Exploring the relationship between trunk muscles and lower limb injuries in Australian badminton players.

Due to its dynamic nature, lower limb injuries are common in badminton. Overuse injuries of the knee, including tendon related conditions, are the most common. During jumping and landing, force transference and dissipation through the trunk is required, with the trunk muscles playing a vital role. However, the relationship between knee pain and the ability to voluntarily contract the trunk muscles has not yet been explored in badminton players. A cross-sectional study of Australian badminton players was therefore conducted. Players performed a single leg decline squat to identify those with knee pain. Ultrasound imaging was used to image and measure the size of the multifidus and quadratus lumborum, and the ability to contract the abdominal and multifidus muscles. Voluntary contraction of the trunk muscles was conducted with the subjects lying down. Independent samples T-Tests were performed to test for between group differences. Badminton players with knee pain had larger quadratus lumborum muscles and demonstrated a greater change in muscle thickness from the rested to contracted state. While we cannot comment on causation or direction, over co-contraction of trunk muscles has been shown in other studies to be associated with increased ground reaction forces on landing. Motor control training has been successfully used in other conditions to modify trunk muscle recruitment patterns and may therefore potentially represent a useful approach for badminton players.

Analysing tie-break performance of professional tennis players at Grand Slam matches.

A tiebreak in tennis is one of the critical moments where players are expected to excel under mental pressure and maintain high level of performance. Despite the importance of tiebreak points, research exploring the performance of male and female players during such match phrase remains limited. This study aimed to investigate i) the overall tiebreak performance of male and female players in relation to the outcome, ii) to examine their point-level performance by considering different contextual variables. A total of 535 tiebreaks comprising 6380 points from the 2016-2021 US Open men's and women's singles matches were collected. The difference in match performance between winning and losing players within the entire tiebreak game was explored. A subsequent decision tree analysis was then used to analyse the effect of the contextual and performance variables on tiebreak point-by-point outcome. The results showed that male and female Winning players outperformed the Losing players in 1st Serve, Serve Width and Net approach performance. The analysis of point-level performance showed that Net point, Score scene, and Point server substantially impacted tennis players' tiebreak outcome. These findings provide valuable insight for coaches and players, informing tiebreak tactics tailoring and training in relevance to different match status.

Preliminary Application of Infrared Thermography to Monitoring of Skin Temperature Asymmetries in Professional Padel Players.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate skin temperature (Tsk) asymmetries, using infrared thermography, in professional padel players before (PRE), after (POST) and 10 min after training (POST10), and their relationship with perceptual variables and training characteristics. Thermal images were taken of 10 players before, after and 10 min after a standardized technical training. After training, Tsk of the dominant side was higher than before training in the anterior forearm (30.8 ± 0.4 °C vs. 29.1 ± 1.2 °C, p < 0.01; ES = 1.9), anterior shoulder (31.6 ± 0.6 °C vs. 30.9 ± 0.6 °C, p < 0.05; ES = 1.0) posterior arm (29.5 ± 1.0 °C vs. 28.3 ± 1.2 °C, p < 0.05; ES = 1.0), and posterior forearm (30.8 ± 0.9 °C vs. 29.3 ± 1.6 °C, p < 0.05; ES = 1.1). Likewise, these differences were significant POST10 in the anterior arm, anterior forearm, anterior shoulder, posterior arm and posterior forearm. Comparing the different moments of measurement (PRE, POST and POST10), the temperature was higher POST10 in all the regions analyzed except for the shoulder, abdominals, and lower back. Also, correlations were found between fatigue variation and temperature variation between limbs (Tsk dominance), and no correlation was found except between age and posterior thigh (|r| = 0.69; p < 0.05), and between the racket mass and anterior knee (|r| = 0.81; p < 0.01). In conclusion, infrared thermography allows monitoring of skin asymmetries between limbs in professional padel players, but these asymmetries were not related to overall fatigue variation, overall pain variation, years of experience and training hours.

Analysis of Off-The-Wall Smash Shots in Men's and Women's Professional Padel.

PURPOSE: our aim was to analyze the characteristics of the off-the-wall smash in men´s and women´s padel, and to compare gender differences in the set-dependent frequency of these shots. STUDY SAMPLE: through systematic observation, we analyzed 441 off-the-wall smashes from the Final Master of the 2022 season of the World Padel Tour. RESULTS: showed that the women performed twice as many off-the-wall smashes as the men. This shot was executed most frequently (90%) from the center and right side of the court and from the dominant side, usually providing volley continuity (73%) and sometimes resulting in point winners (21.5%). Furthermore, there were gender differences, depending on the defense zone from which the wall smashes were defended (p = .014) and on the final match result (p = .018). In men's padel, the losing pair performed more off-the-wall smashes, while in women's padel, the winning pair performed more of these smashes. Finally, between both genders, most off-the-wall smashes occurred in the first set and decreased in number in the third set, with the second set containing the fewest off-the wall smashes.

