The association between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and skin cancer: Different responses in American and European populations.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a comprehensive systematic meta-analysis investigating the association of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and their subtypes with skin cancer (SC) and its subclasses (basal cell carcinoma BCC; squamous cell carcinoma SCC; melanoma; nonmelanoma skin cancer NMSC) in general, American and European populations. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched up to 24 February 2019. Pooled effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals were used to estimate associations. RESULTS: Results based on 26 original studies including 223,619 cases and 1,398,507 controls showed both NSAIDs and nonselective Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors to be statistically significantly associated with a reduced risk of SC, BCC, SCC and NMSC but not with melanoma. Conversely, no association was observed between selective Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors and SC or its subclasses. Further subgroup analysis showed that the results analyzed for American populations were almost the same as those for the general population. For European populations, neither NSAIDs nor its subtypes correlated significantly with susceptibility to SC or its subclasses. CONCLUSIONS: The use of NSAIDs might reduce the risk of SC, but many factors including study population, drug subtype, and disease subclass affect the significance of the association.

Toward of Safer Phenylbutazone Derivatives by Exploration of Toxicity Mechanism.

A drug design for safer phenylbutazone was been explored by reactivity and docking studies involving single electron transfer mechanism, as well as toxicological predictions. Several approaches about its structural properties were performed through quantum chemistry calculations at the B3LYP level of theory, together with the 6-31+G(d,p) basis sets. Molecular orbital and ionization potential were associated to electron donation capacity. The spin densities contribution showed a preferential hydroxylation at the para-positions of phenyl ring when compared to other positions. In addition, on electron abstractions the aromatic hydroxylation has more impact than alkyl hydroxylation. Docking studies indicate that six structures 1, 7, 8 and 13⁻15 have potential for inhibiting human as well as murine COX-2, due to regions showing similar intermolecular interactions to the observed for the control compounds (indomethacin and refecoxib). Toxicity can be related to aromatic hydroxylation. In accordance to our calculations, the derivatives here proposed are potentially more active as well safer than phenylbutazone and only structures 8 and 13⁻15 were the most promising. Such results can explain the biological properties of phenylbutazone and support the design of potentially safer candidates.

Oxidative Alteration of Trp-214 and Lys-199 in Human Serum Albumin Increases Binding Affinity with Phenylbutazone: A Combined Experimental and Computational Investigation.

Human serum albumin (HSA) is a target for reactive oxygen species (ROS), and alterations of its physiological functions caused by oxidation is a current issue. In this work, the amino-acid residues Trp-214 and Lys-199, which are located at site I of HSA, were experimentally and computationally oxidized, and the effect on the binding constant with phenylbutazone was measured. HSA was submitted to two mild oxidizing reagents, taurine monochloramine (Tau-NHCl) and taurine dibromamine (Tau-NBr2). The oxidation of Trp-214 provoked spectroscopic alterations in the protein which were consistent with the formation of N'-formylkynurenine. It was found that the oxidation of HSA by Tau-NBr2, but not by Tau-NHCl, provoked a significant increase in the association constant with phenylbutazone. The alterations of Trp-214 and Lys-199 were modeled and simulated by changing these residues using the putative oxidation products. Based on the Amber score function, the interaction energy was measured, and it showed that, while native HSA presented an interaction energy of -21.3 kJ/mol, HSA with Trp-214 altered to N'-formylkynurenine resulted in an energy of -28.4 kJ/mol, and HSA with Lys-199 altered to its carbonylated form resulted in an energy of -33.9 kJ/mol. In summary, these experimental and theoretical findings show that oxidative alterations of amino-acid residues at site I of HSA affect its binding efficacy.

Efficiency of transabdominal ultrasound examination in aid to early diagnosis of induced right dorsal colitis in horses / Eficiência do exame ultrassonográfico transabdominal no auxílio ao diagnóstico precoce da colite dorsal direita induzida em equinos / Eficiencia del examen ecográfico transabdominal como ayuda en el diagnóstico precoz de la colitis dorsal derecha inducida en equinos

