Primary Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection for Clinical Stage II A/B Seminomas: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

ABSTRACT Introduction Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are considered standard treatments for stage II seminoma patients; however, these therapies are associated with long-term toxicities. Recently, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection has emerged as an alternative strategy, and the first three phase II trials were published in 2023 with promising results. The present study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate this surgery as an alternative treatment for stage IIA/B seminoma patients. Purpose Seminomas are the most common testicular tumors, often affecting young adult males. Standard treatments for stage II seminomas include chemotherapy and radiation therapy, but these therapies are associated with long-term toxicities. Thus, identifying alternative strategies is paramount. Herein, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to appraise the efficacy and safety of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) for treating this condition. Methods We systematically searched the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases for studies evaluating RPLND as a primary treatment for stage II A/B seminomas. Using a random-effects model, single proportion and means and pooled 2-year recurrence-free survival rates with hazard rates and 95% CI were calculated. Results Seven studies were included, comprising 331 males with stage II seminomas. In the pooled analysis, the recurrence rate was 17.69% (95% CI 12.31-24.75), and the 2-year RFS rate was 81% (95% CI 0.77-0.86). The complication rate was 9.16% (95% CI 6.16-13.42), the Clavien-Dindo > 2 complication rate was 8.83% (95% CI 5.76-13.31), and the retrograde ejaculation rate was 7.01% (95% CI 3.54-13.40). The median operative time was 174.68 min (95% CI 122.17-249.76 min), median blood loss was 105.91 mL (95% CI 46.89-239.22 mL), and patients with no evidence of lymph node involvement ranged from 0-16%. Conclusions Primary RPLNDs for treating stage IIA/B seminomas have favorable RFS rates, with low complication and recurrence rates. These findings provide evidence that this surgery is a viable alternative therapy for these patients.

Primary Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection for Clinical Stage II A/B Seminomas: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are considered standard treatments for stage II seminoma patients; however, these therapies are associated with long-term toxicities. Recently, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection has emerged as an alternative strategy, and the first three phase II trials were published in 2023 with promising results. The present study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate this surgery as an alternative treatment for stage IIA/B seminoma patients. PURPOSE: Seminomas are the most common testicular tumors, often affecting young adult males. Standard treatments for stage II seminomas include chemotherapy and radiation therapy, but these therapies are associated with long-term toxicities. Thus, identifying alternative strategies is paramount. Herein, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to appraise the efficacy and safety of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) for treating this condition. METHODS: We systematically searched the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases for studies evaluating RPLND as a primary treatment for stage II A/B seminomas. Using a random-effects model, single proportion and means and pooled 2-year recurrence-free survival rates with hazard rates and 95% CI were calculated. RESULTS: Seven studies were included, comprising 331 males with stage II seminomas. In the pooled analysis, the recurrence rate was 17.69% (95% CI 12.31-24.75), and the 2-year RFS rate was 81% (95% CI 0.77-0.86). The complication rate was 9.16% (95% CI 6.16-13.42), the Clavien-Dindo > 2 complication rate was 8.83% (95% CI 5.76-13.31), and the retrograde ejaculation rate was 7.01% (95% CI 3.54-13.40). The median operative time was 174.68 min (95% CI 122.17-249.76 min), median blood loss was 105.91 mL (95% CI 46.89-239.22 mL), and patients with no evidence of lymph node involvement ranged from 0-16%. CONCLUSIONS: Primary RPLNDs for treating stage IIA/B seminomas have favorable RFS rates, with low complication and recurrence rates. These findings provide evidence that this surgery is a viable alternative therapy for these patients.

Cumulative incidences of hypogonadism, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia in patients with stage I seminoma treated with a risk-adapted strategy: a Spanish single-centre retrospective analysis.