Multidimensional and Longitudinal Approaches in Talent Identification and Development in Racket Sports: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Better methods to support talent identification and development processes may contribute to more effective and efficient athlete development programs in racket sports. Both researchers and practitioners recommend multidimensional and longitudinal approaches to better understand the nature of talent (development). However, the added value of these 'innovative' approaches has not yet been clarified for racket sports. This systematic review intends to gain further insight into the outcomes of multidimensional and longitudinal approaches for talent identification and development in racket sports and to provide directions for future talent research. METHODS: Electronic searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science (January 2000-August 2022). Search terms covered the areas of racket sports and talent in sports. Studies using multidimensional and/or longitudinal talent approaches were included and analyzed regarding the methodology, included performance characteristics (i.e., anthropometrical, physiological, technical, tactical, psychological), and study findings. RESULTS: A total of thirty-two studies were included using multidimensional (n = 15), unidimensional longitudinal (n = 3) or multidimensional longitudinal designs (n = 14). Most research covered physiological characteristics (n = 28), while fewer articles investigated anthropometrics (n = 21) and technical characteristics (n = 16). Only limited research investigated psychological (n = 4) and tactical characteristics (n = 1). Almost all studies measured physiological characteristics in combination with other characteristics. There was moderate to strong evidence that physiological and technical characteristics have value for athlete development programs in racket sports. Positive but limited evidence was found for psychological and tactical characteristics. Anthropometrical assessments were generally used as controlling variables for maturation. Study designs varied, and many studies used unidimensional statistical models and analyses within multidimensional study designs and datasets. CONCLUSIONS: This review provides an overview of talent research using multidimensional and/or longitudinal approaches within racket sports and gives guidance on what characteristics to include in decision-making and monitoring processes. However, it remains difficult to draw conclusions about the added values of these approaches due to their variety in methodology. Future talent research should include more consistent study designs and conduct multidimensional and longitudinal studies using multivariate statistical approaches that benefit from the data's multidimensionality.

Biophysical characterization of the tennis serve: A systematic scoping review with evidence gap map.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess the available evidence on the biophysics of the tennis serve, mapping the populations, interventions, contexts and other relevant information to highlight what is already known and to identify gaps in the literature. DESIGN: Systematic scoping review with evidence gap map. METHODS: The protocol was designed according to PRISMA 2020, Prisma-ScR guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook. The searches were conducted on July 20, 2022 and updated on April 1, 2023, in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science (core collection). The risk of bias assessment was performed using the Cochranes method for nonrandomized studies (RoBANS) and a narrative synthesis of the main findings was performed and supplemented with an evidence gap map. RESULTS: Most trials were found on serve kinematics and kinetics (95 %), analyzing only flat serves (84 and 72 %, respectively). Few trials focused on physiology (20 %; e.g. biomarkers), under-19, left or both-handed, female and intermediate beginner or starter players (29, 17, 8 and 7 %, respectively). We found a preponderance of low and unclear risk of bias (63 and 31 %, respectively) and only 7 % high, particularly, on the assessment of confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS: The current scoping review reveals a few trials on physiological rather than biomechanical variables, as well as the absence of the kick and slice serve, foot-back and foot-up serve, and left-handed, female, and young player analyses. We did not find systematic mistakes or limitations in the design, conduct, or analysis that would distort the results, since only 7 % presented a high risk of bias.

Performance Analysis in Padel: A Systematic Review.

The aim of the study was to carry out a systematic review of the most recent research on performance analysis in padel. An electronic search was made in four sport science databases: Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus and Google Scholar. Systematic review principles were used to identify and select studies following inclusion and exclusion criteria. From a total of 261 articles identified in the initial search, 27 articles were included in analysis, all dating from after 2018. The articles were classified according to four study variables: temporal aspects, game actions, on-court movements and match score studies, ordered in turn according to the year of publication. The results show differences in the four study variables according to the gender or the level of players, the side or the zone of play and the duration of the match. In conclusion, the results define the relevant aspects of the game with the aim of being used at a technical, tactical and physical level, as well as contributing to the development of scientific knowledge in padel, allowing future research to address less studied topics and carry out more complete and specific studies and interventions for a greater understanding of the needs of padel.

The Characteristics of Badminton-Related Pain in Pre-Adolescent and Adolescent Badminton Players.

Body pain, often considered as an early sign of injury in young players, warrants thorough study. This study aimed to examine the distribution of badminton-related pain and prevalence in pre-adolescent and adolescent badminton players. Profiles of badminton-related pain were surveyed using a questionnaire among 366 pre-adolescent and adolescent badminton players aged 7-12 years. The distribution of badminton-related pain was described, and the pain incidence was calculated. Proportions of pain per 1000-training-hour exposures were the main outcome measures. The analysis considered various age groups (7-8, 9-10, and 11-12 years) and years of badminton experience (≤2, 2-3, and > 3 years). In total, 554 cases of badminton-related pain were reported. The ankle was the most common site, followed by knee, plantar, shoulder, and lower back. The overall pain rate per 1000-training-hour exposure was 3.06. The 11-12-year-old group showed the highest pain rate, significantly greater than the 7-8-year-old group and the 9-10-year-old group. Additionally, the prevalence of pain exhibited an increasing trend with age. Finally, regardless of the age groups, participants with 2-3 years of badminton experience had the highest pain rate. These findings might help inform targeted interventions to reduce the high prevalence of pain in various body regions across pre-adolescent and adolescent badminton players.

