PERMA-Profiler for adolescents: validity evidence based on internal structure and related constructs.

Introduction: The PERMA model of well-being has gained prominence in the study of well-being by the Positive Psychology movement. However, the model has been little studied regarding its applicability in different populations, such as adolescents. This study sought to evaluate the psychometric properties of the PERMA-Profiler instrument for Brazilian adolescents, as well as the measurement invariance for different age groups and gender, and investigate the relation with external variables. Methods: Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis were used to test the internal structure and invariance of the PERMA-Profiler. Reliability was determined with McDonald's Omega and composite reliability. A total of 1,197 adolescents between 11 and 19 years old from different regions of Brazil participated. Results: The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the five correlated factors model was the most appropriate, presenting good factor loadings and adequate reliability. The scale proved to be invariant for adolescents of different age groups and gender. Correlations with associated variables were significant and moderate to strong, showing positive relations between positive emotions and well-being, and negative relations with negative affects and depressive and anxiety symptoms. Discussion: These results contribute to the understanding of well-being in adolescence and highlight the importance of promoting different components of well-being for adolescents' mental health.

A PERMA model approach to well-being: a psychometric properties study.

Psychological well-being influences all the facets of adolescent success. This study examined the psychometric properties of PERMA, a subjective well-being measure consisting of five domains: positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment. The sample size consisted of 502 high school students from public schools in Qatar. Contrary to expectations, the five-factor structure for PERMA did not fit our data well; however, after refining the model by the errors of the covariances between items, the one-factor model was found to be applicable. Multivariate analysis revealed that socioeconomic status (SES) and level of academic performance were independently and positively associated with overall well-being scores, whereas internalizing and externalizing behaviors were negatively associated. Notably, no significant effects of gender or age on well-being were observed. These findings suggest that interventions specific to socioeconomic status, academic excellence, and internalizing and externalizing behaviors in the school setting can produce more effective outcomes concerning student well-being.

The seeds of change: Antecedent variables and their impact in building grit and resilience through outdoor adventure education.

INTRODUCTION: This study examines the impact of Outdoor Adventure Education (OAE) on developing grit and resilience in adolescents. Focusing on a United States-based sample collected in 2015, it explores how antecedent variables such as age and gender influence these outcomes, integrating the PERMA model of well-being to investigate underlying mechanisms. METHODS: The research employed a cross-sectional design with 350 participants aged 14-18 from various OAE courses. Data collection involved pre/post surveys assessing grit and resilience as experiences through mastery, relatedness, and emotional reactivity. The study utilized established inventories for grit and the Resilience Scales for Children and Adolescents. RESULTS: Findings revealed significant grit, mastery, and relatedness increases following the OAE program. Participants demonstrated enhanced perseverance and passion toward goals, increased sense of mastery, and better relational dynamics. However, emotional reactivity scores remained largely unchanged. Notably, the impact of these programs varied based on participants' gender and socioeconomic status, indicating differential effects across demographic groups. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that OAE programs effectively foster grit and resilience in adolescents, with varying impacts based on demographic factors. It highlights the necessity for inclusive and adaptive program designs that cater to diverse participant needs. The results contribute valuable insights to the field of youth development, emphasizing the role of OAE in enhancing key psychological traits essential for adolescents' growth and adaptation.

Proposal to apply a "Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment (PERMA)" based approach to manage the COVID-19-related mental health problems in the era of long COVID.

Long COVID (LC)-related health problems are highly concerned. Many patients seem to have "recovered" from an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, however, they might experience various symptoms, almost involving all organs and systems. Of those, neuropsychiatric symptoms like depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are not rare. These problems significantly impact the quality of life (QOL) of patients, family, and caregivers, even lead a tragic suicide outcome. Other than the conventional psychological and medical approaches, here, we proposal a positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment (PERMA)-based approach to fight against these COVID-19-related mental health problems (CRMHPs). This approach is characterized by positive psychological interventions and self-achievements, which has been proved to be a powerful tool against mood disorders in common people. Nowadays, abolishment of certain prophylactic measures (such as isolation, lockdown, compulsorily wearing a mask and maintaining social distance, measures to avoid crowding) enables us to have more opportunities to contact patients and implement the PERMA-based approach to the patients with CRMHPs. We believe that application of PERMA-based approach is conducive to alleviate the influence of the CRMHPs and improve their QOL.

Psychometric validation of the PERMA-profiler for well-being in Chinese adults.

