. CONCLUSION: The presence of O. ovis infestation in Mexico City suggests potential shifts in environmental conditions favoring fly proliferation, highlighting the need for vigilance in urban healthcare settings.

Retrospective study of Oestrus ovis larvae infestation in small ruminants in Grenada, West Indies.

Oestrosis is a nasal cavity myiasis caused by Oestrus ovis larvae from Oetrus ovis diptera flies in small ruminants. The presence of the larvae in the nasal cavity is known to cause rhinitis and sinusitis which can negatively impact the productivity of small ruminants. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of Oestrus ovis larvae infestation in sheep and goats presented for necropsy. We reviewed necropsy records of sheep and goats submitted to the Veterinary Pathology diagnostic laboratory at St. George's University from 2001 to 2017. Out of 104 goat necropsy cases, Oestrus ovis larvae were observed in 8 goats giving a prevalence of 7.7% (95% confidence interval (CI):3.38% to 14.6%). Similarly, from the 47 sheep necropsies, Oestus ovis larvae were observed in 4 sheep (8.5%) (95% CI: 2.83% to 20.46%). There was no significant difference in Oestrus ovis larvae infestation rates between sheep and goats (p = 1.000, Fisher's exact test). Oestrosis was an incidental finding in all the small ruminants examined at necropsy. This is the first report on Oestrus ovis larvae infestation in small ruminants in Grenada.

Ophthalmomyiasis Externa and Importance of Risk Factors, Clinical Manifestations, and Diagnosis: Review of the Medical Literature.

OBJECTIVE: This review aims to describe and compare the risk factors, clinical course, diagnosis, and parasitologic features of external ophthalmomyiasis. We also discuss the different preventive measures and the effect of global warming in a large case series reported from January 2000 to December 2022. METHODS: We perform a literature review of reported cases of external ophthalmomyiasis to determine the clinical characteristics, therapeutic management, and information on the organisms that most commonly cause external ophthalmomyiasis. RESULTS: A total of 312 cases of external ophthalmomyiasis were recorded. The most common causative organism was Oestrus ovis (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Oestridae), accounting for 72.1% of cases, followed by Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr. in Pallas, 1781) (Diptera: Oestridae) at 5.4%, Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) at 0.96%, and Chrysomyia bezziana (Villeneuve) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) at 0.96%. Before experiencing symptoms, 43.6% of cases reported having direct contact with flies or being hit in the eye, 33% reported no associated risk factors, 9.3% reported living with sheep and goats, and 7.7% reported a history of foreign objects entering the eye. The most common symptoms for those affected by O. ovis were sudden onset, including a foreign body sensation and movement, redness, tearing, itching, swelling, irritation, photophobia, burning, and ocular secretion. In cases caused by D. hominis, symptoms included eyelid edema, pain, redness, itching, movement within the lesion, ocular irritation, and discharge. Regarding occupational or recreational activity, agriculture, and livestock had the highest incidence, followed by trades and technical activities, being a student, and having traveled to an endemic region for work or recreation. CONCLUSION: Patients with red eyes may suffer from external ophthalmomyiasis, which requires a thorough examination to diagnose and treat it early. Moreover, as the temperature increases due to climate change, it is essential to consider how this will affect the spread of different pathogens.

Oestrus ovis in Ecuador: Importance in the Andean sheep farming.

AIM: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Oestrus ovis in sheep meant for meat commercialization in the main slaughterhouse of the country. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between October 2015 and December 2015, we assessed the occurrence of Oestrus myiasis in the main slaughterhouse localized in Quito. In total, 80 sheep heads were randomly inspected and necropsied. Larvae were removed from nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses and cleaned. ANOVA (generalized linear model) was used to estimate the relationship between sex, age, and place of origin and presence or absence of parasite larvae. RESULTS: Morphological identification confirmed that 19% (15/80) of the examined animals were positive for Oestrus ovis; from the positive cases, 21% were young animals <12 months old. We found that statistical differences by animal sex, males, were most infested 93% (14/15) than females 7% (1/15). Larvae's L2 were more abundant than other stages (62 of the total 149). 14 of the infested animals were from the Andean places at > 2500 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.), and only one case from the coastal region at 250 m.a.s.l. with tropical environmental conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed evidence of the presence of myiasis caused by O. ovis in Andean and coastal places in Ecuador and its adaptation to different environmental conditions from that reported previously in temperate regions from Europe and Africa.

Ophthalmomyiasis externa due to sheep nasal botfly in rural Jamaica.

We present the case of a young male patient who presented with pain, redness and foreign body sensation in his left eye. There was no associated decrease in vision. Three live larvae were removed from his left conjunctival sac and sent to the laboratory for identification. The patient was treated symptomatically and his symptoms were mostly resolved by the following day. The larvae were later identified as the first instar of the sheep nasal botfly. Poor sanitation and exposure to livestock were among the identified risk factors in this case. Physicians must have this as a differential diagnosis for conjunctivitis in patients with risk factors. This is the first reported case of ophthalmomyiasis from Jamaica.