PURPOSE: To describe the incidences of hypogonadism, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia in patients with stage 1 seminoma (S1S) testicular cancer (TC) treated with a risk-adapted strategy. METHODS: A retrospective analysis from 2000 to 2020 was conducted. Active surveillance (AS), carboplatin one cycle, and carboplatin two cycles were offered according to risk factors. Cumulative incidences and relapse-free survival (RFS) were estimated. RESULTS: Of the 145 patients, 8 (5.4%) were excluded due to bilateral TC or hypogonadism at diagnosis. Median follow-up time was 8.2 years. Eighty-four, 30, and 33 patients were treated with AS, carboplatin one cycle, and carboplatin two cycles, respectively. In the overall population, the 5-year and 10-year cumulative incidences were 1.6% and 5.3% for hypogonadism; 2.0% and 8.6% for hypertension; and 12.4% and 25.1% for dyslipidaemia. No statistically significant differences were found in the incidences among the three adjuvant strategies. Five-year and 10-year RFS were 85.9% and 83.3% for AS; 92.4% and 84.0% for carboplatin one cycle; and 96.7% at both times for carboplatin two cycles. CONCLUSION: There were no statistically differences in cumulative incidences of hypogonadism, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia in S1S patients treated with a risk-adapted strategy.

Características de pacientes con tumor germinal testicular tipo seminoma y masa retroperitoneal posquimioterapia / Characteristics of patients with seminoma-type testicular germ cell tumor and retroperitoneal mass post-chemotherapy

Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas y patológicas de los pacientes con tumor germinal testicular tipo seminoma con masa residual posquimioterapia (post-QT) con marcadores tumorales negativos llevados a linfadenectomía retroperitoneal (LRP). Método: Se incluyeron pacientes con TGTS y masa residual post-QT entre el año 2007-2021 en nuestra institución. Los datos fueron obtenidos mediante la evaluación retrospectiva de nuestra base de datos electrónica. Resultados: Nueve pacientes cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Según la estadificación del TNM, seis pacientes eran pT1, mientras que tres (33,3%) eran N2 y N3. La mayoría de los pacientes, cinco en total, tenían un estadio clínico IIC y todos los pacientes se clasificaron como riesgo bueno según la clasificación del International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (IGCCCG). Se observaron cinco pacientes, tres fueron intervenidos con LRP y solo uno recibió QT. Solo en dos pacientes llevados a LRP se logró una resección completa de la masa y se encontró tumor viable en el 66,6% de los pacientes llevados a cirugía. Conclusión: En nuestra experiencia la LRP es viable en este tipo de pacientes, logrando la resección completa en la mayoría de los casos. Cuando no se logra una resección completa es imprescindible ofrecer tratamientos adicionales

Objective: We aim to describe the clinical and pathological characteristics of patients with seminomatous germ cell tumour (SGCT) and residual masses following chemotherapy (CTX) with negative tumor markers taken to retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RLND). Method: We included patients with SGCT and had a residual mass after CTX between 2007 and 2021 in our institution. Data was obtained in a retrospective fashion from our electronic database. Results: A total of 9 patients match the inclusion criteria. Above 66% of patients were Pt1, most of them were N2 (33.3%) and N3 (33.3%), 55.5% had a IIC clinical stage and all the patients had good risk following the International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (IGCCCG) classification. The majority of the patients were observed (55.5%), 33.3% were taken to RLND and one patient received CTX. Almost 66.6% of the patients taken to RLND had a complete resection of the mass and had viable tumor in 66.6% of the cases. Conclusions: In our retrospective study the RLND is a good option for these patients and allows a complete resection in most of the cases. When a complete resection is not possible is necessary to offer additional treatments

Tumor de Testículo / Testicular tumor

Introducción: los tumores testiculares representan el 4% de las neoplasias urogenitales, de las cuales el seminoma es el tumor maligno más frecuente del testículo en los varones jóvenes. El pronóstico es bueno con la orquiectomía total, llegando a una sobrevida del 95% en 10 años. Presentación de Caso: paciente de sexo masculino de 28 años con tumoración no dolorosa en región escrotal de 10 años de evolución, acude al servicio de urología por molestias y aumento importante de la tumoración en el último año. Conclusión: el tumor testicular tiene un muy buen pronóstico si es detectado a tiempo, teniendo en cuenta que con la exploración física ya se puede tener el diagnostico.

