ABSTRACT
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic and cosmopolitan infection. Although a few studies have evaluated the prevalence of Toxoplasma oocysts in the soil of public places, the present study was conducted to provide insights into environmental contamination levels and its potential transmission to humans on a global scale. A systematic search was conducted using bibliographic databases through 30 August 2020. A random effects model was utilized to estimate pooled prevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup analysis and meta-regressions were also performed on the geographical and environmental parameters. Finally, 22 articles, wherein 15 420 soil samples were examined, met the systematic review and meta-analysis requirements. The mean pooled prevalence of Toxoplasma oocysts was estimated at 16% (95% CI 10 to 26) in public places. The estimated prevalences in Europe, South America, Asia and North America were 23% (95% CI 4 to 65), 22% (95% CI 18 to 26), 15% (95% CI 0.06 to 33) and 8% (95% CI 0.00 to 97), respectively. An increasing trend was observed in the prevalence of Toxoplasma oocysts with increasing latitude (41-56°), decreasing longitude (0-40°) and increasing relative humidity (≥76%). Loop-mediated isothermal amplification and polymerase chain reaction methods revealed the highest and lowest prevalence rates, respectively, in the detection of Toxoplasma oocysts. Awareness of the health authorities and people about Toxoplasma prevalence in the soil of public places and its risk factors is of great importance to developing effective strategies to prevent infection.
Subject(s)
Toxoplasma , Animals , Asia , Europe , Humans , Molecular Diagnostic Techniques , North America , Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques , Oocysts , Soil , South AmericaABSTRACT
Objective To assess depression and anxiety symptoms of adolescents with epilepsy compared with adolescents without epilepsy. Method The study sample consisted of: case participants (50 subjects) attending the pediatric epilepsy clinic of a tertiary hospital and control participants (51 subjects) from public schools. The instruments utilized were: identification card with demographic and epilepsy data, Beck Depression Inventory and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Results No significant differences were founded between the groups regarding scores for depression and anxiety symptoms but both groups presented moderate scores of anxiety. A correlation was found between low scores anxiety and not frequent seizures, low scores anxiety and perception of seizure control, high scores of anxiety and depression and occurrence of seizures in public places. Conclusion Low scores of anxiety are associated with not frequent seizures; high scores of anxiety and depression are associated with occurrence of seizures in public places. .
Objetivo O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os sintomas de ansiedade e depressão de adolescentes com epilepsia comparados com adolescentes sem epilepsia. Método A amostra consistiu: grupo caso (50 indivíduos) atendidos no ambulatório de epilepsia infantil do Hospital Universitário e grupo controle (51 indivíduos) de escolas públicas. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: cartão com dados demográficos e de epilepsia, Beck Depression Inventory e State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Resultados Os resultados não mostraram diferenças significativas entre os grupos em relação à depressão e ansiedade, mas ambos os grupos apresentaram escores moderados de ansiedade. Foi encontrada correlação entre baixa pontuação de ansiedade e crises não frequentes e percepção de controle de crises; altas pontuações de ansiedade e depressão e ocorrência de crises em lugares públicos. Conclusão Variáveis psicossociais e da doença são contingências importantes no comportamento adaptativo e controle do humor em uma doença crônica como a epilepsia. .
Subject(s)
Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Laparoscopy , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/instrumentation , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods , Laparoscopy/methodsABSTRACT
Objetivo. Cuantificar la exposición al humo de tabaco ajeno (HTA) en lugares públicos de México, con el fin de impulsar políticas locales de ambientes 100 por ciento libres de humo de tabaco. Material y métodos. Se monitoreó aleatoriamente 20 por ciento de las áreas interiores de hospitales, escuelas y oficinas públicas de Monterrey, Guadalajara y la Ciudad de México. La concentración mediana de nicotina ambiental fue estimada por ciudad, tipo de espacio público y área interior. Resultados. La concentración mediana en los espacios donde se detectó nicotina fue de 0.06 µg/m3 (P25=0.03, P75=0.12 µg/m3), las mayores concentraciones se obtuvieron en la Ciudad de México y en las oficinas públicas. No se detectó nicotina en 75 por ciento de los espacios monitoreados. Conclusiones. El monitoreo ambiental de nicotina es una herramienta útil para fortalecer la implementación y evaluar el cumplimiento de la política de ambientes 100 por ciento libres de humo de tabaco.
Objective. To quantify environmental tobacco smoke exposure in public places in Mexico to promote policies of 100 percent smoke-free environments. Materials and Methods. In hospitals, schools and public offices of Monterrey, Guadalajara and Mexico City 20 percent of inner areas were monitored. Median nicotine concentrations were estimated by city, type of public space and type of inner area. Results. Median concentration in areas where nicotine was detected was 0.06 µg/m3 (P25=0.03, P75=0.12 µg/m3). Higher concentrations were found in Mexico City and in public offices. Nicotine was not detected in 75 percent of monitored areas. Conclusions. Monitoring environmental nicotine is a useful tool to evaluate compliance of public places with the smoke-free environments legislation, and could constitute an important source of information to strengthen implementation efforts.