Identificación de larvas productoras de miasis obtenidas del cepario de la Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca con importancia en salud pública / Identification of Myasis-producing Larvae from the Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca

Resumen Las miasis son infestaciones parasitarias en humanos y animales causadas por estadios larvarios de moscas; son de distribución mundial y son una enfermedad frecuente en nuestro medio. En la literatura solo existen algunos casos reportados; por lo cual, su verdadera incidencia es difícil de establecer debido al sub-registro y ausencia de tipificación de larvas. Objetivo. Identificar, clasificar y caracterizar morfológicamente las larvas causantes de miasis como base para futuras aplicaciones e intervenciones en salud pública. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron 262 larvas obtenidas del cepario de la Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca que se encontraban almacenadas sin ningún tipo de identificación, organización e historia. Resultados. Se realizó la identificación con estereoscopio y claves dicotómicas de las familias Cuterebridae, Oestridae y Calliphoridae. Las especies encontradas son asociadas a diferentes tipos de miasis humana y animal, entre ellas; Dermatobia hominis, Dermatobia cyaniventris, Oestrus ovis, Cochliomyia hominivorax y Lucilia sp. Discusión. Las formas más comunes de este parasitismo son cavitarias y forunculares; causadas por Dermatobia hominis y Cochliomyia hominivorax, sin embargo, éstas no son de reporte obligatorio ante los servicios médicos humanos. Por lo tanto, es indispensable la información y capacitación de profesionales de la salud para la correcta conservación, identificación y reporte de las larvas extirpadas en pacientes con miasis, hasta el punto de ser considerada una práctica de rutina en el diagnóstico clínico.

Abstract Myiasis is the parasitic infestation of the body in humans and animals caused by larval stages of flies; such diseases are worldwide distributed and they are frequent in our environment. In the literature, there are only a few reports; therefore, its real incidence is difficult to be established due to sub-recorded cases and absence of larval typing. Objective. To identify, classify and morphologically characterize myasis-producing larvae of importance in public health. Material and methods. 262 larvae were analysed, obtained from the Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca that were stored without any identification, organization and history. Results. Larvae were identified using a stereomicroscope and morphology was based on dichotomous keys of the Cuterebridae, Oestridae and Calliphoridae families. The species found are associated with different types of myiasis, including; Dermatobia hominis, D. cyaniventris, Oestrus ovis, Cochliomyia hominivorax, C. macellaria and Lucilia spp. Discussion. As a conclusion, we found that cavitary and foruncular were the most common forms of this parasitism in the collection from the Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca. and that Dermatobia hominis and Cochliomyia hominivorax were the main involved species; however, these are not mandatory reporting species for medical services. Therefore, generating information about preservation, identification and recording of myasis-producing larvae, as well as training of professionals in public health might be considered as a routine practice for an accurate clinical diagnosis.

Oestrose: uma parasitose emergente em pequenos ruminantes no Nordeste do Brasil / Nasal bot: an emerging parasitic disease in small ruminants in the Brazilian Northeast

No período de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2014 foram diagnosticados 9 surtos (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H e I) de Oestrus ovis em pequenos ruminantes no estado da Bahia. No surto A obteve-se 0,5% (1/200); B 2,2% (2/90); C 0,8% (1/120); D 2% (2/100); E 1% (1/100); F 3% (1/33); G 0,6% (1/150); H 2,5% (5/200); I com 11,4% (8/70) em ovinos e 5% (2/40) em caprinos. Os sinais clínicos associados ao parasitismo pelas larvas nos surtos foram respiração ruidosa, espirro seguido de secreção nasal catarral, inquietação, movimentação excessiva da cabeça e andar em círculo. Macroscopicamente havia nos seios e conchas nasais hiperemia, edema da mucosa e presença de larvas. Todas as larvas coletadas dos cornetos e conchas nasais variavam desde o primeiro ao terceiro estágio de desenvolvimento. Algumas larvas L3 coletadas nas necropsias foram incubadas e o imago obtido das pupas mediram aproximadamente 10mm de cor acinzentada e abdômen escurecido. Realizada análise descritiva das condições climáticas, ano e positividade de casos de oestrose, demonstrou que a ocorrência tem tendência de crescimento com os anos (p˂0,001) e que houve casos com menor média de temperatura mínima (p˂0,001), possibilitando o desenvolvimento da mosca de O. ovis, demonstrando que houve a introdução da mosca enTtre o rebanho de ovinos e caprinos do estado da Bahia, e que as condições climáticas são ideais para perpetuação da espécie.(AU)

