Predicting Adolescents' Leisure-Time Physical Activity Levels: A Three-Wave Prospective Test of the Integrated Model of Self-Determination Theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior.

A three-wave prospective study was conducted to provide a better understanding of the ability of the integrated model of self-determination theory (SDT) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to predict future physical activity (PA) engagement among adolescents. Nearly 2500 secondary school students from China were recruited to test the hypothesized pathway from autonomous motivation from SDT at baseline (T1) through the constructs of TPB one month later (T2) on leisure-time PA levels of secondary school students three months later (T3). The findings revealed that the structural equation models yielded excellent fit indices with χ2 = 1858.989, df = 257, CFI = 0.936, TLI = 0.926, RMSEA = 0.050 [90% CI = 0.048 to 0.052], and SRMR = 0.032. In particular, autonomous motivation at T1 was positively associated with attitude (R2 = 0.160), subjective norms (R2 = 0.160), and perceived behavioral control (PBC) (R2 = 0.173) at T2 (ß = 0.395 to 0.414, p < 0.001) and subsequently associated with intention at T2 (R2 = 0.875, ß = 0.112 to 0.478, p < 0.001). T2 intention was positively associated with leisure-time PA levels (R2 = 0.004) at T3. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the motivational mechanisms and social cognition processes involved in predicting adolescents' leisure-time PA levels among adolescents.

Arm Injuries and Prevention Proficiency in High School Fastpitch Softball Players: A Survey of Players, Parents, and Coaches.

Arm injuries are common in youth fastpitch softball players. To characterize arm injuries and assess injury prevention knowledge, we administered a cross-sectional online survey and injury prevention quiz to high school fastpitch softball players, parents, and coaches. Associations between throwing habits and adverse arm outcomes were computed. Surveys were collected from 123 high school players, 59 parents, and 28 coaches, totaling 210 responses. Nearly half (48.8%) of players saw a doctor for arm pain. Riseball pitchers were less likely to undergo surgery than non-riseball pitchers (P = .008). Outfield/utility players trended toward more frequent arm pain compared to alternative position groups (P = .086). On injury prevention quizzes, players, parents, and coaches averaged scores of 56-65% correct, with players scoring below parents (P = .011) and coaches (P = .006). In conclusion, high school softball players frequently seek medical attention for arm pain, and injury prevention knowledge is consistently lacking.

Efficacy of a Neuromuscular Warm-up Program in Reducing the Risk of School Sports Injury among Chinese Children: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Children who participate in sports have reduced cardiovascular risk, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. However, sports participation also comes with an inherent risk of sports-related injuries. Purpose: To examine the efficacy of a school-based neuromuscular warm-up program (NWP) in reducing the risk of school sports injury (SSI) in children and the impact of different levels of compliance on the effectiveness of the program. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: A total of 421 students from grades 4 to 6 at a single school (age range, 9-14 years) were randomized by grade to an intervention group and a control group. The intervention group participated in a 13-week simplified (8-minute) NWP designed to reduce SSI risk. The control group participated in a standard warm-up of the same length and duration. Exposure, compliance, and injury data were collected via a weekly form. The primary injury outcome was all SSIs. Secondary outcomes included injuries from physical education (PE) and non-PE class, upper and lower extremity injuries, other location injuries, and time-loss injuries. A Poisson regression model using an intent-to-treat analysis was performed to estimate the incidence rate ratio (IRR) for all injuries in the intervention group compared with the control group. To examine the influence of level of compliance, we divided the intervention group into low compliance (participation 1-2 times/wk) and high compliance (participation >2 times/wk) then compared the difference on injury rates (IRs) between these groups and the control group. Results: There were significant differences between the intervention and control groups regarding all SSIs (IRR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.23-0.96; P = .038), PE class injuries (IRR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.14-0.99; P = .048), and other location injuries (IRR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.05-0.82; P = .025). The compliance analysis revealed that although the low-compliance group was able to reduce the risk of SSIs (IR, 4.43; 95% CI, 2.49-6.37) compared with the control group (IR, 7.60; 95% CI, 5.61-9.59), the high-compliance group produced a better effect in reducing the SSI risk (IR, 1.80; 95% CI, 0.04-3.56). Conclusion: The simplified NWP used in this study was efficacious in the reduction of SSIs in children. Registration: ChiCTR2100043875 (Chinese Clinical Trial Registry; http://www.chictr.org.cn).