Well-being is one of the central topics in psychology, and research on this topic has shifted from emotional experiences to flourishing life in recent years. Seligman's PERMA model is a prominent theory in this shift. However, this model is proposed in Western culture and has yet to be empirically validated in the Chinese context. The present research aims to examine the applicability of the five-dimension PERMA-Profiler in Chinese culture, which has been developed based on the PERMA model. A sample of 1468 Chinese adults participated in the research. After translation and validation, a series of psychometric analyses were conducted to examine the internal consistency reliability, construct validity, convergent and discriminant validity, and factorial invariance across genders. The PERMA-Profiler Chinese showed high Cronbach's alpha coefficients (α = 0.79-0.88), good divergent (r = -0.19 to -0.38) and convergent validity (r = 0.53-0.85), as well as satisfactory structural validity. Results of the structural validity demonstrated a better fit to the first-order model with five correlated factors after modification (χ2/df = 4.65, RMSEA = 0.058, SRMR = 0.030, CFI = 0.943, TLI = 0.924) than the second-order model with a higher-order factor of well-being. However, the engagement dimension of the PERMA-Profiler Chinese could be improved further. In conclusion, the PERMA model is applicable to the Chinese culture, and the PERMA-Profiler provides a valid measure of well-being for Chinese adults.

The validation of Chinese version of workplace PERMA-profiler and the association between workplace well-being and fatigue.

BACKGROUND: Well-being is an important issue in workplace. One of these assessment tools of well-being, Workplace PERMA Profiler, is based on Seligman's five dimensions well-being. Prolonged fatigue may last for a long time, leading a great impact on both employees and enterprises. However, rare studies about the association between well-being and fatigue had been investigated. Our aim is to establish the Chinese version Profiler, and to discovery the association between workplace well-being and fatigue. METHODS: The Chinese version was established according to International Society of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) task force guidelines. In the study, researchers employed simple random sampling by approaching individuals undergoing health checkups or receiving workplace health services, inviting them to participate in a questionnaire-based interview. Prolonged Fatigue was evaluated by Checklist Individual Strength (CIS). The reliability was evaluated by Cronbach's alphas, Intra-class Correlation Coefficients (ICCs), and measurement errors. Moreover, confirmatory factor analysis and correlational analyses were assessed for the validity. RESULTS: The analyses included 312 Chinese workers. Cronbach's alphas of the Chinese version ranged from 0.69 to 0.93, while the ICC ranged from 0.70 to 0.92. The 5-factor model of confirmatory factor analysis revealed a nearly appropriate fit (χ2 (82) = 346.560, Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = 0.887, Tucker-Lewis Index [TLI] = 0.855, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA] = 0.114, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual [SRMR] = 0.060). Moreover, the CIS and its four dimensions were significantly and negatively associated with the Positive Emotion, while they are positively associated with Engagement dimension except CIS-Motivation dimension. CONCLUSION: The Chinese version Workplace PERMA-Profiler indicate nice reliability and validity. Furthermore, all CIS dimensions were negatively influenced by Positive Emotion, while commonly positively associated with Engagement.

Can a PERMA model-based positive psychological intervention affect the SIA and SWB of vocational college students majoring in nursing in China?

Aims: The study was conducted to investigate the effects of a PERMA model-based positive psychological intervention on vocational college students' social interaction anxiety and subjective well-being. Methods: This is an experimental study in which data were collected through self-administered questionnaire. A total of 261 students from four classes at Caofeidian College of Technology without differences in the levels of social interaction anxiety and subjective well-being were selected as the control group and intervention group randomly. Students in the control group received a traditional psychological intervention, while students in the invention group received a PERMA model-based positive psychological intervention. Thereafter, the research team collected data regarding students' social interaction anxiety and subjective well-being. Results: Based on the result obtained, the mean score for social interaction anxiety in the invention group was significantly lower than those in the control group (42.95 vs. 53.07, p < 0.001) and the mean score for subjective well-being was significantly higher than those in the control group (92.58 vs. 87.26, p < 0.001). Conclusion: A PERMA model-based positive psychological intervention can effectively relieve the social interaction anxiety of nursing students in vocational colleges, and improve their subjective well-being levels.

Well-Being as a predictor of academic success in student veterans and factor validation of the PERMA + 4 well-being measurement scale.