From January 2011 to December 2014 were diagnosed 9 outbreaks of Oestrus ovis infection in small ruminants (Outbreaks A-I) in the State of Bahia. The incidence of oestrosis in sheep in outbreak A was 0.5% (1/200), in B 2.2% (2/90), in C 0.8% (1/120), in D 2% (2/100), in E 1% (1/100), in F 3% (1/33), in G 0.6% (1/150), in H 2.5% (5/200), and in I 11.42% (8/70), and 5% (2/40) in goats. Clinical signs associated with parasitism were wheezing, sneezing followed by catarrhal nasal secretion, some restlessness, excessive head movement and walking in circles. The breasts and turbinates were hyperemic, with mucosal edema and presence of O. ovis larvae. All larvae collected from the turbinates ranged from the first to the third stage of development. Some L3 larvae collected at necropsy were incubated and the gray colored Imago with dark abdomen obtained from the pupae measured about 10mm. A descriptive analysis of the climatic conditions was carried out; in the year of investigation the incidence of O. ovis infection has grown (p<0.001), and the lowest mean minimum temperature (p<0.001) caused the development the O. ovis fly, so that there was an introduction of an increased number of these flies into the sheep and goat flocks in state of Bahia with the ideal climatic conditions for their perpetuation.(AU)

Oestrose: uma parasitose emergente em pequenos ruminantes no Nordeste do Brasil / Nasal bot: an emerging parasitic disease in small ruminants in the Brazilian Northeast

From January 2011 to December 2014 were diagnosed 9 outbreaks of Oestrus ovis infection in small ruminants (Outbreaks A-I) in the State of Bahia. The incidence of oestrosis in sheep in outbreak A was 0.5% (1/200), in B 2.2% (2/90), in C 0.8% (1/120), in D 2% (2/100), in E 1% (1/100), in F 3% (1/33), in G 0.6% (1/150), in H 2.5% (5/200), and in I 11.42% (8/70), and 5% (2/40) in goats. Clinical signs associated with parasitism were wheezing, sneezing followed by catarrhal nasal secretion, some restlessness, excessive head movement and walking in circles. The breasts and turbinates were hyperemic, with mucosal edema and presence of O. ovis larvae. All larvae collected from the turbinates ranged from the first to the third stage of development. Some L3 larvae collected at necropsy were incubated and the gray colored Imago with dark abdomen obtained from the pupae measured about 10mm. A descriptive analysis of the climatic conditions was carried out; in the year of investigation the incidence of O. ovis infection has grown (p 0.001), and the lowest mean minimum temperature (p 0.001) caused the development the O. ovis fly, so that there was an introduction of an increased number of these flies into the sheep and goat flocks in state of Bahia with the ideal climatic conditions for their perpetuation.(AU)

No período de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2014 foram diagnosticados 9 surtos (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H e I) de Oestrus ovis em pequenos ruminantes no estado da Bahia. No surto A obteve-se 0,5% (1/200); B 2,2% (2/90); C 0,8% (1/120); D 2% (2/100); E 1% (1/100); F 3% (1/33); G 0,6% (1/150); H 2,5% (5/200); I com 11,4% (8/70) em ovinos e 5% (2/40) em caprinos. Os sinais clínicos associados ao parasitismo pelas larvas nos surtos foram respiração ruidosa, espirro seguido de secreção nasal catarral, inquietação, movimentação excessiva da cabeça e andar em círculo. Macroscopicamente havia nos seios e conchas nasais hiperemia, edema da mucosa e presença de larvas. Todas as larvas coletadas dos cornetos e conchas nasais variavam desde o primeiro ao terceiro estágio de desenvolvimento. Algumas larvas L3 coletadas nas necropsias foram incubadas e o imago obtido das pupas mediram aproximadamente 10mm de cor acinzentada e abdômen escurecido. Realizada análise descritiva das condições climáticas, ano e positividade de casos de oestrose, demonstrou que a ocorrência tem tendência de crescimento com os anos (p0,001) e que houve casos com menor média de temperatura mínima (p0,001), possibilitando o desenvolvimento da mosca de O. ovis, demonstrando que houve a introdução da mosca enTtre o rebanho de ovinos e caprinos do estado da Bahia, e que as condições climáticas são ideais para perpetuação da espécie.(AU)

Occurrences of Oestrus ovis parasitism in necropsied sheep in the Umuarama microregion, Paraná, Brazil / Ocorrência de parasitismo por Oestrus ovis em ovinos necropsiados da microrregião de Umuarama - Paraná, Brasil

Between January 2007 and September 2013, 71 sheep belonging to 12 farms in the Umuarama microregion, State of Paraná, were evaluated regarding presence of Oestrus ovis larvae, during necropsies. The farms from which these animals originated were visited and the owners and employees were interviewed. Occurrences of O. ovis parasitism in sheep were diagnosed for the first time on this microregion. Of the 71 animals, 12 (16.9%) were parasitized by O. ovis, with mean intensity of 2.25 larvae per infested head (1 to 8 larvae/infested head). There was a high correlation (0.81, p=0.0346) between the number of larvae and the macroscopic lesions observed in these animals nasal cavities, such that sheep with more than 3 larvae may contain mucupurulent secretions or epistaxis. From the interviews conducted, it was found that all the farm owners were applying chemical parasite control methods (helminths and/or O. ovis), administered to all animals in the herds every 30 days (91.6% of the producers), using derivatives of macrocyclic lactones and/or benzimidazoles/imidazothiazoles. Further studies need to be conducted in this particular region, in an attempt to elucidate the prevalence of O. ovis parasitism in herds.(AU)

