Risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases attributed to satellite-based PM2.5 over 2017-2022 in Sanandaj, an area of Iran.

The risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases attributed to satellite-based PM2.5 has been less investigated. In this study, the attributable risk was estimated in an area of Iran. The predicted air PM2.5 using satellite data and a two-stage regression model was used as the predictor of the diseases. The dose-response linkage between the bias-corrected predictor employing a strong statistical approach and the outcomes was evaluated using the distributed lag nonlinear model. We considered two distinct scenarios of PM2.5 for the risk estimation. Alongside the risk, the attributable risk and number were estimated for different levels of PM2.5 by age and gender categories. The cumulative influence of PM2.5 particles on respiratory illnesses was statistically significant at 13-16 µg/m3 relative to the reference value (median), mostly apparent in the middle delays. The cumulative relative risk of 90th and 95th percentiles were 2.03 (CI 95%: 1.28, 3.19) and 2.25 (CI 95%: 1.28, 3.96), respectively. Nearly 600 cases of the diseases were attributable to the non-optimum values of the pollutant during 2017-2022, of which more than 400 cases were attributed to high values range. The predictor's influence on cardiovascular illnesses was along with uncertainty, indicating that additional research into their relationship is needed. The bias-corrected PM2.5 played an essential role in the prediction of respiratory illnesses, and it may likely be employed as a trigger for a preventative strategy.

Comparison between a complete preconditioning programme and conventional conduct on behaviour, health and performance of young bulls from small cow-calf herds.

Bovine respiratory diseases (BRDs) have major socioeconomic impacts in the beef sector. Antimicrobials have been traditionally used to prevent the development of BRDs upon arrival in fattening units. Currently, from a "One Health and One Welfare" perspective, alternative solutions are being investigated. Preconditioning programmes that aim at reducing stress and reinforcing immune functions have been proposed to decrease BRDs incidence. In this study, we assessed the effect of a preconditioning protocol set up in nine commercial beef herds on young bulls' behaviour, health, and performance. Preconditioned bulls (PREC) were weaned indoors 50 days before departure, and progressively fed a concentrate diet supplemented with vitamins and trace elements. They also received an anthelmintic treatment, and two doses of a trivalent vaccine against respiratory pathogens at 4-week intervals. In contrast, controls (CTRL) were kept on pasture with their dams with no vaccination or particular diets. All calves were transported together to a single sorting facility to be sorted by experimental groups, origins, and BW, forming new groups before dispatch to four fattening units. At arrival, CTRL were treated with anthelmintic drugs and received one injection of the same BRDs vaccine. No intervention was performed on PREC bulls. BRD-scores were 0.73 in PREC versus 0.07 in CTRL (P = 0.01) during the preconditioning period and 0.96 in PREC versus 0.54 in CTRL (P = 0.41) after 15 days in the fattening units. Morbidity estimates were 18% in PREC versus 1% in CTRL (P < 0.001) during the preconditioning period and 32% in PREC versus 19% (P = 0.07) in CTRL after 15 days in the fattening units. Poor housing conditions during preconditioning and a different aetiology could partly explain these results. At arrival to fattening, the average daily gain (ADG) was 1 605 g for PREC versus 1 140 g (P = 0.012) for CTRL. After fattening for 180 days, differences in BW, ADG, carcass weight and conformation were inconclusive. In Europe, preconditioning programmes including vaccination must be set up coherently with good husbandry practices and with a global adaptation of batch management of the beef sector otherwise, they may be less effective than expected.

Lag effect of ambient temperature on respiratory emergency department visits in Beijing: a time series and pooled analysis.