Objective: The study sought to test whether well-being predicts academic performance for student service members/veterans (SSM/Vs) and to assess the factor structure of the PERMA + 4 measurement scale for use in this student population. Participants: Post-9/11 SSM/Vs (N = 199) from seven colleges and universities in the U.S. completed an online survey. Methods: A cross-sectional survey research design was used to assess PERMA + 4 and academic success. The PERMA + 4 framework and the measurement scale were examined using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and logistic regressions to determine if PERMA + 4 predicted academic performance in SSM/Vs. Results: Findings indicate that PERMA + 4 is a predictor of SSM/Vs academic performance, and CFA confirmed the factor structure of PERMA + 4 for use with SSM/Vs. Conclusions: The findings suggest that screening for the building blocks of well-being in SSM/Vs with a validated and comprehensive multidimensional instrument could be useful for mitigating transition challenges into college life and informing appropriate supports.

Thriving In and Out of the Reading Room: A Faculty Development Workshop.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Given the immense time and energy radiologists dedicate to their profession, the experience at work should be a major contributor to a meaningful and fulfilling life. In pursuit of this vision, our department launched a novel faculty development workshop entitled "Thriving In and Out of the Reading Room: What They Didn't Teach Us in Training." We report on the design, implementation and initial outcomes of this faculty development workshop. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The workshop drew upon positive psychology research and the PERMA model of well-being, which encompasses five key elements: Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Achievement. These elements have been shown to enhance work satisfaction and foster resilience. Using interactive, small group exercises, the workshop provided strategies for incorporating PERMA elements into daily life. At the conclusion of each workshop, an anonymous voluntary electronic survey was distributed to participants. RESULTS: The final version of the workshop was offered to 58 faculty over eight sessions between September 2022 and May 2023. Survey results indicate that participants found the workshop to be highly valuable and practical. They also found the workshop to promote camaraderie and peer learning. Developing the workshop internally allowed us to customize it to our faculty's unique experiences and engage a large number of participants. CONCLUSION: The workshop shows promise in improving job satisfaction and addressing burnout among academic radiologists.

PERMA well-being and innovative work behaviour : A systematic literature review.

Background: The purpose of this research is to examine at how the literature measures the relationship between PERMA (positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishments) well-being and innovative work behaviour (IWB). Methods: This systematic literature review examines peer-reviewed English research papers published in 2012 that investigate the relationship between PERMA well-being and IWB. A total of 37 publications were discovered in 32 journals. Results: A total of 220 articles were initially retrieved from the database. 37 studies out of 220 satisfied the inclusion criteria and were thoroughly examined. Our findings present a comprehensive overview of the types of PERMA well-being related to IWB in different countries and industries. Literature-based research approaches are also discussed. Research methods from the previous literature are also discussed. Conclusions: This study is one of the first to conduct a systematic literature review (PRISMA) method on the relationship between PERMA well-being and IWB. This review suggests constructive future research directions.

Momentary PERMA: An Adapted Measurement Tool for Studying Well-Being in Daily Life.

PERMA is a multidimensional framework that explains well-being through five hedonic and eudaimonic psychological elements-Positive emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, Accomplishment. Soon after the PERMA framework was proposed, PERMA-Profiler was introduced as a validated assessment tool for measuring these five elements of well-being from a global perspective. The current study aimed to shed further light onto the measurement of PERMA elements, extending it beyond global evaluations, to daily life assessments and the examination of individual differences in their dynamic characteristics. We introduce mPERMA (momentary PERMA), as an EMA-adapted version of the PERMA-Profiler measure, to assess well-being in daily life. Using data collected in an Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) study (N = 160), we first demonstrate the factor structure of mPERMA through a multilevel factor analysis and next examine within-person means and the dynamics of change (e.g., intra-individual variability) in the PERMA elements. Findings revealed that mPERMA displays convergent validity with two global measures of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, namely Flourishing and Subjective Well-Being. Moreover, dynamical characteristics of the five elements of well-being measured over time, map onto their corresponding hedonic or eudaimonic global measures of well-being. Results of this paper present how dynamical features of well-being in daily life provide novel insights into predicting global well-being. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10902-023-00684-w.

Understanding the Impact of Schwartz Rounds on Pediatric Clinicians' Well-Being Using the Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment (PERMA) Model for Flourishing: A Qualitative Analysis.