De janeiro de 2007 a setembro de 2013, foram avaliados, durante a necropsia, 71 ovinos pertencentes a 12 propriedades rurais da microrregião de Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil, quanto à presença de larvas de Oestrus ovis. Entre outubro e dezembro de 2013, as 12 propriedades de onde os animais eram provenientes foram visitadas, e os proprietários e funcionários foram entrevistados. A ocorrência do parasitismo por O. ovis em ovinos foi constatada pela primeira vez em propriedades rurais da microrregião de Umuarama, Estado do Paraná. Dos 71 animais, 12 (16,9%) estavam parasitados por O. ovis, com intensidade média de parasitismo de 2,25 larvas por cabeça infestada (1 a 8 larvas). Foi possível verificar correlação elevada (0,81, p=0,0346) apenas entre o número de larvas versus lesões macroscópicas observadas na cavidade nasal desses animais, de modo que ovinos com mais de 3 larvas continham secreção mucopurulenta ou epistaxe na cavidade. Quando da entrevista constatou-se que todos os proprietários fazem controle químico contra parasitas (helmintos e/ou O. ovis) e esse. controle é feito a cada 30 dias por 91,6% dos produtores, que utilizam derivados de lactonas macrocíclicas e/ou benzimidazóis/imidatiazóis. Futuros estudos ainda precisam ser realizados nesta região, na tentativa de elucidar a prevalência de parasitismo por O. ovis nos rebanhos.

Doenças da cavidade nasal em pequenos ruminantes no Distrito Federal e no Estado de Goiás / Nasal cavity diseases of small ruminants in Federal District and Goiás State, Brazil

As enfermidades que acometem a cavidade nasal de pequenos ruminantes podem causar prejuízos aos rebanhos de ovinos e caprinos na região central do Brasil. Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo dos laudos de necropsia do Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade de Brasília (LPV-UnB) nos anos de 2003 a 2014 para verificar a ocorrência das doenças que acometeram a cavidade nasal de pequenos ruminantes. Foram analisados 463 protocolos de ovinos e 75 de caprinos totalizando 538 casos. Seis ovinos (6/463 1,29%) foram necropsiados com rinite granulomatosa micótica ou oomicótica e 22 animais do estudo (22/538; 4,08%) tiveram o diagnóstico de oestrose, sendo 86,36% ovinos e 13,64% caprinos. As rinites piogranulomatosas em ovinos ocorreram em áreas alagadas, com abundante material vegetal em decomposição. Os ovinos com pitiose rinofacial apresentaram como principais alterações aumento de volume na região nasal devido a extensas lesões granulomatosas associadas a necrose tecidual, caracterizadas por inúmeros macrófagos e polimorfonucleares circundando centros necróticos contendo o agente envolto por reação de Splendore-Hoeppli. Os ovinos com conidiobolomicose exibiram extensas áreas de necrose e inflamação piogranulomatosa, associadas à presença de hifas fúngicas na nasofaringe e também na região peribulbar e exoftalmia. A maioria dos animais com oestrose não apresentou alterações clínico-patológicas significativas, apesar de serem encontradas larvas principalmente nos seios e conchas nasais, traqueia e seio paranasal. A importância dessas enfermidades ainda é pouco conhecida na região, sendo de grande relevância que as condições clínico-patológicas e epidemiológicas sejam elucidadas para o diagnóstico, o controle e a prevenção, para evitar a expansão e prejuízos para os rebanhos.(AU)

Nasal cavity diseases that affect small ruminants can cause losses to sheep and goat herds in Central Brazil. A retrospective study of the University of Brasilia´s Veterinary Pathology Laboratory autopsy reports from 2003 to 2014 was conducted to verify the occurrence of small ruminants nasal cavity diseases. Six necropsied sheep (6/463 1.29%) showed mycotic or oomicotic granulomatous rhinitis and 22 animals (22/538, 4.08%) presented oestrosis diagnosis, affecting 86.36% of sheep and 13.64% of goats. The pyogranulomatous rhinitis in sheep occurred in flooded areas with abundant plant material decomposing. Rhinofacial pythiosis infection in animals showed as major changes swelling in the nasal region due to extensive granulomatous lesions associated with tissue necrosis, characterized by numerous macrophages and polymorphonuclear cells surrounding necrotic centers containing the agent surrounded by Splendore-Hoeppli reaction. Sheep with conidiobolomycosis showed extensive areas of necrosis and pyogranulomatous inflammation associated with fungal hyphae, localized in the nasopharynx and also in peribulbar region and exophthalmia. Most animals with oestrosis showed no significant clinical and pathological changes, even with the presence of larvae mainly in the sinuses and nasal turbinates, trachea and paranasal sinus. The importance of such diseases is still unknown in the region, and the knowledge of the clinical-pathological and epidemiological conditions is of great relevance for the diagnosis, control and prevention to avoid the expansion and losses to livestock.(AU)

Doenças da cavidade nasal em pequenos ruminantes no Distrito Federal e no Estado de Goiás / Nasal cavity diseases of small ruminants in Federal District and Goiás State, Brazil