BACKGROUND: Although the association between ambient temperature and mortality of respiratory diseases was numerously documented, the association between various ambient temperature levels and respiratory emergency department (ED) visits has not been well studied. A recent investigation of the association between respiratory ED visits and various levels of ambient temperature was conducted in Beijing, China. METHODS: Daily meteorological data, air pollution data, and respiratory ED visits data from 2017 to 2018 were collected in Beijing. The relationship between ambient temperature and respiratory ED visits was explored using a distributed lagged nonlinear model (DLNM). Then we performed subgroup analysis based on age and gender. Finally, meta-analysis was utilized to aggregate the total influence of ambient temperature on respiratory ED visits across China. RESULTS: The single-day lag risk for extreme cold peaked at a relative risk (RR) of 1.048 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.009, 1.088] at a lag of 21 days, with a long lag effect. As for the single-day lag risk for extreme hot, a short lag effect was shown at a lag of 7 days with an RR of 1.076 (95% CI: 1.038, 1.114). The cumulative lagged effects of both hot and cold effects peaked at lag 0-21 days, with a cumulative risk of the onset of 3.690 (95% CI: 2.133, 6.382) and 1.641 (95% CI: 1.284, 2.098), respectively, with stronger impact on the hot. Additionally, the elderly were more sensitive to ambient temperature. The males were more susceptible to hot weather than the females. A longer cold temperature lag effect was found in females. Compared with the meta-analysis, a pooled effect of ambient temperature was consistent in general. In the subgroup analysis, a significant difference was found by gender. CONCLUSIONS: Temperature level, age-specific, and gender-specific effects between ambient temperature and the number of ED visits provide information on early warning measures for the prevention and control of respiratory diseases.

Research progress of KL-6 in respiratory system diseases.

This article comprehensively elucidates the discovery of Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6), its structural features, functional mechanisms, and the current research status in various respiratory system diseases. Discovered in 1985, KL-6 was initially considered a tumor marker, but its elevated levels in interstitial lung disease (ILD) led to its recognition as a relevant serum marker for ILD. KL-6 is primarily produced by type 2 alveolar epithelial cell regeneration. Over the past 30 years since the discovery of KL-6, the number of related research papers has steadily increased annually. Following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there has been a sudden surge in relevant literature. Despite KL-6's potential as a biomarker, its value in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis varies across different respiratory diseases, including ILD, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), COVID-19, and lung cancer. Therefore, as an important serum biomarker in respiratory system diseases, the value of KL-6 still requires further investigation.

Issue 3-The occupational burden of respiratory diseases, an update.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Workplace exposures are widely known to cause specific occupational diseases such as silicosis and asbestosis, but they also can contribute substantially to causation of common respiratory diseases. In 2019, the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS) published a joint statement on the occupational burden of respiratory diseases. Our aim on this narrative review is to summarise the most recent evidence published after the ATS/ERS statement as well as to provide information on traditional occupational lung diseases that can be useful for clinicians and researchers. RESULTS: Newer publications confirm the findings of the ATS/ERS statement on the role of workplace exposure in contributing to the aetiology of the respiratory diseases considered in this review (asthma, COPD, chronic bronchitis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, infectious pneumonia). Except for COPD, chronic bronchitis and infectious pneumonia, the number of publications in the last 5 years for the other diseases is limited. For traditional occupational lung diseases such as silicosis and asbestosis, there are old as well as novel sources of exposure and their burden continues to be relevant, especially in developing countries. CONCLUSIONS: Occupational exposure remains an important risk factor for airways and interstitial lung diseases, causing occupational lung diseases and contributing substantially in the aetiology of common respiratory diseases. This information is critical for public health professionals formulating effective preventive strategies but also for clinicians in patient care. Effective action requires shared knowledge among clinicians, researchers, public health professionals, and policy makers.

The role of IL-2 cytokine family in asthma.

BACKGROUND: The interleukin-2 (IL-2) family of cytokines, including IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21, are pivotal regulators of the immune response, impacting both innate and adaptive immunity. Understanding their molecular characteristics, receptor interactions, and signalling pathways is essential for elucidating their roles in health and disease. OBJECTIVES: This review provides a comprehensive overview of the IL-2 family of cytokines, highlighting their molecular biology, receptor interactions, and signalling mechanisms. Furthermore, it explores the involvement of IL-2 family cytokines in the pathogenesis of chronic respiratory diseases, with a specific focus on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. METHODS: A thorough literature review was conducted to gather insights into the molecular biology, receptor interactions, and signalling pathways of IL-2 family cytokines. Additionally, studies investigating the roles of these cytokines in chronic respiratory diseases, particularly COPD and asthma, were analysed to discern their implications in wider pathophysiology of disease. RESULTS: IL-2 family cytokines exert pleiotropic effects on immune cells, modulating cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Dysregulation of IL-2 family cytokines has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic respiratory illnesses, including COPD and asthma. Elevated levels of IL-2 and IL-9 have been associated with disease severity in COPD, while IL-4 and IL-9 play crucial roles in asthma pathogenesis by promoting airway inflammation and remodelling. CONCLUSION: Understanding the intricate roles of IL-2 family cytokines in chronic respiratory diseases provides valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets for these conditions. Targeting specific cytokines or their receptors may offer novel treatment modalities to attenuate disease progression and improve clinical outcomes in patients with COPD and asthma.