Symptoms of depression and anxiety among elite high school student-athletes in Sweden during the COVID-19 pandemic: A repeated cross-sectional study.

The COVID-19 pandemic precipitated numerous changes in daily life, including the cancellation and restriction of sports globally. Because sports participation contributes positively to the development of student-athletes, restricting these activities may have led to long-term mental health changes in this population. Using a repeated cross-sectional study design, we measured rates of depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 and anxiety using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 scale in student-athletes attending elite sport high schools in Sweden during the second wave of the pandemic (February 2021; n = 7021) and after all restrictions were lifted (February 2022; n = 6228). Depression among student-athletes decreased from 19.8% in 2021 to 17.8% in 2022 (p = .008, V = .026), while anxiety screening did not change significantly (17.4% to 18.4%, p > .05). Comparisons between classes across years revealed older students exhibited decreases in depressive symptoms, while younger cohorts experienced increases in symptoms of anxiety from 2021 to 2022. Logistic regressions revealed that being female, reporting poorer mental health due to COVID-19, and excessive worry over one's career in sports were significant predictors of both depression and anxiety screenings in 2022. Compared to times when sports participation was limited, the lifting of restrictions was associated with overall reduced levels of depression, but not anxiety.

Evaluation of a COVID-19 rapid antigen testing program among student athletes in a public high school district.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate a COVID-19 rapid antigen testing program among high school athletes through testing data and qualitative analysis from key stakeholders. METHODS: Testing data was obtained by the partnering school district. Testing staff, coaches, and parents participated in a focus group using a semi-structured focus group guide. Transcripts were analyzed using a grounded theory approach to produce the themes of the study. RESULTS: Rapid antigen tests quickly identified a COVID-19-positive student athlete, which allowed for quick isolation and zero transmission to teammates. Focus groups with parents, testing staff, and coaches indicated the testing program improved perceived safety and demonstrated the ability for school staff to implement a widespread COVID-19 screening program with minimal training. CONCLUSIONS: As schools continue to respond to various waves of COVID-19 infections, targeted testing for high-risk activities in school settings such as sports programs may help prevent school outbreaks during times of high community transmission rates. This evaluation adds to a body of literature that will aid schools and policy makers in their decision on how to best keep student athletes and school communities safe for future waves of COVID-19 infection and other pandemics.

The Value of Incorporating Inclusive Sports in Schools: An Exploration of Unified Sport Experiences.

School sports programs intentionally created for students with and without disabilities may increase social participation of students with intellectual disabilities (IDs). Special Olympics Unified Sports is one program where students with and without ID participate on one team. Guided by a critical realist paradigm, this study explored the perceptions of students with and without ID and coaches of in-school Unified Sports. Interviews were conducted with 21 youths (12 with ID) and 14 coaches. Thematic analysis resulted in four developed themes (identified is outdated language): Inclusion-Is it a "we" or a "they?" Roles and Responsibilities, Educational Context for Inclusion, and Buy-In. Findings suggest students with and without ID and coaches value the inclusive nature of Unified Sports. Future research should explore training for coaches on inclusive practices (e.g., language), and optimal methods for consistent training (e.g., use of training manuals) to foster the philosophy of inclusion within school sports.

Relationship between perceived enjoyment, exercise commitment and behavioral intention among adolescents participating in "School Sport Club".