Introduction: testicular tumors represent 4% of urogenital neoplasms, of which seminoma is the most common malignant tumor of the testicle in young men. The prognosis is good with total orchiectomy, reaching a survival of 95% in 10 years. Case Presentation: a 28-year-old male patient with a non-painful tumor in the scrotal region of 10 years of evolution, went to the urology service due to discomfort and a significant increase in the tumor in the last year. Conclusion: the testicular tumor has a very good prognosis if it is detected in time, taking into account that with the physical examination the diagnosis can already be made.

Tumor de Testículo

Introducción: los tumores testiculares representan el 4% de las neoplasias urogenitales, de las cuales el seminoma es el tumor maligno más frecuente del testículo en los varones jóvenes. El pronóstico es bueno con la orquiectomía total, llegando a una sobrevida del 95% en 10 años. Presentación de Caso: paciente de sexo masculino de 28 años con tumoración no dolorosa en región escrotal de 10 años de evolución, acude al servicio de urología por molestias y aumento importante de la tumoración en el último año. Conclusión: el tumor testicular tiene un muy buen pronóstico si es detectado a tiempo, teniendo en cuenta que con la exploración física ya se puede tener el diagnostico.

Introduction: testicular tumors represent 4% of urogenital neoplasms, of which seminoma is the most common malignant tumor of the testicle in young men. The prognosis is good with total orchiectomy, reaching a survival of 95% in 10 years. Case Presentation: a 28-year-old male patient with a non-painful tumor in the scrotal region of 10 years of evolution, went to the urology service due to discomfort and a significant increase in the tumor in the last year. Conclusion: the testicular tumor has a very good prognosis if it is detected in time, taking into account that with the physical examination the diagnosis can already be made.

Primary seminoma of the seminal vesicle. A case report.

Testicular germ cell tumors, including seminomas, originate mainly from the testicles and rarely from extragonadal locations, often retroperitoneum and mediastinum. Moreover, primary seminal vesicle tumors are extremely rare, and the most described histology is adenocarcinoma. We report, as far as we know, the second case of primary seminoma of the seminal vesicle.

Postchemotherapy retroperitoneal residual mass resection for germ cell testicular tumors: a single-center experience

SUMMARY Objective: Postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (PC-RPLND) plays an important role in the management of advanced germ cell testicular tumors. Bilateral template lymph node dissection is considered a standard treatment in postchemotherapy residual masses; however, modified unilateral templates have gained acceptance in patients with unilateral residual disease. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the perioperative and oncological outcomes of the patients with advanced testicular cancer who underwent unilateral modified template PC-RPLND in our center. Methods: This is a retrospective study in which patients who underwent PC-RPLND in a referred center between 2004 and 2021 were investigated. All patients had three or four cycles of chemotherapy and retroperitoneal residual masses. Data were retrospectively collected from medical, operative, radiology, and pathology records and analyzed. Results: A total of 57 patients underwent PC-RPLND. The mean age was 32.7±8.1 years (19-50). According to the disease stage at presentation, there were 39 patients with stage 2 and 18 patients with stage 3. The average tumor size after chemotherapy was 57.6±2.7 mm (25-117). The overall complication rate was 35% (20/57 patients). No grade 4 and 5 complications were observed. Pathologic review demonstrated the presence of teratoma in 28 (49.1%) patients, fibrosis and/or necrosis in 15 (26.3%) patients, and viable germ cell tumor in 14 (24.5%) patients. The mean follow-up was 69.4 months (8-201). During follow-up after surgery, 14 (24.5%) deaths occurred due to advanced disease. Conclusion: PC-RPLND is a major component of the management of advanced testicular germ cell cancer. Our study demonstrated that modified unilateral template is an effective and safe procedure in the postchemotherapy setting for selected patients.