The critical impacts of cytokine storms in respiratory disorders.

Cytokine storm (CS) refers to the spontaneous dysregulated and hyper-activated inflammatory reaction occurring in various clinical conditions, ranging from microbial infection to end-stage organ failure. Recently the novel coronavirus involved in COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) has been associated with the pathological phenomenon of CS in critically ill patients. Furthermore, critically ill patients suffering from CS are likely to have a grave prognosis and a higher case fatality rate. Pathologically CS is manifested as hyper-immune activation and is clinically manifested as multiple organ failure. An in-depth understanding of the etiology of CS will enable the discovery of not just disease risk factors of CS but also therapeutic approaches to modulate the immune response and improve outcomes in patients with respiratory diseases having CS in the pathogenic pathway. Owing to the grave consequences of CS in various diseases, this phenomenon has attracted the attention of researchers and clinicians throughout the globe. So in the present manuscript, we have attempted to discuss CS and its ramifications in COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases, as well as prospective treatment approaches and biomarkers of the cytokine storm. Furthermore, we have attempted to provide in-depth insight into CS from both a prophylactic and therapeutic point of view. In addition, we have included recent findings of CS in respiratory diseases reported from different parts of the world, which are based on expert opinion, clinical case-control research, experimental research, and a case-controlled cohort approach.

Dynamic indicators of acute respiratory diseases treatment in children after correction.

OBJECTIVE: Aim: To study the Respiratory pathology of the upper respiratory tract, markers of the inflammatory response of the organism, Oxidative stress, Metabolic adaptation and possibilities of correction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: The study group (n=111) included school-aged children (10-14 years old). The general group of inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract (J000-J06) was considered, with a diagnosis of acute respiratory infection (ARI) of viral and bacterial origin and included local inflammationof the upper respiratory tract with presentation of acute pharyngitis (68.0%), acute bronchitis (22,0%), acute tonsillitis (10,0%). RESULTS: Results: Dynamic observation of groups of children who received optimized (group 1, n=60) and basic (group 2, n=51) treatment was carried out. The level of the erythrocyte pool correlated with IL-1 (r=-0,29, p=0,03), IL-4 (r=0,32, p=0,01), TNF-α (r=-0,35 , p=0,006). Creatinine value correlated with IL-10 (r=0,3, p=0,005), γ-IFN (r=0,42, p=0,001), TNF-α (r=0,25, p=0,05). Correlations of ferritin presented positive correlation values with the level of total protein (r=0,26, p=0,04) and TNF-α (r=0,41, p=0,001). CONCLUSION: Conclusions: After the optimized treatment, there was a significant decrease in the reliable levels of CRP and γ-IFN by 7 and 4,4 times (by groups) and 5,8 and 3,2 times (by groups), respectively. Correlation relationships of urea levels with IL-2,4 were detected. The level of the erythrocyte pool correlated with IL-1,4, TNF-α, Ferritin presented positive correlation values with the level of total protein,TNF-α .

Pharmaceutical care in respiratory diseases: Current situation and opportunities for Hospital Pharmacy in Spain. / Atención farmacéutica en enfermedades respiratorias: situación y oportunidades de la farmacia hospitalaria en España.