This study aimed to examine ways to improve the quality of physical activity (PA) to address social problems related to obesity and being overweight among adolescents, through an educational approach. In this regard, the current study identified associations between factors that lead to sustained PA participation among middle school students participating in school sports club activities, and derived academic implications that can be incorporated into future school education programs. The researchers explored the relationship between perceived enjoyment, exercise commitment, and behavioral intention in middle school sports club participants. The subjects of the study were selected as middle school students who had participated in school sports clubs for more than 6 months. Using convenience sampling, 350 datasets were collected from middle school students living in metropolitan cities in South Korea. Finally, 336 datasets were used for the final analysis after eliminating 14 questionnaires that were judged to be incorrectly indicated or incomplete. Frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and reliability verification (Cronbach's α) were conducted. The findings were as follows: first, among the sub-factors of perceived enjoyment, the following were found to have a positive relationship with cognitive commitment: daily escape (ß = 0.259), competitive victory (ß = 0.228), interpersonal relationships (ß = 0.204), and physical fitness (ß = 0.119). Furthermore, among the sub-factors of perceived fun, physical health (ß = 0.330), daily escape (ß = 0.205), interpersonal relationships (ß = 0.307), and competitive victory (ß = 0.228) had positive relationships with behavioral commitment. Second, among the sub-factors of perceived enjoyment, physical health (ß = 0.423), interpersonal relations (ß = 0.139), and daily escape (ß = 0.138) were found to have a positive association with behavioral intention. On the other hand, there was no significant relationship between competitive winning (ß = 0.071) and behavioral intention. Third, behavioral commitment (ß = 0.237) and cognitive commitment (ß = 0.183) were confirmed to have a significant positive relationship with behavioral intention. These findings highlight that middle school students' perceived enjoyment from participating in school sports clubs is a positive factor leading to increased immersion in sports activities and a sufficient basis for continuing sports activities. Furthermore, class organization, environmental factors, and appropriate instructional content for school sports club activities are essential for exercise commitment.

The role of the relationship with the coach in the group environment of school sports / El papel de la relación con el entrenador en el entorno grupal de los deportes escolares

Abstract The relationship between coach and athlete has been identified as a key factor for several positive outcomes in the sports context. Thus, the aims of this study were to analyze the association between the quality of the coach-athlete relation ship (CAR) and the perception of team cohesion of youth athletes. Participants were 301 athletes, aged 15 to 17 years, who participated in the School Games of Pernambuco, Brazil. The instruments used were the Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q) and the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ). Data analysis was conducted through the Structural Equation Modeling (p< .05). The results showed that the quality of CAR showed a significant association (p<.05) with team cohesion, explaining 25% of the variance of task cohesion and 15% of social cohesion. Specifically, the effect of CAR on task (β = 0.50) and social (β = 0.39) cohesion was significant (p<.05) and positive. It was concluded that the quality of CAR is a key factor for the engagement of the adolescent with the teamwork and its goals as well as for the de velopment of positive interpersonal relationships.

Resumen La relación entre entrenador y atleta ha sido identificada como un factor determinante para varios resultados positivos en el contexto deportivo. Por lo tanto, los objetivos del estudio fueron analizar la asociación entre la calidad de la relación en trenador-atleta (CAR) y la percepción de la cohesión del equipo de los atletas jóvenes. Participaron 301 atletas, de 15 a 17 años, que compitieron en los Juegos Escolares de Pernambuco, Brasil. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Cuestionario de Relación Entrenador-Atleta (CART-Q) y el Cuestionario de Ambiente Grupal (GEQ). El análisis de los datos se realizó a través del modelado de ecuaciones estructurales (p <.05). Los resultados mostraron que la calidad de la CAR mostró una asociación significativa (p <.05) con la cohesión del equipo, explicando el 25% de la varianza de la cohesión de la tarea y el 15% de la cohesión social. Específicamente, el efecto de CAR en la cohesión de tareas (β = 0.50) y social (β = 0.39) fue significativo (p <.05) y positivo. Se concluyó que la calidad de CAR es un factor clave para el compromiso del adolescente con el trabajo en equipo y las metas de este, así como para el desarrollo de relaciones interpersonales positivas.