Type of Diet and Sports Supplements in Padel Players According to Level of Competition and Sex.

Padel is the world's fastest growing racket sport. However, the analysis of the intake of sports supplements in padel players is scarce. The aim of this research was to analyse and compare the type of diet and the use of sports supplements in padel players according to their competition level and sex. A total of 123 players (94 men and 29 women) participated in the study. Subjects were divided according to their sex and competition level. All participants completed an anonymous questionnaire on diet type and nutritional supplement intake. There were differences found in diet type between competition levels. Regarding players' sex, differences in the number of supplements consumed were reported (p < 0.01). Relationships were found between the number of supplements ingested and the perceived effectiveness of supplements with frequency and time of training (p < 0.05). Creatine in men (≈15%) and vitamin complexes (≈10%) in women were the most used supplements. Lower level padel players do not adapt their diet to the physical demands of padel. Male padel players use a greater number of supplements than female padel players. It is important that nutrition specialists advise players to control diets and supplement.

A Comparison of Match Load Between Padel and Singles and Doubles Tennis.

PURPOSE: To quantify match load associated with padel and compare responses with both singles and doubles tennis. METHODS: On separate days, 12 participants (7 men and 5 women) played 60-minute padel (PADEL), singles tennis (SINGLES), and doubles tennis (DOUBLES) simulated games. Participants wore a 10-Hz GPS/100-Hz triaxial accelerometer unit and heart-rate monitor. Exercise-related sensations and blood lactate concentration were monitored every 20 minutes. Match-play characteristics (temporal structure) and shot selection were derived from video analysis. Vertical jump ability was assessed before and after each game. RESULTS: Heart rate, exercise-related sensations (overall perceived exertion and limb discomfort), and physical load (total distance covered, PlayerLoad, acceleration density and load) for SINGLES were higher compared with DOUBLES and PADEL (all P ≤ .05). Blood lactate concentrations remained low (1-2 mmol·L-1) and did not differ between conditions. Effective playing time (P < .001) was lower in SINGLES and DOUBLES compared with PADEL. The number of forehands (P = .002) and backhands (P < .001) was greater for SINGLES than for DOUBLES and PADEL. The number of volleys/smashes and lobs (P < .05) was greater for PADEL compared with SINGLES and DOUBLES. Performance for squat, countermovement, and multirebound jumps was similarly reduced below baseline after match play (P < .05), independent of condition. CONCLUSION: Padel imposes a unique match load on players that is different from singles tennis and more closely resembles that of doubles tennis. Cardiovascular stimulation and physical load are highest in singles tennis, while padel sees players hit a larger variety of shots with higher effective playing percentages.

Association between perceived exertion and executive functions with serve accuracy among male university tennis players: A pilot study.

Serve in tennis is a very important strokes and is positively correlated with the rankings of the Association of Tennis Professionals ranking. This study investigated the associations between time-course changes in the ratings for perceived exertion, executive function, and second serve accuracy during 30-min tennis exercise sessions. Eleven Japanese male tennis players participated in the study, and their executive function and second serve performance were evaluated using the paper version of the Stroop Color and Word Test, followed by a serve performance test. The participants took part in a 30-min tennis exercise program and performed the Stroop Color and Word Test, heart rate (HR) check, and second serve accuracy test before and after the tennis exercise. Pearson correlation was used to determine the relationships between the ratings for perceived exertion, interference scores on Stroop Color and Word Test performance, and second serve performance. Post exercise, the rating of perceived exertion tended to correlate with serve accuracy (r = -0.57, p = 0.07) and interference score (r = 0.65, p = 0.03). The pre-to-post changes in second serve accuracy were negatively associated with the changes in interference score (r = -0.54, p = 0.08) and interference score in the posttest (r = -0.73, p = 0.01). The results suggest that time-course changes in executive function when playing tennis are positively associated with the accuracy of the second serve. These findings expand the previous knowledge regarding the positive association between time-course changes in executive functions and percentage of points won when playing tennis by including more specific skills (i.e., second serve accuracy).

Differentiating movement styles in professional tennis: A machine learning and hierarchical clustering approach.

PURPOSE: Recent explorations of tennis-specific movements have developed contemporary methods for identifying and classifying changes of direction (COD) during match-play. The aim of this research was to employ these new analysis techniques to objectively explore individual nuance and style factors in the execution of COD movements in professional tennis. METHODS: Player tracking data from 62 male and 77 female players at the Australian Open Grand Slam were analysed for COD movements using a model algorithm, with a sample of 150,000 direction changes identified. Hierarchical clustering methods were employed on the time-motion and degree characteristics of these direction changes to identify groups of different COD performers. RESULTS: Five unique clusters, labelled "Cutters", "Gear Changers", "Lateral Changers", "Balanced Changers" and "Passive Changers" were identified in accordance with their varying speed, acceleration, degree and directionality of change features. CONCLUSIONS: Player COD clustering challenge previously held assumptions regarding on-court movement style, highlighting the complexity and variation in the sport's locomotion demands. In practice, the speed, acceleration, directionality and degree of change characteristics of each COD style can facilitate athlete profiling and the specificity of training interventions.HighlightsWe used machine learning techniques and cluster analysis methodology to explore the time motion characteristics of direction change skill in professional tennis.We present five unique types of change of direction style in professional tennis players. These include "Cutters", "Gear Changers", "Lateral Changers", "Balanced Changers" & "Passive Changers". These style classifications were established in accordance with their varying speed, acceleration, degree and directionality of change features.We show that the application of machine learning techniques to player tracking data can facilitate a more intricate understanding the sport's physical demands, which can be used to inform training programme design.