OBJECTIVE: Respiratory diseases present a challenge for the healthcare system due to their prevalence and clinical impact. The aim of this study was to explore the current situation of hospital pharmacy in the field of respiratory diseases. METHOD: Observational, cross-sectional study, with a national scope, divided into 2 parts. In an initial phase, the activity and level of pharmaceutical care in respiratory diseases was evaluated through an online questionnaire using REDCap. The survey was addressed to department chiefs and consisted of 17 items, divided into 2 modules: general data and general activity. The second phase was open to hospital pharmacists, with the aim of exploring their opinion on care, training, and improvement needs. The number of items in this phase was 19, divided into 5 modules: general data, pharmaceutical care, competencies, training and degree of satisfaction. RESULTS: In the first phase, 23 hospitals were included. Most of them (n=20) had a pharmacist in charge of respiratory diseases. However, a large proportion of them dedicated less than 40% of their working day to this activity. The pharmacist's activity occurred at the level of external patients (n=20), hospitalized patients (n=16), and secondarily in management (n=8). Integration is greater in pathologies such as asthma, IPF, pulmonary hypertension, and bronchiectasis. Participation in committees was present in 15 hospitals, with variability in pathologies and degree of involvement. In the second phase, 164 pharmacists participated, who considered pharmaceutical care in cystic fibrosis, asthma and lung transplant as a priority. Fifty-one percent considered integration to be adequate and 91% considered it necessary to implement prioritization criteria. Professional competencies ranged from 6.5-6.9 out of 10 points. Only 45% of participants had received specific training in the last four years, indicating greater priority for asthma, pulmonary hypertension and IPF. CONCLUSIONS: Most centers have pharmacists specialized in respiratory diseases. However, there is room for improvement in terms of sub specialization, participation in multidisciplinary committees, implementation of prioritization criteria, diversification in pathologies treated, as well as greater specific training in this area.

The role of vasculature and angiogenesis in respiratory diseases.

In European countries, nearly 10% of all hospital admissions are related to respiratory diseases, mainly chronic life-threatening diseases such as COPD, pulmonary hypertension, IPF or lung cancer. The contribution of blood vessels and angiogenesis to lung regeneration, remodeling and disease progression has been increasingly appreciated. The vascular supply of the lung shows the peculiarity of dual perfusion of the pulmonary circulation (vasa publica), which maintains a functional blood-gas barrier, and the bronchial circulation (vasa privata), which reveals a profiled capacity for angiogenesis (namely intussusceptive and sprouting angiogenesis) and alveolar-vascular remodeling by the recruitment of endothelial precursor cells. The aim of this review is to outline the importance of vascular remodeling and angiogenesis in a variety of non-neoplastic and neoplastic acute and chronic respiratory diseases such as lung infection, COPD, lung fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension and lung cancer.

Investigating the impact of air pollution and temperature changes on emergency admissions (cardiovascular + respiratory) disease in the city of Bojnord, northeastern Iran.

Cardiovascular (CVD) + Respiratory diseases are recognized as the main cause of death worldwide. Fluctuations in temperature and air pollution have been reported as one of the most important causes of cardiovascular & respiratory diseases. Therefore, in the current study, we assessed the relationship between ambient air temperature and pollution on the number of total emergency hospital admission due to cardiovascular and respiratory conditions in the City of Bojnord, northeastern Iran. The meteorological data, including daily temperature, relative humidity and concentrations of five air pollutants CO, NO2, NOX SO2, and PM10 were obtained from online electronic sensors at the Bojnurd meteorological station from 21th March 2018 to 20th March 2020. Statistical analysis, penalized distributed lag non-linear method was applied using R Software. Also, sensitivity analysis test was calculated by using appropriate application. The results of the study revealed that the effect of higher and lower temperatures was observed immediately from the first day and the second week, respectively. Also result showed with increase and decrease temperature, significantly increased the risk of hospitalization by 36% (RR, 1.36; 95% CI (1), 0.95 to 1.95) and 17% (RR, 1.17; 95% CI (1), 0.88 to 1.55) until the lag 25th day, respectively. Based on the results, increasing temperature significantly increased the hospitalization rate of cardiopulmonary patients, but the effect of cold was not significant on the population as well as age and gender subgroups. Study have also proved that there is no significance correlation between air pollutant and Cardiovascular & respiratory diseases.

Use of Immunoglobulin Y Antibodies: Biosensor-based Diagnostic Systems and Prophylactic and Therapeutic Drug Delivery Systems for Viral Respiratory Diseases.