Abstract The Right Dorsal Colitis (CDD) is an enteropathy characterized by wall inflammation and edema and ulceration of the mucosa of the right dorsal colon in horses. Its occurrence is associated with prolonged use and/or overdoses of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), especially phenylbutazone (FBTZ). Clinical abnormalities include anorexia, colic, hypoproteinemia, neutropenia, endotoxemia, diarrhea and weight loss. The ultrasound examination (EUS) is important in the diagnosis of abdominal abnormalities. Aiming to evaluate the efficiency of EUS in the early diagnosis of CDD, EUS were performed regularly in five horses (C1-C5) underwent protocol of induction experimental colitis. Five images per animal were taken on alternate days (D0-D14), between the 11th and 15th intercostal spaces in right side and, in each image, the wall thickness of the right dorsal colon was measured in millimeters (mm) at four different sites. There was no difference between D0 (3.4±0.55mm) and D3 (4.9 ±1.79 mm), but in D5 (7.17 ±1.28 mm), D7 (7.00 ±1.68 mm) and D9 (6.71 ±2.27 mm), there was significant increase in colon wall thickness in relation to D0 and D3 (p=0.05). Since the onset of relevant clinical signs, such as diarrhea was evident in all animals only in D9, it was concluded that ultrasonography of the right dorsal colon is sensitive method as early diagnosis of CDD.

A Colite Dorsal Direita (CDD) é uma enteropatia caracterizada por inflamação, edema mural e ulcerações da mucosa do cólon dorsal direito de equinos. Sua ocorrência associa-se ao uso prolongado e/ou sobredoses de antiinflamatórios n ão esteroidais (AINEs), principalmente fenilbutazona (FBTZ). As alterações clínicas incluem anorexia, cólica, hipoproteinemia, neutropenia, endotoxemia, diarreia e perda de peso. O exame ultrassonográfico (EUS) é importante como auxílio no diagnóstico de anormalidades abdominais. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência do EUS no diagnóstico precoce da CDD foram realizados EUS periódicos em cinco equinos (C1-C5) submetidos a protocolo experimental de colites. Cinco imagens ultrassonográficas por animal foram obtidas em dias alternados (D0-D14), entre o 11º e 15º espaços intercostais direitos e, em cada imagem, a espessura da parede do cólon dorsal direito foi mensurada em milímetros (mm) em quatro áreas diferentes. N ão houve diferença entre D0 (3,4 ±0,55 mm) e D3 (4,9 ±1,79 mm), porém em D5 (7,17 ±1,28 mm), D7 (7,00 ±1,68 mm) e D9 (6,71 ±2,27 mm), constatou-se aumento significativo da espessura da parede do cólon em relação a D0 e D3 (p=0,05). Já que o início dos sinais clínicos importantes foi evidente nos animais somente em D9, concluiu-se que o EUS do cólon dorsal direito é sensível como método diagnóstico precoce da CDD.

La Colitis Dorsal Derecha (CDD) es una enteropatía caracterizada por inflamación, edema de pared y ulceraciones de la mucosa del colon dorsal derecho de equinos. Su ocurrencia se asocia al uso prolongado o sobredosis de antinflamatorios no esteroides (Aines), principalmente la fenilbutazona (FBTZ). Las alteraciones clínicas incluyen anorexia, cólico, hipoproteinemia, neutropenia, endotoxemia, diarrea y pérdida de peso. El examen ecográfico (EET) es importante como auxilio diagnóstico de anormalidades abdominales. Con el objetivo de evaluar la eficiencia del EET en el diagnóstico precoz de CDD fueron realizados EET periódicos en cinco equinos (C1- C5) sometidos a un protocolo experimental de colitis. Cinco imágenes ecográficas por animal fueron obtenidas en días alternados (D0-D14); entre el 11º y 15º espacios intercostales derechos y en cada imagen, el espesor del colon dorsal derecho fue medido en milímetros (mm) en cuatro áreas diferentes. No hubo diferencia entre D0 (3,4 ±0,55 mm) y D3 (4,9 ±1,79 mm), sin embargo en D5 (7,17 ±1,28 mm), D7 (7,00 ±1,68 mm) y D9 (6,71 ±2,27 mm), se estableció un aumento significativo del espesor de la pared del colon en relación a D0 y D3 (p=0,05). Debido al inicio evidente de signos clínicos importantes solo a partir de D9, se concluye que el EET del colon dorsal derecho es sensible como método diagnóstico precoz de CDD.