Psychological Mechanism in School Sports Policy Attitudes among Chinese College Students-Based on the Study of Sunshine Sports Policy.

(1) Background: To quantitatively analyze the content structure and psychological mechanism of Chinese college students' school sports policy attitude; (2) Methods: This paper uses the data of 2112 college students obtained from a national sample survey. We also use a theoretical model of school sports policy attitude empirically tested by the LISREL structural equation model method; (3) Results: ① Students' cognition of the content, implementation, effect, satisfaction, and policy behavior of school sports policies are important factors affecting the implementation of school sports policy. ② Cognition generates emotions and students' awareness of school sports policy. The higher the recognition of content, policy implementation, and policy effect, the higher their satisfaction with the school sports policy. ③ Emotion determines behavior. The greater the students' satisfaction with the school sports policy, the more willing they are to follow the school sports policy requirements and demonstrate positive behavior in line with its provisions. ④ The measurement model of the school sports policy attitude has good reliability and validity, and the theoretical hypothesis of the structural model is supported by the data that measures and explains the college students' attitudes toward school sports policy.

Shoulder, upper arm and elbow injuries in high school men's American football.

In order to reduce shoulder, upper arm and elbow injury rates in American football, identifying injury risk factors and any underlying associations is needed. No prior study has done such characterization at the high school level. A descriptive epidemiology study was performed using data from the National Athletic Treatment, Injury, and Outcomes Network Surveillance Program (NATION-SP) from the years 2011/12 to 2013/14 on high school football athletes. Four hundred and sixty total injuries were found in the dataset. Acromioclavicular (AC) sprains had the highest incidence of all injuries (0.060 injuries per 1000 exposures). Fractures lead to the greatest time lost (42.24 days). Most injuries occurred in older athletes (juniors and seniors, 30% and 32%, respectively), were related to tackling (31%), and in running back and linebacker positions (15% each). Orthopaedic surgeons and other sports medicine specialists can use these findings to educate players, coaches and families about injury risks and for improving injury prevention guidelines.

Participating in extracurricular activities and school sports during the COVID-19 pandemic: Associations with child and youth mental health.

In Ontario, Canada, school extracurricular activities and sports were modified or canceled for a prolonged period due to public health restrictions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study aims to examine the association of changes to extracurricular and sport participation and child and youth mental health. Data were collected on child and youth mental health symptoms (n = 908) and participation in extracurricular activities and sports in the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 academic years. Results indicated that pre-COVID (2019-2020) participation in either extracurricular activities or sports was associated with reduced anxiety, inattention, and hyperactivity during the pandemic (ß range -0.08 to -0.11, p < 0.05). Participation in either extracurricular activities or sports during-COVID (2020-2021) was associated with lower depressive symptoms (ß range -0.09 to -0.10, p < 0.05). Findings suggest that participation in extracurricular activities and/or school sports both before or during the COVID-19 pandemic were associated with better mental health outcomes in children and youth. Implications of this work consider future situations where restrictions on extracurricular and sport participation are reinstated and the impact of child and youth mental health.

The Initiation and Developmental Course of Prescription Drug Misuse Among High School Athletes During the Transition Through Young Adulthood.

The objective of this study was to examine the extent to which involvement in high-contact, semicontact, or noncontact sports during the 12th grade is associated with the initiation and developmental course of prescription drug misuse (PDM) between ages 17/18 years and 27/28 years. Data were collected from a national multicohort panel sample of US 12th-graders (cohorts 2006-2017; n = 4,772) from the Monitoring the Future Study who were followed for a decade, through age 27/28 years. Approximately 31% of high school seniors indicated PDM at baseline (age 17/18 years). While past-year PDM remained relatively stable between ages 17/18 years and 27/28 years, participation in both noncontact (adjusted odds ratio = 1.40, 95% confidence interval: 1.02, 1.91) and contact (adjusted odds ratio = 1.57, 95% confidence interval: 1.08, 2.28) sports in the 12th grade increased the odds of initiating prescription stimulant misuse during the 10 years following high school as compared with respondents who did not participate in these types of sports in the 12th grade. To our knowledge, this is the first national study to have assessed how sports participation during high school is associated with the initiation and developmental course of PDM from adolescence to young adulthood. These findings reinforce the need for PDM screening during adolescence, as nearly 1 in 3 high school seniors engage in PDM. Increased prescription stimulant misuse following high school warrants ongoing monitoring during young adulthood, especially among athletes.