The Association Between Chronological Age and Maturity Status on Lower Body Clinical Measurements and Asymmetries in Elite Youth Tennis Players.

BACKGROUND: Tennis is one of the most popular sports among youths. At elite levels, a notable increase in injury incidence and a temporary decline in performance may occur when children progress through puberty. However, limited research has explored maturity-associated variations in clinical measurements suggested as predictors of injury and tennis performance in elite youth players. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to analyze the association between chronological age and maturity status on several measures of neuromuscular capability and physical performance as well as bilateral (interlimb) asymmetries in elite youth tennis players. HYPOTHESIS: Youth tennis players around peak height velocity (PHV) will show higher growth-related impairments or deficits in measures of neuromuscular capability and physical performance than their less (pre-PHV) and more (post-PHV) mature counterparts irrespective of sex. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 4. METHODS: A total of 68 male (age, 13.7 ± 1.1 years; height, 162.4 ± 9.4 cm; body mass, 51.4 ± 10.3 kg [Mean values ± SD]) and 60 female (age, 13.6 ± 1.1 years; height, 162.8 ± 7.2 cm; body mass, 52.7 ± 7.5 kg [Mean values ± SD]) elite youth tennis players from 2 different age groups (under 13 [U13] and under 15 [U15]) and maturity status (pre-PHV, around PHV, and post-PHV), were tested during national training camps. Tests included the Y Balance Test, isometric hip abduction and adduction strength, hip ranges of motion (ROMs), and countermovement jump (CMJ) height. Bayesian analysis was used to establish any significant between-group differences. RESULTS: Only dynamic balance (in boys; Bayesian factor [BF10] = 88.2) and jump height (in both boys and girls; BF10 >100) were significatively associated with chronological age, whereby the U15 group showed lower Y Balance Test reach distances (-6%; standardized effect size δ = 0.62) but higher CMJ height scores (+18%; δ = 0.73) than the U13 group. Although boys jump higher (+11%; δ = 0.62) and were stronger in isometric hip adduction strength (+14%; δ = 0.92) than girls, the latter had greater hip internal ROM values (+15%; δ = 0.75). Furthermore, relevant maturity-associated effects (BF10 = 34.6) were solely observed for the CMJ test in boys, with the most mature players demonstrating higher jump height scores (+12%; δ = 0.93). Finally, a significant percentage (>25%) of tennis players, independent of sex, demonstrated bilateral asymmetries in hip ROM, hip strength, and jump height values. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study show that in U13 and U15 male and female tennis players, there were neither positive nor negative maturity-associated variations in the clinical measurements analyzed (with the exception of jump height in male players). The high proportion of tennis players showing bilateral asymmetries in dynamic balance, hip ROM, and strength and jump performance highlight the need of future studies to analyze these factors in relation to unilateral tennis-specific adaptations in the musculoskeletal and sensorimotor systems. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results may help to better understand how different clinical measurements are associated with the process of growth and maturation in elite youth tennis players and may aid in the design of specific training interventions during these stages of development.

Training to improve the physical fitness of table tennis players / Treinamento para melhorar a aptidão física de jogadores de tênis de mesa / Entrenamiento para mejorar la condición física de los jugadores de tenis de mesa