Respiratory viruses have caused many pandemics from past to present and are among the top global public health problems due to their rate of spread. The recently experienced COVID-19 pandemic has led to an understanding of the importance of rapid diagnostic tests to prevent epidemics and the difficulties of developing new vaccines. On the other hand, the emergence of resistance to existing antiviral drugs during the treatment process poses a major problem for society and global health systems. Therefore, there is a need for new approaches for the diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of existing or new types of respiratory viruses. Immunoglobulin Y antibodies (IgYs) obtained from the yolk of poultry eggs have significant advantages, such as high production volumes, low production costs, and high selectivity, which enable the development of innovative and strategic products. Especially in diagnosing respiratory viruses, antibody-based biosensors in which these antibodies are integrated have the potential to provide superiority in making rapid and accurate diagnosis as a practical diagnostic tool. This review article aims to provide information on using IgY antibodies in diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic applications for respiratory viruses and to provide a perspective for future innovative applications.

Feature evaluation of accelerometry signals for cough detection.

Cough is a common symptom of multiple respiratory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. Various research works targeted cough detection as a means for continuous monitoring of these respiratory health conditions. This has been mainly achieved using sophisticated machine learning or deep learning algorithms fed with audio recordings. In this work, we explore the use of an alternative detection method, since audio can generate privacy and security concerns related to the use of always-on microphones. This study proposes the use of a non-contact tri-axial accelerometer for motion detection to differentiate between cough and non-cough events/movements. A total of 43 time-domain features were extracted from the acquired tri-axial accelerometry signals. These features were evaluated and ranked for their importance using six methods with adjustable conditions, resulting in a total of 11 feature rankings. The ranking methods included model-based feature importance algorithms, first principal component, leave-one-out, permutation, and recursive features elimination (RFE). The ranking results were further used in the feature selection of the top 10, 20, and 30 for use in cough detection. A total of 68 classification models using a simple logistic regression classifier are reported, using two approaches for data splitting: subject-record-split and leave-one-subject-out (LOSO). The best-performing model out of the 34 using subject-record-split obtained an accuracy of 92.20%, sensitivity of 90.87%, specificity of 93.52%, and F1 score of 92.09% using only 20 features selected by the RFE method. The best-performing model out of the 34 using LOSO obtained an accuracy of 89.57%, sensitivity of 85.71%, specificity of 93.43%, and F1 score of 88.72% using only 10 features selected by the RFE method. These results demonstrate the ability for future implementation of a motion-based wearable cough detector.

A cross-trait study of lung cancer and its related respiratory diseases based on large-scale exome sequencing population.

Background: Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) explain the genetic susceptibility between diseases and common variants. Nevertheless, with the appearance of large-scale sequencing profiles, we could explore the rare coding variants in disease pathogenesis. Methods: We estimated the genetic correlation of nine respiratory diseases and lung cancer in the UK Biobank (UKB) by linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC). Then, we performed exome-wide association studies at single-variant level and gene-level for lung cancer and lung cancer-related respiratory diseases using the whole-exome sequencing (WES) data of 427,934 European participants. Cross-trait meta-analysis was conducted by association analysis based on subsets (ASSET) to identify the pleiotropic variants, while in-silico functional analysis was performed to explore their function. Causal mediation analysis was used to explore whether these pleiotropic variants lead to lung cancer is mediated by affecting the chronic respiratory diseases. Results: Five respiratory diseases [emphysema, pneumonia, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and fibrosis] were genetically correlated with lung cancer. We identified 102 significant independent variants at single-variant levels for lung cancer and five lung cancer-related diseases. 15:78590583:G>A (missense variant in CHRNA5) was shared in lung cancer, emphysema, and COPD. Meanwhile, 14 significant genes and 87 suggestive genes were identified in gene-based association tests, including HSD3B7 (lung cancer), SRSF2 (pneumonia), TNXB (asthma), TERT (fibrosis), MOSPD3 (emphysema). Based on the cross-trait meta-analysis, we detected 145 independent pleiotropic variants. We further identified abundant pathways with significant enrichment effects, demonstrating that these pleiotropic genes were functional. Meanwhile, the proportion of mediation effects of these variants ranged from 6 to 23 (emphysema: 23%; COPD: 20%; pneumonia: 20%; fibrosis: 7%; asthma: 6%) through these five respiratory diseases to the incidence of lung cancer. Conclusions: The identified shared genetic variants, genes, biological pathways, and potential intermediate causal pathways provide a basis for further exploration of the relationship between lung cancer and respiratory diseases.