As enfermidades que acometem a cavidade nasal de pequenos ruminantes podem causar prejuízos aos rebanhos de ovinos e caprinos na região central do Brasil. Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo dos laudos de necropsia do Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade de Brasília (LPV-UnB) nos anos de 2003 a 2014 para verificar a ocorrência das doenças que acometeram a cavidade nasal de pequenos ruminantes. Foram analisados 463 protocolos de ovinos e 75 de caprinos totalizando 538 casos. Seis ovinos (6/463 1,29%) foram necropsiados com rinite granulomatosa micótica ou oomicótica e 22 animais do estudo (22/538; 4,08%) tiveram o diagnóstico de oestrose, sendo 86,36% ovinos e 13,64% caprinos. As rinites piogranulomatosas em ovinos ocorreram em áreas alagadas, com abundante material vegetal em decomposição. Os ovinos com pitiose rinofacial apresentaram como principais alterações aumento de volume na região nasal devido a extensas lesões granulomatosas associadas a necrose tecidual, caracterizadas por inúmeros macrófagos e polimorfonucleares circundando centros necróticos contendo o agente envolto por reação de Splendore-Hoeppli. Os ovinos com conidiobolomicose exibiram extensas áreas de necrose e inflamação piogranulomatosa, associadas à presença de hifas fúngicas na nasofaringe e também na região peribulbar e exoftalmia. A maioria dos animais com oestrose não apresentou alterações clínico-patológicas significativas, apesar de serem encontradas larvas principalmente nos seios e conchas nasais, traqueia e seio paranasal. A importância dessas enfermidades ainda é pouco conhecida na região, sendo de grande relevância que as condições clínico-patológicas e epidemiológicas sejam elucidadas para o diagnóstico, o controle e a prevenção, para evitar a expansão e prejuízos para os rebanhos...

Nasal cavity diseases that affect small ruminants can cause losses to sheep and goat herds in Central Brazil. A retrospective study of the University of Brasilia´s Veterinary Pathology Laboratory autopsy reports from 2003 to 2014 was conducted to verify the occurrence of small ruminants nasal cavity diseases. Six necropsied sheep (6/463 1.29%) showed mycotic or oomicotic granulomatous rhinitis and 22 animals (22/538, 4.08%) presented oestrosis diagnosis, affecting 86.36% of sheep and 13.64% of goats. The pyogranulomatous rhinitis in sheep occurred in flooded areas with abundant plant material decomposing. Rhinofacial pythiosis infection in animals showed as major changes swelling in the nasal region due to extensive granulomatous lesions associated with tissue necrosis, characterized by numerous macrophages and polymorphonuclear cells surrounding necrotic centers containing the agent surrounded by Splendore-Hoeppli reaction. Sheep with conidiobolomycosis showed extensive areas of necrosis and pyogranulomatous inflammation associated with fungal hyphae, localized in the nasopharynx and also in peribulbar region and exophthalmia. Most animals with oestrosis showed no significant clinical and pathological changes, even with the presence of larvae mainly in the sinuses and nasal turbinates, trachea and paranasal sinus. The importance of such diseases is still unknown in the region, and the knowledge of the clinical-pathological and epidemiological conditions is of great relevance for the diagnosis, control and prevention to avoid the expansion and losses to livestock...

Oestrus ovis infection of grazing sheep during summer in southern Chile

Oestrus ovis is a botfly whose larvae cause nasal myiasis, an environmental-dependent disease in small ruminants, generating acute and chronic injuries in the cranial cavities of sheep. Chile is a country of the southernmost worldwide distribution of this parasite, and there is few information about. Whence, the objective of this study was to approximate the epidemiological situation of O. ovis infection in Chilean sheep. From December 2009 to March 2010, a total of 87 samples were obtained by necropsy for skull inspection. The larvae were collected, and microscopically identified. The prevalence in the sampled sheep was 60.9%. From those that were infected, 85.7% (18/21) of sheep were 1 to 3 years old, constituting the stratum with the highest prevalence. The difference of infection in females and males was not significant. The high risk of infection seems to be dependent upon the environmental conditions of this southern region, especially during summer when the first larval stage (L1) could be found as the evidence. Therefore, the disease should be considered as a significant problem for this kind of livestock production.(AU)

Oestrus ovis infection of grazing sheep during summer in southern Chile

Oestrus ovis is a botfly whose larvae cause nasal myiasis, an environmental-dependent disease in small ruminants, generating acute and chronic injuries in the cranial cavities of sheep. Chile is a country of the southernmost worldwide distribution of this parasite, and there is few information about. Whence, the objective of this study was to approximate the epidemiological situation of O. ovis infection in Chilean sheep. From December 2009 to March 2010, a total of 87 samples were obtained by necropsy for skull inspection. The larvae were collected, and microscopically identified. The prevalence in the sampled sheep was 60.9%. From those that were infected, 85.7% (18/21) of sheep were 1 to 3 years old, constituting the stratum with the highest prevalence. The difference of infection in females and males was not significant. The high risk of infection seems to be dependent upon the environmental conditions of this southern region, especially during summer when the first larval stage (L1) could be found as the evidence. Therefore, the disease should be considered as a significant problem for this kind of livestock production.