Risk Factors of Sports-Related Injury in School-Aged Children and Adolescents: A Retrospective Questionnaire Survey.

Studies conducting quantitative surveys in school-aged children and adolescents help identify sports-related risk factors for acute and overuse injuries are scarce. This study aimed to quantify the risk factors for sports-related injury in school-aged children and adolescents by school categories. University students (n = 484) retrospectively recalled their sports experiences and related injuries in a questionnaire according to the following school categories: lower elementary school (LE), upper elementary school (UE), junior high school (JH), and high school (H). Both sports-related acute and overuse injuries were recorded. After adjusting various covariates, weekly hours in sports were identified as a significant risk factor in LE and UE. The interaction of weekly hours in sports and sports specialization was significant in LE and UE, suggesting that early specialization would be a risk factor in lower school categories. In JH and H, female sex, high-level competition, and injury experienced in a previous school category were significantly related to sports-related injuries. In conclusion, weekly hours in sports, high-level competitions, previous injury experience, and sex were confirmed as risk factors in specific school categories. Most identified risk factors are modifiable, suggesting that sports-related injuries can be prevented in school-aged children and adolescents.

Effects of Athletic Trainer Direct Employment on the Management of Sports-Related Injuries in High School Athletes.

BACKGROUND: Hiring athletic trainers (ATs) in high schools has attracted rising interest as a potential way of improving adolescents' health by enhancing their safety and reducing their risk of injury. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine if there is a difference in the referral patterns, injury diagnoses, and injury treatments performed at a metropolitan high school when an AT is employed versus not employed by the school. DESIGN: This is a retrospective quantitative two-period study. SETTING: The study was conducted in the high school athletic department in Norfolk, Virginia, and the study population was high school athletes (age 14-18). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in referral patterns, injury diagnoses, and injury treatments performed at a local high school when an AT is employed versus not employed by the school; specifically, we examined the number of and percent changes in yearly treatments, referrals, evaluations, and re-evaluations during the two periods. RESULTS: Our first t-test revealed a statistically significant increase in the number of reported injuries between 2011-2015 (M = 58.00, SD = 44.86) and 2016-2020 (M = 299.00, SD = 40.93, p = 0.006. The second t-test revealed a statistically significant increase in the number of referrals between 2011-2015 (M = 249.00, SD = 353.41) and 2016-2020 (M = 1188.00, SD = 158.21), p = 0.014. The third t-test revealed a statistically significant increase in the number of treatment items between 2011-2015 (M = 150.67, SD = 175.32) and 2016-2020 (M = 636.67, SD = 211.72), p = 0.01. CONCLUSIONS: The present study found an increased frequency of reported injuries, referrals, and treatment after ATs directly joined the staff of a large metropolitan high school. These findings suggest that direct employment of ATs is associated with greater recording of injuries and treatment of conditions. A reduction in referrals occurs with the presence of directly employed ATs, which could result in improved health for student-athletes, but this needs further study.