Comparação da ação analgésica do emprego sistêmico de tramadol, fenilbutazona, ou ambas as combinações em equinos submetidos à artroscopia / Comparasion of the analgesic effect of sistemic tramadol, phenylbuyazone, or both combination in horses undergoing artroscopy surgery

A utilização do tramadol por via sistêmica é uma ótima opção no tratamento analgésico pós-operatório em outras espécies, promovendo analgesia satisfatória e de duração moderada com mínimos efeitos colaterais. Entretanto, os efeitos do emprego deste fármaco na espécie eqüina ainda são pouco conhecidos, bem como sua real aplicação, pois faltam estudos clínicos nesta espécie. Portanto, este estudo teve o intuito de comparar a ação analgésica da administração de tramadol, fenilbutazona, ou ambas combinações em cavalos submetidos à cirurgias de artroscopia. Avaliou-se o efeito analgésico através da escala numérica de dor, escala descritiva composta, escala facial e escala proposta por Lascelles. Foram também avaliadas as alterações na freqüência cardíaca, freqüência respiratória, alterações de motilidade gastrointestinal, recuperação anestésica, bem como os níveis sérico de cortisol, TNF-α, IL-1Ra, e IL-10. [...] Com base nos resultados obtidos, pôde-se concluir que o tramadol, a fenilbutazona e a associação tramadol-fenilbutazona promoveram analgesia de boa qualidade no pós-operatório de artroscopia em cavalos; o tramadol na dosagem de 2 mg/kg mostrou eficácia analgésica semelhante à fenilbutazona; e não foram observado efeitos adversos relacionados aos parâmetros fisiológicos durante o período do estudo

The use of tramadol systemically is a great option for treating postoperative pain in other species, providing satisfactory analgesia with moderate duration and minimal side effects. However, the effects of this drug in horses are still poorly understood, and also its application, because clinical trials are lacking in this species. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the analgesic effect of tramadol, phenylbutazone, or both combinations in horses undergoing arthroscopic surgery. The analgesic effect was evaluated using numeric pain scale, descriptive composite pain scale, facial scale and the scale proposed by Lascelles. Changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, gastrointestinal motility, anesthesia recovery, and the serum levels of cortisol, TNF-α, IL-1Ra, and IL-10 were also evaluated. [...] Based on these results, we conclude that tramadol, phenylbutazone and tramadol-phenylbutazone promoted good analgesia in arthroscopy postoperative period in horses; tramadol dosage of 2 mg/kg presented similar analgesic efficacy to phenylbutazone, and there was no adverse effect related to physiological parameters during the study period

Muerte súbita asociada a hipersensibilidad tipo I en un equino pura sangre de carrera / Sudden death associated to type I hypersensitivity in a racing horse

El objetivo de este estudio fue reportar un caso de hipersensibilidad tipo I con muerte súbita en un equino Pura Sangre de Carrera en el Hipódromo “La Rinconada” Caracas, Venezuela. Se tomaron muestras de sangre y orina para estudios toxicológicos mediante la técnica de ELISA competitivo. Se le práctico la técnica de necropsia, fueron colectadas muestras de musculo, tejido pulmonar, hepático, renal, gástrico, esplénico, corazón y sistema nervioso central para estudio histopatológico, las muestras fueron procesados por los métodos convencionales histológicos. Los hallazgos de necropsia fueron flebitis severa en vena yugular derecha, con hematoma en el surco yugular. Edema severo de glotis, edema, congestión y hemorragia pulmonar. Hemorragia petequial subendocardica. Bazo esplenocontraido y con focos de necrosis de coagulación. Hidronefrosis aguda con hematuria. Hígado con patrón lobulillar acentuado. El resto de los órganos con evidente congestión y hemorragia. Los cortes histológicos evidenciaron edema, congestión y hemorragia pulmonar severa. Hemorragia subepicardica marcada. Edema subcapsular esplénico y necrosis centro-folicular. Degeneración hidropica tubular, necrosis tubular aguda. Necrosis de corteza renal. Los estudios toxicológicos permitieron la detección de furosemida y fenilbutazona en las muestras de sangre y orina. En conclusión se reporta un síndrome de hipersensibilidad tipo I asociado a la administración de un producto comercial a base de Vitamina E 80mg, Pangamato sódico (B15) 1 mg, Selenio Sódico 0.6 mg, Antioxidantes y Vehículos Solubles c.s.p. con colapso, shock y muerte aguda en un equino Pura Sangre de Carrera mediante un estudio multidisciplinario clínico, anatomopatologico y toxicológico.