Occurrences of Oestrus ovis parasitism in necropsied sheep in the Umuarama microregion, Paraná, Brazil

Between January 2007 and September 2013, 71 sheep belonging to 12 farms in the Umuarama microregion, State of Paraná, were evaluated regarding presence of Oestrus ovis larvae, during necropsies. The farms from which these animals originated were visited and the owners and employees were interviewed. Occurrences of O. ovis parasitism in sheep were diagnosed for the first time on this microregion. Of the 71 animals, 12 (16.9%) were parasitized by O. ovis, with mean intensity of 2.25 larvae per infested head (1 to 8 larvae/infested head). There was a high correlation (0.81, p=0.0346) between the number of larvae and the macroscopic lesions observed in these animals nasal cavities, such that sheep with more than 3 larvae may contain mucupurulent secretions or epistaxis. From the interviews conducted, it was found that all the farm owners were applying chemical parasite control methods (helminths and/or O. ovis), administered to all animals in the herds every 30 days (91.6% of the producers), using derivatives of macrocyclic lactones and/or benzimidazoles/imidazothiazoles. Further studies need to be conducted in this particular region, in an attempt to elucidate the prevalence of O. ovis parasitism in herds.

De janeiro de 2007 a setembro de 2013, foram avaliados, durante a necropsia, 71 ovinos pertencentes a 12 propriedades rurais da microrregião de Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil, quanto à presença de larvas de Oestrus ovis. Entre outubro e dezembro de 2013, as 12 propriedades de onde os animais eram provenientes foram visitadas, e os proprietários e funcionários foram entrevistados. A ocorrência do parasitismo por O. ovis em ovinos foi constatada pela primeira vez em propriedades rurais da microrregião de Umuarama, Estado do Paraná. Dos 71 animais, 12 (16,9%) estavam parasitados por O. ovis, com intensidade média de parasitismo de 2,25 larvas por cabeça infestada (1 a 8 larvas). Foi possível verificar correlação elevada (0,81, p=0,0346) apenas entre o número de larvas versuslesões macroscópicas observadas na cavidade nasal desses animais, de modo que ovinos com mais de 3 larvas continham secreção mucopurulenta ou epistaxe na cavidade. Quando da entrevista constatou-se que todos os proprietários fazem controle químico contra parasitas (helmintos e/ou O. ovis) e esse. controle é feito a cada 30 dias por 91,6% dos produtores, que utilizam derivados de lactonas macrocíclicas e/ou benzimidazóis/imidatiazóis. Futuros estudos ainda precisam ser realizados nesta região, na tentativa de elucidar a prevalência de parasitismo por O. ovis nos rebanhos.

Occurrences of Oestrus ovis parasitism in necropsied sheep in the Umuarama microregion, Paraná, Brazil

Between January 2007 and September 2013, 71 sheep belonging to 12 farms in the Umuarama microregion, State of Paraná, were evaluated regarding presence of Oestrus ovis larvae, during necropsies. The farms from which these animals originated were visited and the owners and employees were interviewed. Occurrences of O. ovis parasitism in sheep were diagnosed for the first time on this microregion. Of the 71 animals, 12 (16.9%) were parasitized by O. ovis, with mean intensity of 2.25 larvae per infested head (1 to 8 larvae/infested head). There was a high correlation (0.81, p=0.0346) between the number of larvae and the macroscopic lesions observed in these animals nasal cavities, such that sheep with more than 3 larvae may contain mucupurulent secretions or epistaxis. From the interviews conducted, it was found that all the farm owners were applying chemical parasite control methods (helminths and/or O. ovis), administered to all animals in the herds every 30 days (91.6% of the producers), using derivatives of macrocyclic lactones and/or benzimidazoles/imidazothiazoles. Further studies need to be conducted in this particular region, in an attempt to elucidate the prevalence of O. ovis parasitism in herds.

De janeiro de 2007 a setembro de 2013, foram avaliados, durante a necropsia, 71 ovinos pertencentes a 12 propriedades rurais da microrregião de Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil, quanto à presença de larvas de Oestrus ovis. Entre outubro e dezembro de 2013, as 12 propriedades de onde os animais eram provenientes foram visitadas, e os proprietários e funcionários foram entrevistados. A ocorrência do parasitismo por O. ovis em ovinos foi constatada pela primeira vez em propriedades rurais da microrregião de Umuarama, Estado do Paraná. Dos 71 animais, 12 (16,9%) estavam parasitados por O. ovis, com intensidade média de parasitismo de 2,25 larvas por cabeça infestada (1 a 8 larvas). Foi possível verificar correlação elevada (0,81, p=0,0346) apenas entre o número de larvas versuslesões macroscópicas observadas na cavidade nasal desses animais, de modo que ovinos com mais de 3 larvas continham secreção mucopurulenta ou epistaxe na cavidade. Quando da entrevista constatou-se que todos os proprietários fazem controle químico contra parasitas (helmintos e/ou O. ovis) e esse. controle é feito a cada 30 dias por 91,6% dos produtores, que utilizam derivados de lactonas macrocíclicas e/ou benzimidazóis/imidatiazóis. Futuros estudos ainda precisam ser realizados nesta região, na tentativa de elucidar a prevalência de parasitismo por O. ovis nos rebanhos.