Comunicación asertiva en directivos de la Escuela de Iniciación Deportiva Provincial / Comunicação assertiva nos gestores da Escola Provincial de Iniciação ao Esporte / Assertive communication in managers of the Provincial School of Sport Initiation

RESUMEN La asertividad es una habilidad social clave para la promoción del desarrollo humano y la prevención de problemas psicosociales en los diversos ámbitos del desarrollo humano. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar las características que asume la comunicación asertiva en directivos de la Escuela de Iniciación Deportiva Escolar "Ormani Arenado Llonch" de Pinar del Río. Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal en el periodo comprendido entre abril y junio de 2018. Para ello, se utilizó un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, quedando conformada la muestra por 12 directivos. Como métodos empíricos de obtención de información, se utilizaron: la observación, la Escala de Asertividad de Rathus y la entrevista semiestructurada. En la investigación, se mostró predominio de directivos que se encontraban entre los 50 y 60 años de edad (33 %) y que pertenecían al género masculino (67 %). Los cargos ocupados fueron fundamentalmente Subdirector en Formación Integral, Jefe de Grado y Jefe de Departamento (25 %). La totalidad de la muestra recibió cursos de superación de postgrado (100 %). Primaron los participantes que tenían entre 21 y 30 años de experiencia laboral. Prevaleció el estilo comunicativo asertivo confrontativo (42 %). El desarrollo económico y social en la Cuba de hoy necesita de directivos que actúen alejados de posturas agresivas y egoístas; pero también que dejen atrás posturas acríticas y pasivas, necesita de hombres y mujeres asertivos.

RESUMO A assertividade é uma habilidade social chave para a promoção do desenvolvimento do homem e a prevenção de problemas psicossociais em diferentes áreas da evolução humana. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar as características que a comunicação assertiva assume nos dirigentes da Escola de Iniciação ao Esporte "Ormani Arenado Llonch" de Pinar del Río. Um estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal foi realizado entre abril e junho de 2018. Para este fim, foi utilizada uma amostragem de conveniência não-probabilística, e a amostra consistiu de 12 diretores. Os métodos empíricos utilizados para obter informações foram: a observação, a Escala de Assertividade de Rathus e a entrevista semiestruturada. A pesquisa mostrou uma predominância de gerentes entre 50 e 60 anos de idade (33 %) e pertencentes ao sexo masculino (67 %). Os cargos ocupados foram principalmente o de Chefe Adjunto de Treinamento Integral, Chefe de Grau e Chefe de Departamento (25 %). A amostra inteira recebeu treinamento de pós-graduação (100 %). Os participantes com entre 21 e 30 anos de experiência de trabalho foram predominantes. Prevaleceu o estilo de comunicação assertiva e confrontacional (42 %). O desenvolvimento econômico e social na Cuba de hoje precisa de gestores que estejam longe de posturas agressivas e egoístas; mas também que deixem para trás posturas acríticas e passivas; precisa de homens e mulheres assertivos.

ABSTRACT Assertiveness is a key social skill for the promotion of human development and the prevention of psychosocial problems in the various areas of human development. The aim of this paper is to determine the characteristics that assertive communication assumes in managers of the Sports Initiation School "Ormani Arenado Llonch" of Pinar del Río. An observational, descriptive, cross sectional study was conducted in the period between April and June 2018. For this purpose, a non-probabilistic convenience sampling was used, and the sample consisted of 12 managers. The empirical methods used to obtain information were: observation, the Rathus Assertiveness Scale and the semi-structured interview. It was shown a prevalence of managers between 50 and 60 years of age (33 %) and belonging to the male gender (67 %). The positions held were mainly Assistant Director in Integral Formation, Head of Grade and Head of Department (25 %). The totality of the sample received postgraduate courses (100 %). Participants with between 21 and 30 years of work experience prevailed. The assertive confrontational communicative style prevailed (42 %). Economic and social development in today's Cuba needs managers who act away from aggressive and selfish postures; but also who leave behind uncritical and passive postures; rather it is needed assertive men and women.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Newer Helmet Designs with Emergent Shell and Padding Technologies Versus Older Helmet Models for Preserving White Matter Following a Season of High School Football.