The aim of this study was to report a case of type I hypersensitivity to sudden death in a Thoroughbred race horses at the Hippodrome “La Rinconada” Caracas, Venezuela. Samples of blood and urine for toxicology studies using competitive ELISA. He practiced the technique of necropsy, samples were collected from muscle, lung tissue, liver, kidney, stomach, spleen, heart and central nervous system for histopathological examination, samples were processed by conventional histological methods. Autopsy findings were severe phlebitis right jugular vein, with hematoma in the jugular groove. Severe edema of glottis edema, pulmonary congestion and hemorrhage. Subendocardial petechial hemorrhage. Esplenocontraido Spleen foci of necrosis and coagulation. Hydronephrosis with acute hematuria. Liver accentuated lobular pattern. The rest of the organs with obvious congestion and hemorrhage. The histological sections showed edema, severe pulmonary congestion and hemorrhage. Marked subepicardial hemorrhage. Edema and necrosis subcapsular splenic follicular center. Tubular hydropic degeneration, acute tubular necrosis. Necrosis of renal cortex. Toxicological studies allowed the detection of furosemide and phenylbutazone in samples of blood and urine. In conclusion we report type I hypersensitivity syndrome associated with the administration of a commercial product based Vitamin E 80mg, sodium pangamate (B15) 1 mg, 0.6 mg; Sodium Selenium, Soluble Antioxidants and Vehicle qs with collapse, shock and acute death in a race Thoroughbred horses by a multidisciplinary clinical, pathological and toxicological.

Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatorydrug on prevalence of helicobacter like organisms in gastric mucosa of thoroughbreds horses

The aim of this study was describe effects of NonsteroidalAnti-inflammatory drug on prevalence of Helicobacter LikeOrganisms in gastric mucosa of Thoroughbreds horses. Werestudied 54 Thoroughbred horses in the national race Track“La Rinconada” Caracas-Venezuela. All equine were treatedby seven days with phenylbutazone at an intravenous doseof 4.4 mg/kg. All horses presented Equine gastric ulcer syndromeacute superficial gastritis (25/54), chronic gastritis witherosion focal (16/54), chronic gastritis with erosion focal andulcers (14/54) in the gastric in both regions mucosa squamousregion and glandular regions (fundus). Helicobacter Like Organismsinfection in the stomach was confirmed by Warthin-Starry (38/54). Gastric mucosa revealed numerous spiralshapedbacteria morphologically resembling Helicobacter LikeOrganisms in squamous regions, margo plicatus (20/38) andnumerous spiral-shaped bacteria in fundic glands (18/54). Inconclusion, we detected high presence of Helicobacter LikeOrganisms in the gastric mucosa of Thoroughbred horse’streatment with phenylbutazone.

Intoxicación con fenilbutazona en un equino: reporte de un caso / Toxicity with phenylbutazone in a horse: a case report

Se describe el caso de un equino que desarrolló graves lesiones digestivas después de recibir dosis altasde fenilbutazona (FBZ) para tratar una claudicación. Al momento de la consulta tenía 9 días de evolución.Desde su llegada al hospital, se observó cojera grave de las cuatro extremidades, deshidratación y diarreafétida. Luego del examen físico, la anamnesis y las ayudas diagnósticas se propuso un dictamen de laminitis traumática, gastritis ulcerativa y colitis por intoxicación con antiinflamatorios no esteroides (AINES). Lacondición empeoró a pesar de la terapia y cuando se presentaron signos neurológicos se sugirió la eutanasia.Durante la necropsia se observaron lesiones graves en el tracto gastrointestinal, cascos y encéfalo. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la sintomatología, terapia y evolución de un paciente intoxicado con aines.

It is described a clinic case of an equine that developed severe digestive lesions after taking high dosage ofphenylbutazone to treat a lameness. At the moment of checking, it had nine days of evolution. Since its arrivingto the hospital, it was seen an intense lameness of the four limbs, dehydration and fetid diarrhea. After the physicexam, the interrogatory and the diagnostic aids it was proposed a diagnosis of traumatic laminitis, ulcerative gastritis and colitis by intoxication with Non-steroidal anti-inflamatory drug (NSAIDs). The condition became worse despite the therapy and when the neurological signs were presented. It was suggested the euthanasia. During the necropsy, it was seen severe lesions in the gastrointestinal tract, hooves and brain. The objective of this article is to describe la symptomatology, therapy and evolution of the intoxicated patient with NSAIDs.