Explorando un seminoma, encontrado en una ruptura testicular: reporte de caso

Dentro de los traumas testiculares, el cerrado representa la mayoría de los casos, y por lo general afecta a hombres de 15 a 40 años de edad. Presentamos un hallazgo de seminoma clásico luego de un trauma incidental con posterior exploración quirúrgica y orquiectomía radical de testículo izquierdo. Se resalta la dificultad de las herramientas de investigación como la ecografía testicular para apoyo del médico. Los seminomas suelen ser masas homogéneamente hipoecoicas. Las imágenes por resonancia magnética pueden ayudar a confirmar que una masa es intratesticular y proporcionar datos para la estadificación local. La tomografía computarizada proporciona información valiosa para la estadificación, incluida la presencia y el tamaño de los ganglios linfáticos retroperitoneales. El manejo es limitado. Sin embargo, el seminoma testicular se trata con orquiectomía inguinal radical y es altamente curable incluso en etapas avanzadas de la enfermedad. La mayoría de los médicos eligen la orquiectomía seguida de vigilancia para pacientes con enfermedad seminomatosa en estadio I y quimioterapia o radiación, seguida de una cirugía para el manejo de masas residuales, para pacientes con enfermedad en estadio II y superior. Destacamos la importancia de la sospecha clínica en estos tipos de pacientes jóvenes y tener una búsqueda activa ante estos traumas triviales.   (provisto por Infomedic International)

Among testicular traumas, blunt testicular trauma represents the majority of cases and usually affects men between 15 and 40 years of age. We present a finding of classic seminoma after an incidental trauma with subsequent surgical exploration and radical orchiectomy of the left testicle. The difficulty of research tools such as testicular ultrasound for physician support is highlighted. Seminomas are usually homogeneously hypoechoic masses. Magnetic resonance imaging can help confirm that a mass is intratesticular and provide data for local staging. Computed tomography provides valuable information for staging, including the presence and size of retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Management is limited. However, testicular seminoma is treated with radical inguinal orchiectomy and is highly curable even in advanced stages of the disease. Most physicians choose orchiectomy followed by surveillance for patients with stage I seminomatous disease and chemotherapy or radiation, followed by surgery for management of residual masses, for patients with stage II and higher disease. We stress the importance of clinical suspicion in these types of young patients and having an active search for these trivial traumas. (provided by Infomedic International)

Impact of Testicular Germ Cell Tumor Laterality on Recurrence-Free Survival in the Mexican Population.

BACKGROUND: To date, the prognostic value of laterality for testicular germ cell tumors remains unknown. Herein, we describe this prognostic factor in the Mexican population. METHODS: A retrospective single-center study that included 37 patients with primary testicular germ cell tumors was conducted. Primary outcome was recurrence-free survival (RFS) at 2 years. Secondary outcomes were RFS by histology, progression-free survival by laterality, and 2-year overall survival. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients were included, of which five showed relapses. By laterality, the 2-year RFS rate was 100% for left tumors and 77.3% for right tumors, with a trend toward statistical significance (P = 0.058). By histology, the RFS rate was higher for seminomas than non-seminomas (89% vs. 83%, respectively) without this difference being statistically significant. Progression-free survival was higher for right tumors than left tumors (91% vs. 80%, respectively) but without reaching statistical significance. The overall survival rate for the entire cohort was 94.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that patients with primary germ cell tumors of the right testicle have a higher risk of recurrence than those with primary germ cell tumors of the left testicle, with a trend toward statistical significance.