Objective Schwartz Rounds (SR) is an interdisciplinary, case-based forum that augments compassionate care at the bedside and promotes discussion of the psycho-emotional aspects of patient care. This pilot study analyzed the perspectives of pediatric SR attendees through the lens of human flourishing, as defined by "PERMA" (positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment). Methods This qualitative study was conducted at our Children's Hospital from September 2023 to October 2023. Focus group questions were developed from the Secure Flourishing Index and Community Workplace Flourishing validated tools. Clinicians who attended at least one SR in our Children's Hospital from January 2019 through September 2021 were recruited to participate in focus groups. Transcripts were analyzed using a direct content analysis based on the PERMA framework. Coded content from participants who attended >2 SR since 2019 was considered frequent (FR), whereas that of participants who attended ≤2 SR since 2019 was considered non-frequent (NFR). Results Sixteen clinicians (14 pediatric and two non-pediatric) participated in focus groups, including seven FR and nine NFR participants. There were nine emerging themes, eight of which were characterized among frequent SR attendees: SR serves as a safe and trusted space, promotes validation and support, facilitates introspective thinking, stimulates perspective shifts, augments compassion, reaffirms purpose, positively impacts one's professional identity, and no impact on resilience. In comparison, five of these themes and another theme (humanizes medicine) were identified among non-frequent attendees. All themes reflected one or more PERMA categories. Conclusion SR has the potential to augment human flourishing and holds a vital role in promoting a supportive environment in the workplace. SR thereby offers institutions an effective interventional tool to promote elevated well-being in the workforce.

The impact of self-efficacy on the well-being of primary school teachers: a Greek-Cypriot study.

Introduction: This research was conducted to examine the extent to which teachers' self-efficacy affects their well-being following the COVID-19 pandemic. The originality of the research lies in the fact that there are not enough studies that simultaneously examine the relationship between well-being and self-efficacy in primary school teachers in Greece and Cyprus. Methods: A total of 258 primary school teacher participants took part in this study, aged 23-62. The Teachers' Sense of Efficacy Scale and the PERMA Profiler questionnaire were used to study the relationship between teachers' well-being and self-efficacy. Results: Results show that after the COVID-19 pandemic, teachers' well-being is moderate to high. Moreover, teachers' self- efficacy is also high and related to their well-being. Discussion: An important finding from the current research is that teachers' self-efficacy in promoting student engagement was the most important predictor for teachers' well-being. The implications of the results are discussed, and recommendations are made.

Burning bright or burning out: a qualitative investigation of leader vitality.

Introduction: Leaders of organizations have incessant demands placed on them, including cultivating teams, building culture, and increasing the bottom line, in addition to caring for followers' well-being and thriving. Numerous resources are required to meet these continuous demands, and vitality is one of the most valuable. Methods: Through interviewing 20 of the most influential and pressured leaders of Fortune 1,000 companies, this qualitative study answers three important questions: what drains vitality, what fosters it, and how do leaders most effectively utilize vitality for followers? Results: The results shed light on psychological mechanisms that drain leaders' vitality, including emotional labor, self-control, loss of job control, the unproductive mindsets of others, and isolation created from the role. In terms of fostering vitality, several of the pathways of the PERMA+4 model of well-being were highlighted, including fostering relationships, physical health, accomplishment, mindset, meaning, environment, and engagement. Two additional themes that foster vitality included job autonomy and time away from work. Themes emerged that underscore how leaders utilize their vitality for followers, and the potentially detrimental impacts to leadership when leaders are drained. Discussion: Overall, results highlight the importance of vitality and self-care as critical for leaders' ability to maximize their leadership performance.

Mediating Role of PERMA Wellbeing in the Relationship between Insomnia and Psychological Distress among Nursing College Students.

BACKGROUND: Psychological distress is an important mental health problem in college students. Insomnia may be a major factor contributing to psychological distress. This study aimed to explore the indirect relationship between insomnia and psychological distress through the five PERMA wellbeing variables (i.e., positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning in life, and achievement) among nursing college students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in China using an online survey design. Mediation analyses were examined using the PROCESS macro version 4.1 for SPSS 27.0. A total of 1741 nursing college students completed the online survey. RESULTS: Insomnia was positively associated with psychological distress (p < 0.01, r = 0.673), while negative associations were detected between PERMA wellbeing variables and insomnia (p < 0.01, r range = -0.176 and -0.272), as well as psychological distress (p < 0.01, r range = -0.196 and -0.386). The association between insomnia and psychological distress was partially mediated by the participants' positive emotions (indirect effect = 0.137, SE = 0.024, 95% CI boot = [0.094, 0.188]), engagement (indirect effect = -0.033, SE = 0.010, 95% CI boot = [-0.054, -0.017]), and meaning in life (indirect effect = 0.027, SE = 0.014, 95% CI boot = [0.001, 0.055]) but not their relationships or achievement of the PERMA wellbeing variables. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that the PERMA wellbeing variables, especially positive emotions, engagement, and meaning in life, could be potential mechanisms by which insomnia is associated with psychological distress. The mediating roles of PERMA wellbeing variables between insomnia and psychological distress could be incorporated into the health management of university administrations to promote the health and wellbeing of nursing college students.