Descreve-se o caso de um cavalo que desenvolveu lesões digestivas graves após receber altas doses defenilbutazona (FBZ) para tratar uma claudicação. No momento da consulta havia 9 dias de evolução. Desdesua chegada ao hospital, observou-se manqueira grave nas quatro extremidades, desidratação e diarréia fétida. Após o exame físico, a anamnese e os meios diagnósticos concluiu-se se tratar de laminite traumática, gastriteulcerativa e colite por intoxicaçãocom anti-inflamatórios não esteróides (AINES). A condição piorou apesardo tratamento e, quando apresentou sinais neurológicos, sugeriu-se a eutanásia. Na necrópsia observaram-selesões graves no trato gastrointestinal, cascos e enféfalo. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever os sintomas, otratamento e a evolução de um paciente intoxicado com AINES.

Efeitos da fenilbutazona na cicatrização de feridas cutâneas experimentais em equinos / Phenylbutazone effects on experimental wound healing in horses

No processo de cicatrização por segunda intenção de feridas cutâneas experimentalmente induzidas em equinos, avaliaram-se os efeitos da fenilbutazona e comparou-se a cicatrização entre as regiões torácica e lombar. Utilizaram-se dez equinos, dos quais se retirou fragmentos circulares de pele de dois centímetros de diâmetro das regiões lombares e torácicas direita e esquerda. Os equinos foram distribuídos em dois grupos, sendo o primeiro controle, recebendo água destilada a cada 12 horas, durante cinco dias. O outro grupo foi tratado com fenilbutazona (4,4 mg/kg) com o mesmo intervalo e período do grupo controle. As feridas foram tratadas diariamente com Líquido de Dakin, momentos quando se procederam as observações macroscópicas. A cada 72 horas procederam-se as mensurações das feridas. Para análise histológica realizou-se biópsias no sexto e décimo quinto dia. O tempo total de reparo das feridas no grupo tratado foi maior em aproximadamente 12 dias (37 dias para o grupo controle e 49 dias para o grupo tratado). Não se observou diferença significativa do tempo de cicatrização entre as feridas torácicas e lombares de um mesmo grupo. As avaliações macroscópicas e histopatológicas mostraram o efeito inibidor da fenilbutazona quando comparada com o grupo controle na cicatrização de feridas cutâneas por segunda intenção em equinos.(AU)

The purpose of this study was to investigate phenylbutazone effects on second intention wound healing, and to compare the healing process between the thoracic and lumbar areas. Ten horses were submitted to circular full-thickness wound produced on both sides of the thoracic and lumbar areas. Animals were gathered into two experimental groups, one receiving daily IV injections of phenylbutazone (4,4mg/kg) and the other (control group) distillated water for five days. All wounds were daily treated with local Dakin's solution. The wound contraction rates were determined by serial measurements each 72 hours. At the 6th and 15th post surgical days, biopsies were performed for histological analysis. Thoracic and lumbar wound contraction was decreased in the phenylbutazone group. The time to complete healing was significantly greater in phenylbutazone group (49 days) than in control group (37 days). There was no significant difference between thoracic and lumbar area in the same group. Gross and histopathology analysis showed the inhibitory effect of phenylbutazone on the second-intention wound healing when compared to the control group.(AU)

Efeitos da fenilbutazona na cicatrização de feridas cutâneas experimentais em equinos / Phenylbutazone effects on experimental wound healing in horses