Occurrences of Oestrus ovis parasitism in necropsied sheep in the Umuarama microregion, Paraná, Brazil / Ocorrência de parasitismo por Oestrus ovis em ovinos necropsiados da microrregião de Umuarama - Paraná, Brasil

Between January 2007 and September 2013, 71 sheep belonging to 12 farms in the Umuarama microregion, State of Paraná, were evaluated regarding presence of Oestrus ovis larvae, during necropsies. The farms from which these animals originated were visited and the owners and employees were interviewed. Occurrences of O. ovis parasitism in sheep were diagnosed for the first time on this microregion. Of the 71 animals, 12 (16.9%) were parasitized by O. ovis, with mean intensity of 2.25 larvae per infested head (1 to 8 larvae/infested head). There was a high correlation (0.81, p=0.0346) between the number of larvae and the macroscopic lesions observed in these animals nasal cavities, such that sheep with more than 3 larvae may contain mucupurulent secretions or epistaxis. From the interviews conducted, it was found that all the farm owners were applying chemical parasite control methods (helminths and/or O. ovis), administered to all animals in the herds every 30 days (91.6% of the producers), using derivatives of macrocyclic lactones and/or benzimidazoles/imidazothiazoles. Further studies need to be conducted in this particular region, in an attempt to elucidate the prevalence of O. ovis parasitism in herds.

De janeiro de 2007 a setembro de 2013, foram avaliados, durante a necropsia, 71 ovinos pertencentes a 12 propriedades rurais da microrregião de Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil, quanto à presença de larvas de Oestrus ovis. Entre outubro e dezembro de 2013, as 12 propriedades de onde os animais eram provenientes foram visitadas, e os proprietários e funcionários foram entrevistados. A ocorrência do parasitismo por O. ovis em ovinos foi constatada pela primeira vez em propriedades rurais da microrregião de Umuarama, Estado do Paraná. Dos 71 animais, 12 (16,9%) estavam parasitados por O. ovis, com intensidade média de parasitismo de 2,25 larvas por cabeça infestada (1 a 8 larvas). Foi possível verificar correlação elevada (0,81, p=0,0346) apenas entre o número de larvas versus lesões macroscópicas observadas na cavidade nasal desses animais, de modo que ovinos com mais de 3 larvas continham secreção mucopurulenta ou epistaxe na cavidade. Quando da entrevista constatou-se que todos os proprietários fazem controle químico contra parasitas (helmintos e/ou O. ovis) e esse. controle é feito a cada 30 dias por 91,6% dos produtores, que utilizam derivados de lactonas macrocíclicas e/ou benzimidazóis/imidatiazóis. Futuros estudos ainda precisam ser realizados nesta região, na tentativa de elucidar a prevalência de parasitismo por O. ovis nos rebanhos.

A case of nasal myiasis due to Oestrus ovis (Diptera: Oestridae) in a llama (Lama glama) / Um caso de miíase nasal devido a Oestrus ovis (Diptera: Oestridae) em lhama (Lama glama)

Infection by the larval form of Oestrus ovis (sheep bot fly) is common in many areas of Peru. This is an obligate parasite of sheep and goats, and it is the cause of oestrosis, or nasal myiasis, which can lead to severe clinical manifestations in livestock. A case of myiasis caused by O. ovis in a llama (Lama glama) in Cuzco, Peru, is reported here. This llama presented with respiratory distress and died due to bilateral hemorrhagic pneumonia. During the necropsy, six intact dipterous larvae were recovered from the nasal fossae and cranial sinuses being identified as O. ovis. This is the first report of nasal myiasis in llamas due to O. ovis in Peru.

Infecção pela forma larval de Oestrus ovis (bicho da cabeça) é comum em muitas regiões do Peru. Este é um parasito obrigatório de ovinos e caprinos, e é a causa de oestrose ou miíase nasal, que pode conduzir à manifestações clínicas graves nos animais. Relatou-se um caso de miíase causada por O. ovis numa lhama (Lama glama) em Cuzco, Peru. A lhama apresentou insuficiência respiratória e morreu de pneumonia bilateral hemorrágica. Durante a necropsia, seis larvas intactas do díptero foram recuperadas das fossas nasais e dos seios cranianos e identificadas como O. ovis. Este é o primeiro relato de miíase nasal em lhamas por O. ovis no Peru.