ABSTRACT Introduction: Table tennis is a technical game with nets. The direction changes, ball accelerations, and considerable extensions of table tennis make it more expressive. Physical training is an essential step of physical preparation by contemporary Chinese players. Objective: Discuss the effects of physical training on table tennis players. Methods: A randomized collection was used to select 16 table tennis players. A training follow-up was conducted for one year, with exercises three times a week. Training intensity data and success rate of hitting evolution were statistically analyzed. Results: The ability of table tennis players was improved after one year of physical training under the presented protocol(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in lactate, heart rate, and success rate before and after the intervention(P<0.05). Conclusion: Physical training is essential to improve the energy delivery systems of phosphagen, phosphagen glycolysis, and glycolysis. Physical training is the key to improving table tennis players' performance and physical quality. Coaches can use the results of this article to monitor the special physical training of athletes. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O tênis de mesa é um jogo de técnica com redes. As mudanças de direção, acelerações da bola e extensões consideráveis do tênis de mesa o tornam mais expressivo. O treinamento físico é uma etapa essencial da preparação física por parte dos jogadores chineses contemporâneos. Objetivo: Discutir os efeitos do treinamento físico sobre os jogadores de tênis de mesa. Métodos: Utilizou-se uma coleta aleatória para selecionar 16 jogadores de tênis de mesa. Foi realizado um acompanhamento de treinamento por um ano, com exercícios três vezes por semana. Os dados de intensidade do treinamento e a taxa de sucesso da evolução dos acertos foram analisados estatisticamente. Resultados: A habilidade dos jogadores de tênis de mesa foi aprimorada após um ano de treinamento físico sob o protocolo apresentado(P<0,05). Não houve diferença significativa no lactato, frequência cardíaca e taxa de sucesso antes e depois da intervenção(P<0,05). Conclusão: O treinamento físico é essencial para melhorar os sistemas de fornecimento de energia de fosfágeno, glicólise de fosfágeno e glicólise. O treinamento físico evidenciou ser a chave para melhorar o desempenho e a qualidade física dos jogadores de tênis de mesa. Os treinadores podem utilizar os resultados deste artigo para monitorar o treinamento físico especial dos atletas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El tenis de mesa es un juego técnico con redes. Los cambios de dirección, las aceleraciones de la pelota y las considerables extensiones del tenis de mesa lo hacen más expresivo. El entrenamiento físico es un paso esencial de la preparación física de los jugadores chinos contemporáneos. Objetivo: Discutir los efectos del entrenamiento físico en los jugadores de tenis de mesa. Métodos: Se utilizó una colección aleatoria para seleccionar 16 jugadores de tenis de mesa. Se realizó un seguimiento del entrenamiento durante un año, con ejercicios tres veces por semana. Se analizaron estadísticamente los datos de la intensidad del entrenamiento y la tasa de éxito de la evolución de los golpes. Resultados: La capacidad de los jugadores de tenis de mesa mejoró tras un año de entrenamiento físico con el protocolo presentado (P<0,05). No hubo diferencias significativas en el lactato, la frecuencia cardíaca y la tasa de éxito antes y después de la intervención (P<0,05). Conclusión: El entrenamiento físico es esencial para mejorar los sistemas de suministro de energía del fosfágeno, la glucólisis del fosfágeno y la glucólisis. El entrenamiento físico ha demostrado ser la clave para mejorar el rendimiento y la calidad física de los jugadores de tenis de mesa. Los entrenadores pueden utilizar los resultados de este artículo para controlar la preparación física especial de los deportistas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos -investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Analysis of hitting method and wrist strength of student tennis players / Análise sobre o método de tacada e a força do pulso de tenistas estudantes / Análisis del método de golpeo y de la fuerza de la muñeca de estudiantes de tenis

ABSTRACT Introduction: Wrist joint strength is important in tennis for angle control and racquet direction. Objective: Study the changes in muscle strength in the wrist region and the characteristics of joint movement under different tennis stroke styles. Methods: 50 students from a professional tennis club team at a university were selected as study subjects, and systematic professional wrist strength training was performed in the experimental group. In contrast, routine training was performed in the control class. The experimental training lasted for six weeks. During this period, the learning time of all groups remained the same, and no additional training or learning was added. Results: The experimental group's stability increased significantly, from 1.78 ± 0.67 to 2.25 ± 1.34 before training, and backstroke strength increased significantly, from 6.21 to 10.21; total stroke score also increased from 8.02 to 12.69. Conclusion: Improving wrist strength in tennis students may improve overall sports performance. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: A força da articulação do pulso é de grande importância no esporte do tênis para controle de ângulo e a direção da raquete. Objetivo: Estudar as alterações da força muscular na região do pulso e as características de movimentação articular sob diferentes estilos de tacadas no tênis. Métodos: 50 alunos de uma equipe profissional de um clube de tênis de uma universidade foram selecionados como sujeitos de estudo e o treinamento profissional sistemático da força do pulso foi realizado no grupo experimental, enquanto o treinamento de rotina foi realizado na classe de controle. O treinamento experimental durou 6 semanas. Durante este período, o tempo de aprendizado de todos os grupos permaneceu o mesmo, e nenhum treinamento ou aprendizado adicional foi acrescentado. Resultados: A estabilidade do grupo experimental aumentou significativamente, de 1,78 ± 0,67 para 2,25 ± 1,34 antes do treinamento, e a força de tacada de costas aumentou significativamente, de 6,21 para 10,21; a pontuação total da tacada também aumentou de 8,02 para 12,69. Conclusão: A melhoria da força no pulso dos estudantes de tênis pode aprimorar o desempenho esportivo global. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La fuerza de la articulación de la muñeca es de gran importancia en el deporte del tenis para el control del ángulo y la dirección de la raqueta. Objetivo: Estudiar los cambios de la fuerza muscular en la región de la muñeca y las características del movimiento articular bajo diferentes estilos de golpe de tenis. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 50 estudiantes de un equipo profesional de un club de tenis universitario como sujetos de estudio y se realizó un entrenamiento profesional sistemático de la fuerza de la muñeca en el grupo experimental, mientras que en la clase de control se realizó un entrenamiento rutinario. El entrenamiento experimental duró 6 semanas. Durante este periodo, el tiempo de aprendizaje de todos los grupos siguió siendo el mismo y no se añadió ninguna formación o aprendizaje adicional. Resultados: La estabilidad del grupo experimental aumentó significativamente, de 1,78 ± 0,67 a 2,25 ± 1,34 antes del entrenamiento, y la fuerza en la brazada de espalda aumentó significativamente, de 6,21 a 10,21; la puntuación total de brazada también aumentó de 8,02 a 12,69. Conclusión: Mejorar la fuerza de la muñeca en los estudiantes de tenis puede mejorar el rendimiento deportivo en general. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Impacts of lower limb training in badminton / Impactos do treinamento de membros inferiores no badminton / Impactos del entrenamiento de miembros inferiores en el bádminton