No processo de cicatrização por segunda intenção de feridas cutâneas experimentalmente induzidas em equinos, avaliaram-se os efeitos da fenilbutazona e comparou-se a cicatrização entre as regiões torácica e lombar. Utilizaram-se dez equinos, dos quais se retirou fragmentos circulares de pele de dois centímetros de diâmetro das regiões lombares e torácicas direita e esquerda. Os equinos foram distribuídos em dois grupos, sendo o primeiro controle, recebendo água destilada a cada 12 horas, durante cinco dias. O outro grupo foi tratado com fenilbutazona (4,4 mg/kg) com o mesmo intervalo e período do grupo controle. As feridas foram tratadas diariamente com Líquido de Dakin, momentos quando se procederam as observações macroscópicas. A cada 72 horas procederam-se as mensurações das feridas. Para análise histológica realizou-se biópsias no sexto e décimo quinto dia. O tempo total de reparo das feridas no grupo tratado foi maior em aproximadamente 12 dias (37 dias para o grupo controle e 49 dias para o grupo tratado). Não se observou diferença significativa do tempo de cicatrização entre as feridas torácicas e lombares de um mesmo grupo. As avaliações macroscópicas e histopatológicas mostraram o efeito inibidor da fenilbutazona quando comparada com o grupo controle na cicatrização de feridas cutâneas por segunda intenção em equinos.

The purpose of this study was to investigate phenylbutazone effects on second intention wound healing, and to compare the healing process between the thoracic and lumbar areas. Ten horses were submitted to circular full-thickness wound produced on both sides of the thoracic and lumbar areas. Animals were gathered into two experimental groups, one receiving daily IV injections of phenylbutazone (4,4mg/kg) and the other (control group) distillated water for five days. All wounds were daily treated with local Dakin's solution. The wound contraction rates were determined by serial measurements each 72 hours. At the 6th and 15th post surgical days, biopsies were performed for histological analysis. Thoracic and lumbar wound contraction was decreased in the phenylbutazone group. The time to complete healing was significantly greater in phenylbutazone group (49 days) than in control group (37 days). There was no significant difference between thoracic and lumbar area in the same group. Gross and histopathology analysis showed the inhibitory effect of phenylbutazone on the second-intention wound healing when compared to the control group.

Intoxicação por fenilbutazona em equino: relato de caso / Phenylbutazone toxicosis in a horse: case report

Este relato descreve um caso de intoxicação por fenilbutazona em equino. Equino da raça Mangalarga Marchador, castrado, com 10 anos de idade foi examinado com queixa de anorexia, depressão, edema ventral, úlceras na língua e lábios, além de dor abdominal moderada com 96 horas de duração. 13,2 mg/kg de fenilbutazona foram administradas durante os 15 dias antecedentes ao exame clínico. Achados laboratoriais incluíram hipoproteinemia, hipoalbuminemia, hipocalcemia, além da elevação da concentração sérica de BUN e creatinina.

This report describes one case of phenylbutazone toxicosis in a horse. A 10-year-old Mangalarga Marchador gelding was examined with a 96-hour history of anorexia, depression, ventral edema, tongue and lips ulcers, and moderade abdominal pain. He had received 13,2 mg/kg of phenylbutazone for 15 days before clinical examination. Laboratory findings included hypotroteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypocalcemia, and BUN and creatinine elevated concentrations.

Ativação de plaquetas de eqüinos com laminite induzida e tratados com ketoprofeno, fenilbutazona e flunixin meglumina / Platelets activation in equine with induced laminitis and treated with ketoprophen, phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumin

Avaliou-se a ativação de plaquetas em 20 eqüinos com laminite induzida, tratados com ketoprofeno, fenilbutazona e flunixin meglumina. As alterações de plaquetas incluíram mudança de forma, alteração da relação entre os eixos maior e menor, aumento de perímetro, emissão de pseudópodes, aumento no número de alfa-grânulos e de grânulos de glicogênio e redução no número de gama-grânulos. As plaquetas de eqüinos, quando ativadas, apresentaram perfil de organela diferente de plaquetas normais, e as drogas antiinflamatórias, não-esteroidais, demonstraram atividade na ativação plaquetária de eqüinos in vivo. O flunixin meglumina apresentou melhor atividade em modular a ativação plaquetária de eqüinos in vivo do que a fenilbutazona e o ketoprofeno.(AU)

The platelets activation from 20 equines submitted to laminitis induction and treated with ketoprophen, phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumin, was evaluated. The platelets changes included shape change, altered relations between axis, increased perimeter, pseudopodia, increased alpha-granules and glycogen-granules, and decreased in gamma-granules. Platelets when activated present a different organelle profile than normal ones. Equine activated platelets had different organelles profile than normal ones, and anti-inflammatory drugs can modulate the platelet activation, being the flunixin meglumin better than phenylbutazone and ketoprophen.(AU)