We aimed to objectively compare the effects of wearing newer, higher-ranked football helmets (HRank) vs. wearing older, lower-ranked helmets (LRank) on pre- to post-season alterations to neuroimaging-derived metrics of athletes' white matter. Fifty-four high-school athletes wore an HRank helmet, and 62 athletes wore an LRank helmet during their competitive football season and completed pre- and post-season diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Longitudinal within- and between-group DTI metrics [fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean/axial/radial diffusivity (MD, AD, RD)] were analyzed using tract-based spatial statistics. The LRank helmet group exhibited significant pre- to post-season reductions in MD, AD, and RD, the HRank helmet group displayed significant pre- to post-season increases in FA, and both groups showed significant pre- to post-season increases in AD (p's < .05 [corrected]). Between-group analyses revealed the pre- to post-season increase in AD was significantly less for athletes wearing HRank compared to LRank (p < .05 [corrected]). These data provide in vivo evidence that wearing an HRank helmet may be efficacious for preserving white matter from head impact exposure during high school football. Future prospective longitudinal investigations with complimentary imaging and behavioral outcomes are warranted to corroborate these initial in vivo findings.

Effects of an Intervention for Promoting Basic Motor Competencies in Middle Childhood.

The development of motor competencies is necessary for participation in the culture of sport, exercise, and physical activity, which in turn supports the development of a healthy lifestyle. A lack of physical activity in childhood and deficits in motor performance emphasize the relevance of interventions for promoting basic motor competencies. However, there are research desiderata with regard to such interventions. This article describes an intervention program for promoting basic motor competencies in middle childhood (around 6 to 10 years of age). The intervention was investigated in a longitudinal study from June 2019 to January 2020 (n = 200; 58% girls, M = 8.84 years, SD = 0.63) at three primary schools. The intervention was conducted once a week in physical education (PE). The comparison group participated in regular PE. The intervention showed significant effects on basic motor competencies in object movement but not in self-movement. The results demonstrate that positive effects on basic motor competencies can be achieved with the help of a relatively simple intervention. Further longitudinal studies are desirable as a means of substantiating the results and developing evidence-based concepts to support children in their development in the best possible way.

Os jogos do Instituto Federal do Paraná: um estudo sobre as percepções e práticas dos coordenadores de ações esportivas / The games of the Federal Institute of Paraná: a study on the perceptions and practices of sports action coordinators / Los juegos del Instituto Federal de Paraná: un estudio sobre las percepciones y prácticas de los coordinadores de acción deportiva

Este estudo objetivou analisar as percepções e práticas dos coordenadores de ações esportivas do IFPR sobre os Jogos do Instituto Federal do Paraná. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa descritiva, na qual foi aplicada uma entrevista semiestruturada com os quatro coordenadores envolvidos com a gestão dos JIFPR no período de 2010 a 2021. Os dados foram categorizados e analisados mediante a análise de conteúdo. Por meio dos discursos foi possível apreender-se as construções, as relações e a importância deste evento no contexto ao qual se insere. Os resultados evidenciam que os coordenadores possuem percepções positivas em relação ao evento associadas à importância para a formação integral dos alunos, para suprir uma lacuna e dar visibilidade à instituição. As práticas dos coordenadores, associadas ao planejamento e gestão do evento, por um lado seguem um rito desde a criação dos Jogos e, por outro, buscam inovações para atender as demandas de cada edição.