ABSTRACT Introduction: Badminton is extremely popular among Chinese people, and the development of its training methods is constant. The study of improvement in the training of the lower limbs is the main focus to increase the physical fitness of its practitioners. Objective: Study the effects of a specific lower-limb training protocol on the physical fitness of badminton players. Methods: Twenty-four volunteers were selected from freshmen and sophomore badminton majors in a physical education college. The sample was randomly divided into control and experimental groups with no statistical differences. The control group continued to use the traditional fitness training method, while the experimental group reinforced their training with a lower limb strength protocol. The experiment lasted 6 weeks, consisting of one hour of training thrice a week. Indicators were collected before and after the experiment for statistical analysis. Results: The Illinois sensitivity index was optimized from 17.049 ± 0.9618 to 15.287 ± 0.8146 in the experimental group, with optimization of the blind step index from 4.607 ± 1.2072 to 10.631 ± 5. 3292.4. The 10m return index was optimized from 10.582 ± 0.6085 to 9.853 ± 0.4809, and the reaction action test index was optimized from 1.965 ± 0.1378 to 1.756 ± 0.1378 after the experiment. Conclusion: Increasing the proportion of lower limb training to traditional fitness training can improve athletes' fitness level and competitive level. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O badminton é bastante popular entre os chineses, e o desenvolvimento dos seus métodos de treinamento é constante. O estudo de aprimoramento no treinamento dos membros inferiores é o principal foco para incrementar a aptidão física de seus praticantes. Objetivo: Estudar os efeitos de um protocolo de treinamento específico dos membros inferiores sobre a aptidão física em jogadores de badminton. Métodos: Foram selecionados 24 voluntários entre calouros e alunos do segundo ano de especialidade de badminton numa faculdade de educação física. A amostra foi aleatoriamente dividida em grupos controle e experimental, sem diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos. O grupo de controle continuou a utilizar o método tradicional de treinamento de aptidão física, enquanto o grupo experimental reforçou o treinamento com um protocolo de força para os membros inferiores. O experimento durou 6 semanas, consistindo em uma hora de treinamento, três vezes na semana. Os indicadores foram coletados antes e depois do experimento para análise estatística. Resultados: O índice de sensibilidade de Illinois foi otimizado de 17,049 ± 0,9618 para 15,287 ± 0,8146 no grupo experimental, com otimização do índice de passo cego de 4,607 ± 1,2072 para 10,631 ± 5. 3292,4. O índice de retorno de 10m foi otimizado de 10,582 ± 0,6085 para 9,853 ± 0,4809, o índice do teste de ação de reação foi otimizado de 1,965 ± 0,1378 para 1,756 ± 0,1378 após o experimento. Conclusão: Incrementar a proporção de treinamento dos membros inferiores ao treinamento de aptidão física tradicional pode melhorar o nível de aptidão física e o nível competitivo dos atletas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El bádminton es muy popular entre los chinos, y el desarrollo de sus métodos de entrenamiento es constante. El estudio de la mejora en el entrenamiento de los miembros inferiores es el principal objetivo para aumentar la forma física de sus practicantes. Objetivo: Estudiar los efectos de un protocolo de entrenamiento específico de los miembros inferiores sobre la forma física en jugadores de bádminton. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 24 voluntarios entre estudiantes de primer y segundo año de la especialidad de bádminton de una facultad de educación física. La muestra se dividió aleatoriamente en grupos de control y experimental, sin diferencias estadísticas entre los grupos. El grupo de control siguió utilizando el método tradicional de entrenamiento físico, mientras que el grupo experimental reforzó el entrenamiento con un protocolo de fuerza de las extremidades inferiores. El experimento duró 6 semanas y consistió en una hora de entrenamiento, tres veces por semana. Se recogieron indicadores antes y después del experimento para su análisis estadístico. Resultados: El índice de sensibilidad de Illinois se optimizó de 17,049 ± 0,9618 a 15,287 ± 0,8146 en el grupo experimental, con una optimización del índice de paso ciego de 4,607 ± 1,2072 a 10,631 ± 5. 3292,4. El índice de retorno de 10 m se optimizó de 10,582 ± 0,6085 a 9,853 ± 0,4809, el índice de prueba de acción de reacción se optimizó de 1,965 ± 0,1378 a 1,756 ± 0,1378 tras el experimento. Conclusión: Aumentar la proporción de entrenamiento de las extremidades inferiores con respecto al entrenamiento físico tradicional puede mejorar la forma física y el nivel competitivo de los deportistas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Abdominal core training in table tennis players / Treinamento do centro abdominal em jogadores de tênis de mesa / Entrenamiento del núcleo abdominal en jugadores de tenis de mesa