Seminoma mixto testicular / Mixed Testicular Seminoma

Introducción: El cáncer de testículo es una neoplasia rara a pesar de ser el tumor sólido más frecuente en hombres de 15 a 35 años de edad. Objetivo: Describir la presentación de un caso atendido en el Hospital General de Cienfuegos. Caso clínico: Se trata de un varón de 21 años sin factores de riesgo, que acude con masa escrotal, ginecomastia y adenopatías, los exámenes complementarios demostraron un seminoma clásico con áreas de anaplásico y una diseminación notable que lo clasifica como estadio III. Conclusiones: La mortalidad por cáncer de testículo es en gran medida prevenible, el examen físico constituye la piedra angular del diagnóstico precoz, es imprescindible tener presente su posibilidad diagnóstica sobre todo en adultos jóvenes. A pesar de la disminución de la letalidad por esta enfermedad, el diagnóstico tardío y en etapas avanzadas, como en este caso, ensombrecen el pronóstico(AU)

Introduction: Testicular cancer is a rare neoplasm, despite being the most frequent solid tumor in men aged 15-35 years. Objective: To describe the case of a patient who received attention at the General Hospital of Cienfuegos. Clinical case: This is the case of a 21-year-old man without risk factors who presents with a scrotal mass, gynecomastia and adenopathies. The complementary texts showed a classic seminoma with anaplastic areas and notable spread, which allowed to classify it as a stage-III neoplasm. Conclusions: Mortality from testicular cancer is largely preventable. The physical examination is the cornerstone of early diagnosis. It is essential to bear in mind its diagnostic possibility, particularly in young adults. Despite the decrease in mortality from this disease, late diagnosis or in advanced stages, as in this case, hides prognosis(AU)

Magnetic resonance versus computed tomography for the detection of retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis due to testicular cancer: A systematic literature review.

INTRODUCTION: It is essential to see if MRI can be used as an alternative to CT for the detection of retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy in patients with testicular neoplasms. By doing so, the amount of radiation received by these young patients might be reduced. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A systematic literature review was carried out in 5 databases between January 1984 until December 2020. The articles included were randomized and non-randomized clinical trials, cross-sectional studies, cohort, case and control, and retrospective studies that compare the accuracy of MRI against CT to detect retroperitoneal lymph nodes in patients with testicular neoplasms. RESULTS: The search string initially retrieved 222 non duplicated papers from which a total of 3 studies of diagnostic accuracy were included for analysis. These articles evaluated a total of 127 patients with testicular neoplasm; the sample size per study ranged from 25 to 52 patients, with a mean age between 29-34 years. MRI presented a sensitivity ranging from 98-80% and specificity of 100 % when read by an experienced radiologist. However, when it was read by a radiologist with 1 year of experience, the sensitivity dropped to 78 % and specificity to 91%. CONCLUSION: This systematic literature review shows a knowledge gap since not much has been published regarding this topic; therefore, randomized clinical trials are mandatory. Research on when to use MRI over CT is necessary to reduce radiation exposure. The authors strongly suggest that readers start researching on this subject.

Semen quality from patients affected by seminomatous and non-seminomatous testicular tumor

ABSTRACT Testicular cancer is considered a rare disease affecting approximately 1% to 2% of the male population. This neoplasm has a cure rate of over 95%; as a result, a major concern is the future of fertility of carriers from this disease. There are several histological subtypes of testicular tumors; however, the Testicular Germ Cell Tumors (TGCTs), comprising both seminoma and non-seminoma tumors, are considered the main subtypes of testicular neoplasms. TGCT are characterized by being a solid tumor that mostly affects young men aged between 15 and 40 years old. While TGCT subtypes may have an invasive potential, seminoma subtype does not affect other cells rather than germ cells, while non-seminomas have more invasive properties and can achieve somatic cells; thus, having a more aggressive nature. This research intends to review the literature regarding information about sperm parameters, correlating the data found in those studies to the subfertility and infertility of patients with TCGTs. Furthermore, it will also correlate the data to the non-seminoma and seminoma histological subtypes from pre- and post-cancer therapy. PubMed databases were used. Searched keywords included: seminoma AND non-seminoma; male infertility; germ cell tumor; chemotherapy AND radiotherapy. Only articles published in English were considered. Current studies demonstrate that both TGCT subtypes promote deleterious effects on semen quality resulting in decreased sperm concentration, declined sperm total motility and an increase in the morphology alterations. However, findings suggest that the non-seminoma subtype effects are more pronounced and deleterious. More studies will be necessary to clarify the behavior of seminoma and non-seminoma tumors implicating the reproductive health of male patients.