Probable Respiratory Sarcopenia Decreases Activities of Daily Living in Older Patients Hospitalized with Respiratory Diseases: A Cross-sectional Study.

Objectives: Respiratory sarcopenia is characterized by low respiratory muscle mass and respiratory muscle strength, but its impact on activities of daily living (ADL) remains unknown. We aimed to investigate the association between respiratory sarcopenia and decreased ADL. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included older inpatients (≥65 years old) with respiratory diseases who underwent rehabilitation. Because the evaluation of respiratory muscle mass is challenging, probable respiratory sarcopenia was defined according to low appendicular skeletal muscle index (<7 kg/m2 for men, <5.7 kg/m2 for women) and peak expiratory flow rate (<4.4 L/s for men, <3.21 L/s for women). ADL was assessed on the first day of rehabilitation using the baseline Barthel Index (BI). Results: Of 111 inpatients (median age 75 years; 57 women), 13 (11.7%) had probable respiratory sarcopenia. Forty-five patients (40.5%) had sarcopenia and 12 of these had probable respiratory sarcopenia. Pulmonary functions (Forced Vital Capacity and expiratory volume in 1 s) were significantly lower in patients with probable respiratory sarcopenia than those without. Spearman's rank coefficient analysis showed probable respiratory sarcopenia did not significantly correlate with age, phase angle, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), or hemoglobin (Hb). Multivariate linear regression analysis with baseline BI revealed probable respiratory sarcopenia (ß -0.279 and P=0.004) was the significant factor after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CCI, and Hb. Conclusions: Probable respiratory sarcopenia was independently associated with decreased ADL in patients aged 65 years and older who were hospitalized with respiratory diseases.

COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients with Inborn Errors of Immunity Reduces Hospitalization and Critical Care Needs Related to COVID-19: a USIDNET Report.

BACKGROUND: The CDC and ACIP recommend COVID-19 vaccination for patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI). Not much is known about vaccine safety in IEI, and whether vaccination attenuates infection severity in IEI. OBJECTIVE: To estimate COVID-19 vaccination safety and examine effect on outcomes in patients with IEI. METHODS: We built a secure registry database in conjunction with the US Immunodeficiency Network to examine vaccination frequency and indicators of safety and effectiveness in IEI patients. The registry opened on January 1, 2022, and closed on August 19, 2022. RESULTS: Physicians entered data on 1245 patients from 24 countries. The most common diagnoses were antibody deficiencies (63.7%). At least one COVID-19 vaccine was administered to 806 patients (64.7%), and 216 patients received vaccination prior to the development of COVID-19. The most common vaccines administered were mRNA-based (84.0%). Seventeen patients were reported to seek outpatient clinic or emergency room care for a vaccine-related complication, and one patient was hospitalized for symptomatic anemia. Eight hundred twenty-three patients (66.1%) experienced COVID-19 infection. Of these, 156 patients required hospitalization (19.0%), 47 required ICU care (5.7%), and 28 died (3.4%). Rates of hospitalization (9.3% versus 24.4%, p < 0.001), ICU admission (2.8% versus 7.6%, p = 0.013), and death (2.3% versus 4.3%, p = 0.202) in patients who had COVID-19 were lower in patients who received vaccination prior to infection. In adjusted logistic regression analysis, not having at least one COVID-19 vaccine significantly increased the odds of hospitalization and ICU admission. CONCLUSION: Vaccination for COVID-19 in the IEI population appears safe and attenuates COVID-19 severity.

Risk of respiratory diseases among hospitalized patients with hidradenitis suppurativa.