ABSTRACT Introduction The current teaching mode of table tennis in China is satisfactory, but there are still some problems that are the focus of physical education teachers, such as the low efficiency of sports training. Objective Study the effect of abdominal core training on table tennis teaching. Methods Volunteers trained in table tennis at a physical education college were divided into the experimental and control group. Before and after the beginning of the experiment, table tennis students' physical indices and overall physical scores were obtained under a parameterized protocol. Results The overall score of the experimental group resulted from 7.355 (± 1.827) to 9.072 (± 1.992) before training, and the mean difference was 1.2581 points (P < 0.05), indicating a significant difference. The control group score increased from 7.606 (± 1.937) to 7.989 (± 1.440) before training, and the mean difference was 0.1976, P > 0.05, indicating no significant difference. Conclusion Compared with the current way of teaching table tennis, the scheme proposed in this paper showed better sports efficiency and could help students to improve their physical quality and sports ability. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução O atual modo de ensino do tênis de mesa na China é satisfatório, mas ainda existem alguns problemas que são o foco dos professores de educação física, como a baixa eficiência do treinamento esportivo. Objetivo Estudar o efeito do treinamento do centro abdominal no ensino do tênis de mesa. Métodos Voluntários formados em tênis de mesa em uma faculdade de educação física foram divididos em grupo experimental e de controle. Antes e depois do início da experiência, foram obtidos os índices físicos dos alunos de tênis de mesa e a pontuação física geral sob um protocolo parametrizado. Resultados A pontuação geral do grupo experimental resultou em 7,355 (± 1,827) para 9,072 (± 1,992) antes do treinamento, e a diferença média foi de 1,2581 pontos (P < 0,05), indicando uma diferença significativa. A pontuação do grupo de controle aumentou de 7,606 (± 1,937) para 7,989 (± 1,440) antes do treinamento, sendo a diferença média de 0,1976, P > 0,05, indicando que não houve diferença significativa. Conclusão Em comparação com o atual modo de ensino do tênis de mesa, o esquema proposto neste trabalho apresentou melhor eficiência esportiva podendo ajudar os estudantes a melhorar a sua qualidade física e habilidade esportiva. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción El modo de enseñanza actual del tenis de mesa en China es satisfactorio, pero todavía hay algunos problemas que son el centro de atención de los profesores de educación física, como la baja eficiencia del entrenamiento deportivo. Objetivo Estudiar el efecto del entrenamiento del núcleo abdominal en la enseñanza del tenis de mesa. Métodos Los voluntarios entrenados en tenis de mesa en una escuela de educación física se dividieron en grupo experimental y grupo de control. Antes y después del inicio del experimento, se obtuvieron los índices físicos de los alumnos de tenis de mesa y la puntuación física global bajo un protocolo parametrizado. Resultados La puntuación global del grupo experimental pasó de 7,355 (± 1,827) a 9,072 (± 1,992) antes del entrenamiento, y la diferencia media fue de 1,2581 puntos (P < 0,05), lo que indica una diferencia significativa. La puntuación del grupo de control aumentó de 7,606 (± 1,937) a 7,989 (± 1,440) antes del entrenamiento, y la diferencia media fue de 0,1976, P > 0,05, lo que indica que no hubo diferencias significativas. Conclusión En comparación con la forma actual de enseñar el tenis de mesa, el esquema propuesto en este trabajo presentaba una mayor eficacia deportiva y podía ayudar a los alumnos a mejorar su calidad física y su capacidad deportiva. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Common sports injuries and prevention in table tennis players / Lesões esportivas comuns e prevenção em praticantes de tênis de mesa / Lesiones deportivas comunes y prevención en practicantes de tenis de mesa