Measuring PERMA+4: validation of the German version of the Positive Functioning at Work Scale.

This study investigates the association between the PERMA+4 model and psychological safety, while also examining the validation of the Positive Functioning at Work (PFW) scale in a German-speaking population. The study discovered strong association between PERMA+4 and psychological safety, which raises important questions and potential concerns regarding the jangle fallacy. Similar to the PERMA model, PERMA+4 should be considered a framework for attaining psychological safety. The German version of the PFW scale demonstrated satisfactory fit with the model, indicating its factorial validity. To gain insights into promoting workplace wellbeing, it is recommended to conduct longitudinal studies to determine whether psychological safety is a cause or result of PERMA+4. This study enhances our understanding of workplace wellbeing and emphasizes the association between PERMA+4 and psychological safety.

Impact of spiritual values on tourists' psychological wellbeing: evidence from China's Buddhist mountains.

Spiritual values can be a source of meaning for people, and can also determine their feelings, behavior, and mental health. In China's Buddhist mountains, we collected a total of 400 valid questionnaires from Mount Putuo and Mount Jiuhua, and identified spiritual values as transcendence, general connectedness, inner balance, positive life direction, and special religious feelings. We also explored the impact of these spiritual values on tourists' psychological wellbeing according to the PERMA model (positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement). The results revealed that the more easily attained spiritual values (general connectedness, positive life direction, and special religious feelings) had a greater influence on psychological wellbeing than the less easily-attained spiritual values (transcendence and inner balance). Positive emotion and meaning, as components of psychological wellbeing, were strongly influenced by the four spiritual values, whereas engagement, accomplishment, and relationships were influenced by fewer spiritual values. The research contributes to the existing knowledge on spiritual values by analyzing their dimensions and relationships with tourists' wellbeing from different levels, and also provides empirical suggestions for the sustainable development of religious tourism destinations.

Art engagement and psychological well-being among community-dwelling older adults in Japan: an observational cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: Art engagement, which includes individual art activities and museum and gallery visits, potentially contributes to improving psychological well-being. However, there is insufficient evidence of its effects on the older population, and few reports are from Asia, including Japan. This study examined the association between art engagement and psychological well-being among older adults in Japan. STUDY DESIGN: An observational cross-sectional study design was used. METHODS: Community-dwelling older adults aged ≥60 years were recruited from the visitors to public facilities (including community centres, sports centres and cultural centres) in Aichi, Japan, in 2022, and completed questionnaires. The psychological well-being assessment included five domains according to Seligman's PERMA framework: Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationship, Meaning and Accomplishment. Regarding art engagement, the frequencies of active art engagement (e.g. activities by individuals and participation in groups, such as music and painting) and receptive art engagement (e.g. visiting museums, galleries and the theatres) were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 522 participants were included in the analysis (mean age = 74.1 years; 78.0% females). Results from the multivariable linear regression analysis, which adjusted for demographic and socio-economic factors, revealed that higher frequencies of active art engagement were significantly associated with higher scores in all five PERMA domain scores. Higher frequencies of receptive art engagement were significantly associated with higher levels of Positive emotion, Engagement and Meaning domain scores, but were only marginally associated with the Accomplishment domain and were not associated with the Relationships domain. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that art engagement has the potential to enhance psychological well-being among older adults. National and local government strategies to increase accessibility to art and cultural activities for older adults are recommended.

The effect of the PERMA model-based positive psychological intervention on the quality of life of patients with breast cancer.

Objective: This research focused on exploring the impact of the PERMA model-based positive psychological intervention according to the negative emotions and quality of life of individuals with breast cancer. Methods: A total of 82 individuals with breast cancer from our hospital were categorized into two groups randomly; the control group and the observation group (41 affected individuals each). The individuals in the control group underwent routine nursing intervention, while the ones in the observation group underwent PERMA nursing as per routine nursing intervention. Self-rating anxiety and depression scales along with Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast were employed for the evaluation and analysis of patient status in both groups before and after the intervention. Results: Following the intervention, the observation group's scores on self-rating anxiety and depression scales were considerably lower when compared with those in the control group (P < 0.001), and the physical, social, family, emotional, and functional statuses, along with additional attention and the total score of quality of Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast in the observation group were considerably lower in comparison with those in the control group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The PERMA model-based positive psychological intervention program can ease the anxiety and depression of individuals with breast cancer, improve their quality of life, and has a good prospect of clinical application.