Prevalence of Oestrus ovis (Diptera: Oestridae) in sheep from the São Paulo Central region, Brazil / Prevalência de Oestrus ovis (Diptera: Oestridae) em ovinos da região Central de São Paulo, Brasil

The heads of 139 slaughtered sheep were examined with the aim of determining Oestrus ovis prevalence and infestation intensity in the central region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Heads from slaughtered sheep were examined and the first (L1), second (L2) and third (L3) O. ovis larval instars were recovered from the nasal and sinus cavities. O. ovis larvae were detected in 13.7% of the sheep analyzed. The monthly mean intensity of infestation ranged from 1 to 10.2 larvae per infested head, with general mean intensity of 4.5 larvae/infested head. Of the total of 85 larvae, 21.2% were L1, 37.6% L2 and 41.2% L3. In conclusion, all different O. ovis larvae instars were recovered from slaughtered animals, which demonstrates the existence of favorable climatic conditions for the fly activity and larval development of O. ovis in sheep raised in the Central region of the State of São Paulo.

Com o objetivo de determinar a prevalência e intensidade de infestação por larvas de Oestrus ovis na região Central do Estado de São Paulo, 139 cabeças de ovinos obtidas de um abatedouro foram examinadas. As larvas O. ovis foram recuperadas da cavidade nasal e seios frontais, identificadas de acordo com o estádio larval e quantificadas. As larvas de O. ovis foram detectadas em 13,7% das cabeças examinadas e a intensidade média mensal de infestação variou entre 1 a 10,2 larvas/cabeça infestada, com média geral de 4,5 larvas/cabeça infestada. Do total de 85 larvas recuperadas, 21,2% eram larvas de primeiro estádio (L1), 37,6% de segundo (L2) e 41,2% de terceiro (L3). Em conclusão, todos os diferentes instares larvais de O. ovis foram recuperados de animais abatidos, o que demonstra a existência de condições climáticas favoráveis para a atividade da mosca bem como o desenvolvimento larval em ovinos criados na região Central do Estado de São Paulo.

A case of nasal myiasis due to Oestrus ovis (Diptera: Oestridae) in a llama (Lama glama)

Infection by the larval form of Oestrus ovis (sheep bot fly) is common in many areas of Peru. This is an obligate parasite of sheep and goats, and it is the cause of oestrosis, or nasal myiasis, which can lead to severe clinical manifestations in livestock. A case of myiasis caused by O. ovis in a llama (Lama glama) in Cuzco, Peru, is reported here. This llama presented with respiratory distress and died due to bilateral hemorrhagic pneumonia. During the necropsy, six intact dipterous larvae were recovered from the nasal fossae and cranial sinuses being identified as O. ovis. This is the first report of nasal myiasis in llamas due to O. ovis in Peru.

Infecção pela forma larval de Oestrus ovis (bicho da cabeça) é comum em muitas regiões do Peru. Este é um parasito obrigatório de ovinos e caprinos, e é a causa de oestrose ou miíase nasal, que pode conduzir à manifestações clínicas graves nos animais. Relatou-se um caso de miíase causada por O. ovis numa lhama (Lama glama) em Cuzco, Peru. A lhama apresentou insuficiência respiratória e morreu de pneumonia bilateral hemorrágica. Durante a necropsia, seis larvas intactas do díptero foram recuperadas das fossas nasais e dos seios cranianos e identificadas como O. ovis. Este é o primeiro relato de miíase nasal em lhamas por O. ovis no Peru.

Prevalence of Oestrus ovis(Diptera: Oestridae) in sheep from the São Paulo Central region, Brazil

The heads of 139 slaughtered sheep were examined with the aim of determining Oestrus ovis prevalence and infestation intensity in the central region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Heads from slaughtered sheep were examined and the first (L1), second (L2) and third (L3) O. ovis larval instars were recovered from the nasal and sinus cavities. O. ovislarvae were detected in 13.7% of the sheep analyzed. The monthly mean intensity of infestation ranged from 1 to 10.2 larvae per infested head, with general mean intensity of 4.5 larvae/infested head. Of the total of 85 larvae, 21.2% were L1, 37.6% L2 and 41.2% L3. In conclusion, all different O. ovis larvae instars were recovered from slaughtered animals, which demonstrates the existence of favorable climatic conditions for the fly activity and larval development of O. ovis in sheep raised in the Central region of the State of São Paulo.

Com o objetivo de determinar a prevalência e intensidade de infestação por larvas de Oestrus ovis na região Central do Estado de São Paulo, 139 cabeças de ovinos obtidas de um abatedouro foram examinadas. As larvas O. ovis foram recuperadas da cavidade nasal e seios frontais, identificadas de acordo com o estádio larval e quantificadas. As larvas de O. ovis foram detectadas em 13,7% das cabeças examinadas e a intensidade média mensal de infestação variou entre 1 a 10,2 larvas/cabeça infestada, com média geral de 4,5 larvas/cabeça infestada. Do total de 85 larvas recuperadas, 21,2% eram larvas de primeiro estádio (L1), 37,6% de segundo (L2) e 41,2% de terceiro (L3). Em conclusão, todos os diferentes instares larvais deO. ovis foram recuperados de animais abatidos, o que demonstra a existência de condições climáticas favoráveis para a atividade da mosca bem como o desenvolvimento larval em ovinos criados na região Central do Estado de São Paulo.