ABSTRACT Introduction: Table tennis requires rapid mobility and a complex set of movement structures, often resulting in sports injuries in its players during training. These unforeseen events can negatively affect sports instruction and training. Objective: Analyze the common sports injuries of Chinese male table tennis players and present corresponding preventive measures. Methods: 50 Chinese male table tennis players had their injury causes explored. The causes of these injuries and prevention methods were investigated using up-to-date scientific literature, questionnaires, interviews, and statistics. Results: The main regions were the shoulder joint, wrist joint, knee joint, ankle joint, and wrist joint. Exercise fatigue and lack of muscle strength are important factors leading to injuries in table tennis. Conclusion: Table tennis players should properly organize body movements to improve preparation and finishing work before training. The coach should formulate different physical training plans according to the different technical playing styles of the athletes involved. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigating treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O tênis de mesa exige rápida mobilidade, e um conjunto complexo de estruturas de movimento resultando frequentemente em lesões esportivas nos seus jogadores durante o treinamento. Esses imprevistos podem afetar negativamente o ensino e o treinamento esportivo. Objetivo: Analisar as lesões esportivas comuns aos jogadores de tênis de mesa chineses do sexo masculino e apresentar as medidas preventivas correspondentes. Métodos: 50 jogadores de tênis de mesa chineses do sexo masculino tiveram suas causas lesionais exploradas. As causas dessas lesões e métodos de prevenção foram investigados utilizando a literatura científica atualizada, questionários, entrevistas e estatísticas. Resultados: As principais regiões foram a articulação do ombro, articulação do pulso, articulação do joelho, articulação do tornozelo e articulação do pulso. A fadiga no exercício e a falta de força muscular são fatores importantes que levam a lesões no tênis de mesa. Conclusão: Os jogadores de tênis de mesa devem organizar adequadamente o movimento corporal para melhorar o trabalho de preparação e finalização antes do treinamento. O treinador deve formular diferentes planos de treinamento físico de acordo com os diferentes estilos técnicos de jogo dos atletas envolvidos. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El tenis de mesa requiere una rápida movilidad, y un complejo conjunto de estructuras de movimiento que a menudo dan lugar a lesiones deportivas en sus jugadores durante el entrenamiento. Estos imprevistos pueden afectar negativamente a la enseñanza y al entrenamiento deportivo. Objetivo: Analizar las lesiones deportivas comunes de los jugadores de tenis de mesa chinos y presentar las medidas preventivas correspondientes. Métodos: Se estudiaron las causas de las lesiones de 50 jugadores de tenis de mesa chinos. Las causas de estas lesiones y los métodos de prevención se investigaron utilizando literatura científica actualizada, cuestionarios, entrevistas y estadísticas. Resultados: Las principales regiones fueron la articulación del hombro, la articulación de la muñeca, la articulación de la rodilla, la articulación del tobillo y la articulación de la muñeca. La fatiga del ejercicio y la falta de fuerza muscular son factores importantes que conducen a las lesiones en el tenis de mesa. Conclusión: Los jugadores de tenis de mesa deben organizar adecuadamente el movimiento del cuerpo para mejorar la preparación y el trabajo de acabado antes del entrenamiento. El entrenador debe formular diferentes planes de entrenamiento físico en función de los diferentes estilos técnicos de juego de los deportistas implicados. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Investigation and prevention of sports risk in the teaching of table tennis / Investigação e prevenção de risco esportivo no ensino do tênis de mesa / Investigación y prevención de riesgo deportivo en la enseñanza del tenis de mesa

ABSTRACT Introduction: Among college students who are not majoring in sports, table tennis is well accepted, highly popular, and has low requirements regarding equipment investment. Therefore, many students choose this sport, although there are also certain sports risks in the course of the sport. Objective: Investigate the sporting risks of teaching table tennis and its preventive measures. Methods: Before each class exercise, the physical education teacher led the experimental class to rigorously complete the warm-up. In contrast, the control class maintained the basic program configuration without the warm-up phase. After 24 hours of practice, students in the experimental class and the control class were tested with the FMS. Results: The experimental class stability score increased from 1.58 points to 1.84 points, and the trunk rotation stability score increased from 1.68 points to 2.05 points. Conclusion: Warm-up activities before sports can further reduce sports risks in the table tennis teaching process by providing a better and safer higher education environment for students. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: Entre os estudantes universitários que não estão se especializando em esportes, o tênis de mesa é bem aceito, altamente popular e possui baixos requisitos no que diz respeito a investimento de equipamentos. Portanto, muitos estudantes optam por este esporte, embora também hajam certos riscos esportivos no decorrer do esporte. Objetivo: Investigar os riscos esportivos do ensino do tênis de mesa e suas medidas preventivas. Métodos: Antes do exercício de cada aula, o professor de educação física liderou a aula experimental para completar rigorosamente o aquecimento, enquanto a aula de controle manteve a configuração básica do programa, sem a fase de aquecimento. Após 24 horas de prática, os alunos da aula experimental e da aula de controle foram testados com o FMS. Resultados: A pontuação de estabilidade da classe experimental aumentou de 1,58 pontos para 1,84 pontos, e a pontuação de estabilidade da rotação do tronco aumentou de 1,68 pontos para 2,05 pontos. Conclusão: As atividades de aquecimento antes dos esportes podem reduzir ainda mais os riscos esportivos no processo de ensino do tênis de mesa proporcionando um ambiente de ensino superior melhor e mais seguro para os alunos. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Entre los estudiantes universitarios que no se especializan en deportes, el tenis de mesa goza de buena aceptación, es muy popular y tiene pocos requisitos en cuanto a inversión en equipamiento. Por ello, muchos estudiantes optan por este deporte, aunque también existen ciertos riesgos deportivos en su práctica. Objetivo: Investigar los riesgos deportivos de la enseñanza del tenis de mesa y sus medidas preventivas. Métodos: Antes del ejercicio de cada clase, el profesor de educación física llevó a la clase experimental a completar rigurosamente el calentamiento, mientras que la clase de control mantuvo la configuración básica del programa, sin la fase de calentamiento. Tras 24 horas de práctica, los alumnos de la clase experimental y de la clase de control se sometieron a una prueba con el FMS. Resultados: La puntuación de estabilidad de la clase experimental aumentó de 1,58 puntos a 1,84 puntos, y la puntuación de estabilidad de rotación del tronco aumentó de 1,68 puntos a 2,05 puntos. Conclusión: Las actividades de calentamiento antes de practicar deporte pueden reducir aún más los riesgos deportivos en el proceso de enseñanza del tenis de mesa, proporcionando un entorno de educación superior mejor y más seguro para los estudiantes. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.