BACKGROUND: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a systemic disorder associated with various metabolic and inflammatory comorbidities. Although HS shares risk factors and pathogenic pathways with various respiratory conditions, few studies have explored the relationship between HS and respiratory disease. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, case-control, population-based study that examined the United States National Inpatient Sample database from January 1, 2002, to December 31, 2012. HS was identified using ICD-9-CM codes during hospital admissions. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate for adjusted associations between HS and respiratory diagnoses as compared to matched controls. RESULTS: Twenty-three thousand seven hundred and sixty-seven hospital admissions for HS were compared with 95,068 age- and sex-matched controls. HS patients had significantly higher adjusted odds of asthma (OR: 1.233; 95% CI: [1.170-1.299]; P < 0.001), chronic airway obstruction (OR: 1.532; 95% CI: [1.419-1.651]; P < 0.001), sarcoidosis (OR: 1.601; 95% CI: [1.157-2.214]; P < 0.001), and sleep apnea (OR: 1.274; 95% CI: [1.182-1.374]; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: HS is associated with several common forms of respiratory disease. Knowledge of these associations may allow for better recognition of respiratory disease in HS patients.

The forecasting power of the mucin-microbiome interplay in livestock respiratory diseases.

Complex respiratory diseases are a significant challenge for the livestock industry worldwide. These diseases considerably impact animal health and welfare and cause severe economic losses. One of the first lines of pathogen defense combines the respiratory tract mucus, a highly viscous material primarily composed of mucins, and a thriving multi-kingdom microbial ecosystem. The microbiome-mucin interplay protects from unwanted substances and organisms, but its dysfunction may enable pathogenic infections and the onset of respiratory disease. Emerging evidence also shows that noncoding regulatory RNAs might modulate the structure and function of the microbiome-mucin relationship. This opinion paper unearths the current understanding of the triangular relationship between mucins, the microbiome, and noncoding RNAs in the context of respiratory infections in animals of veterinary interest. There is a need to look at these molecular underpinnings that dictate distinct health and disease outcomes to implement effective prevention, surveillance, and timely intervention strategies tailored to the different epidemiological contexts.

Leveraging AI and Machine Learning to Develop and Evaluate a Contextualized User-Friendly Cough Audio Classifier for Detecting Respiratory Diseases: Protocol for a Diagnostic Study in Rural Tanzania.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory diseases, including active tuberculosis (TB), asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), constitute substantial global health challenges, necessitating timely and accurate diagnosis for effective treatment and management. OBJECTIVE: This research seeks to develop and evaluate a noninvasive user-friendly artificial intelligence (AI)-powered cough audio classifier for detecting these respiratory conditions in rural Tanzania. METHODS: This is a nonexperimental cross-sectional research with the primary objective of collection and analysis of cough sounds from patients with active TB, asthma, and COPD in outpatient clinics to generate and evaluate a noninvasive cough audio classifier. Specialized cough sound recording devices, designed to be nonintrusive and user-friendly, will facilitate the collection of diverse cough sound samples from patients attending outpatient clinics in 20 health care facilities in the Shinyanga region. The collected cough sound data will undergo rigorous analysis, using advanced AI signal processing and machine learning techniques. By comparing acoustic features and patterns associated with TB, asthma, and COPD, a robust algorithm capable of automated disease discrimination will be generated facilitating the development of a smartphone-based cough sound classifier. The classifier will be evaluated against the calculated reference standards including clinical assessments, sputum smear, GeneXpert, chest x-ray, culture and sensitivity, spirometry and peak expiratory flow, and sensitivity and predictive values. RESULTS: This research represents a vital step toward enhancing the diagnostic capabilities available in outpatient clinics, with the potential to revolutionize the field of respiratory disease diagnosis. Findings from the 4 phases of the study will be presented as descriptions supported by relevant images, tables, and figures. The anticipated outcome of this research is the creation of a reliable, noninvasive diagnostic cough classifier that empowers health care professionals and patients themselves to identify and differentiate these respiratory diseases based on cough sound patterns. CONCLUSIONS: Cough sound classifiers use advanced technology for early detection and management of respiratory conditions, offering a less invasive and more efficient alternative to traditional diagnostics. This technology promises to ease public health burdens, improve patient outcomes, and enhance health care access in under-resourced areas, potentially transforming respiratory disease management globally. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/54388.