This study aimed to analyze the perceptions and practices of the IFPR sports action coordinators about the Games of the Federal Institute of Paraná. This is a descriptive qualitative research, in which a semi-structured interview was applied with the four coordinators involved with the management of the JIFPR from 2010 to 2021. Data were categorized and analyzed through content analysis. Through the speeches, it was possible to apprehend the constructions, relationships and importance of this event in the context in which it is inserted. The results show that the coordinators have positive perceptions about the event associated with its importance for the integral education of students, to fill a gap and give visibility to the institution. The coordinators' practices, associated with the planning and management of the event, on the one hand follow a rite since the creation of the Games and, on the other, seek innovations to meet the demands of each edition.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las percepciones y prácticas de los coordinadores de acción deportiva de la IFPR sobre los Juegos del Instituto Federal de Paraná. Se trata de una investigación descriptiva cualitativa, en la que se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada con los cuatro coordinadores involucrados con la gestión de la JIFPR de 2010 a 2021. Los datos fueron categorizados y analizados mediante análisis de contenido. A través de los discursos fue posible aprehender las construcciones, relaciones e importancia de este evento en el contexto en el que se inserta. Los resultados muestran que los coordinadores tienen percepciones positivas del evento asociadas a su importancia para la educación integral de los estudiantes, para llenar un vacío y dar visibilidad a la institución. Las prácticas de los coordinadores, asociadas a la planificación y gestión del evento, por un lado siguen un rito desde la creación de los Juegos y, por otro, buscan innovaciones para satisfacer las demandas de cada edición.

O trabalho docente nas escolinhas esportivas: experiências narradas na escola / Teaching work in sports schools: experiences narratedin school / El trabajo docente en escuelas deportivas: experienciasrelatadas en el colegio

Este texto tematiza as experiências docentes dos Professores de Educação Física que ensinam o esporte como atividade opcional em uma escola da rede privada de Porto Alegre. O estudo foi realizado através de uma pesquisa narrativa, tendo a produção das informações sido realizada por meio de entrevistas e observações de participantes registradas em diário de campo e análise de documentos entre os meses de outubro e dezembro de 2019. A análise das informações nos permitiu compreender que os Professores colaboradores do estudo percebem seu trabalho dentro de um contexto de "não lugar" de atuação docente. A construção das experiências docentes desses professores perpassa suas histórias de vida com o esporte e está fortemente ligada à cultura escolar em que estão inseridos.

This article focuses on the teaching experiences of Physical Education teachers who teach sport as an optional activity in a private school in Porto Alegre, RS. In the study, a narrative research, the production of the data was obtained through interviews and observation the of participants recorded in a field diary in addition to the analysis of documents, from October to December 2019. The analysis of the information collected revealed that the collaborating teachers of the study perceive their work within a context of a "non-place" of teaching. The construction of the teaching experiences of these teachers permeates their life stories with sport and is strongly linked to the school culture in which they are inserted.

Este trabajo presenta experiencias docentes de los profesores de Educación Física que enseñan deporte como actividad optativa en un colegio privado de Porto Alegre, Río Grande del Sur, Brasil. En este estudio, una investigación narrativa, la producción de los datos se obtuvo por medio de entrevistas y de la observación de los participantes, registradas en un diario de campo, además del análisis de documentos, en el período de octubre a diciembre de 2019. El examen de las informaciones colectadas reveló que los profesores colaboradores del estudio observan su trabajo dentro del contexto de un "no lugar" de actuación docente. La construcción de las experiencias docentes de esos profesionales atraviesa sus histórias de vida con el deporte y está fuertemente ligada a la cultura escolar en la que están inseridos.

Family Affluence Relationship to Sports Specialization in Youth Athletes.

Our objective was to examine the association between participant-reported family affluence and sport specialization level. We conducted a cross-sectional investigation of adolescent athletes. Specifically, participants completed a level of sport specialization (low/moderate/high) questionnaire and the Family Affluence Scale. The majority (52%) of the 195 youth athlete participants reported low, 33% reported moderate, and 15% reported high sport specialization. Sport specialization groups were similar in age (mean = 15.3 ± 1.6 years), proportion of females (49%), and time spent training (mean = 11.9 ± 5.0 hours per week). The high sport specialization group reported significantly greater family affluence than the low sport specialization group (Family Affluence Scale = 10.4 ± 1.7 vs 9.2 ± 1.9; P = .005). After covariate adjustment, higher levels of sport specialization remained significantly associated with greater family affluence (ß = 0.48, 95% confidence interval = 0.11-0.86). Understanding the relationship between family affluence and sports specialization affords an opportunity to better identify and monitor populations likely to specialize in a single sport during high school.