Survival Outcomes of Patients With Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors: Experience of a Cancer Center in South America.

PURPOSE: Mediastinal germ cell tumors (GCT) are rare neoplasms associated with poor survival prognosis. Due to their low incidence, limited information is available about this disease in South America. The objective of this study is to report the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with mediastinal GCT in a cancer center in Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with mediastinal GCT treated at the National Cancer Institute at Bogota (Colombia) between 2008 and 2020. Survival curves were presented using the Kaplan-Meier method. Chi-square and Cox proportional hazard model tests were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Sixty-one patients were included in the study. Of them, 60 were male and 51 (83.6%) of whom had non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT). Twenty-nine patients (47.5%) presented with superior vena cava syndrome, and 18 (29.5%) patients had extrapulmonary metastatic involvement. The three-year overall survival (OS) of NSGCT patients was 26%. The 3-year OS of NSGCT patients who underwent surgical resection of residual mediastinal mass after chemotherapy was 59%. Non-surgical management after first-line chemotherapy was associated with a worse survival prognosis in NSGCT patients (p = 0.002). Ten patients with mediastinal seminomatous germ cell tumors (SCGT) achieved a 3-year OS of 100%. CONCLUSION: Mediastinal NSGCT had poor outcomes. Surgery of the residual mass after first-line chemotherapy seems to improve the outcome of NSGCT patients. Advanced disease at presentation may reflect inadequate access to reference cancer centers in Colombia and potentially explain poor survival outcomes in this cohort. On the other hand, mediastinal SCGT is a biologically different disease; most patients will achieve disease remission and long-term survival with first-line chemotherapy.

Semen quality from patients affected by seminomatous and non-seminomatous testicular tumor.

Testicular cancer is considered a rare disease affecting approximately 1% to 2% of the male population. This neoplasm has a cure rate of over 95%; as a result, a major concern is the future of fertility of carriers from this disease. There are several histological subtypes of testicular tumors; however, the Testicular Germ Cell Tumors (TGCTs), comprising both seminoma and non-seminoma tumors, are considered the main subtypes of testicular neoplasms. TGCT are characterized by being a solid tumor that mostly affects young men aged between 15 and 40 years old. While TGCT subtypes may have an invasive potential, seminoma subtype does not affect other cells rather than germ cells, while non-seminomas have more invasive properties and can achieve somatic cells; thus, having a more aggressive nature. This research intends to review the literature regarding information about sperm parameters, correlating the data found in those studies to the subfertility and infertility of patients with TCGTs. Furthermore, it will also correlate the data to the non-seminoma and seminoma histological subtypes from pre- and post-cancer therapy. PubMed databases were used. Searched keywords included: seminoma AND non-seminoma; male infertility; germ cell tumor; chemotherapy AND radiotherapy. Only articles published in English were considered. Current studies demonstrate that both TGCT subtypes promote deleterious effects on semen quality resulting in decreased sperm concentration, declined sperm total motility and an increase in the morphology alterations. However, findings suggest that the non-seminoma subtype effects are more pronounced and deleterious. More studies will be necessary to clarify the behavior of seminoma and non-seminoma tumors implicating the reproductive health of male patients.

Patterns of relapse and treatment outcome after active surveillance or adjuvant carboplatin for stage I seminoma: a retrospective study of the Spanish Germ Cell Cancer Group.

PURPOSE: Active surveillance (AS) and adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) with carboplatin are valid alternatives for managing stage I seminoma, and most relapses can be cured with cisplatin-based chemotherapy. However, some reports suggest that AC may modify the classical pattern of recurrences. METHODS: We analyzed all relapses observed in a series of 879 patients with stage I seminoma included in 4 consecutive studies of the Spanish Germ Cell Cancer Group. After a median follow-up of 67 months, recurrences were detected in 56/467 (12%) low-risk cases on AS and 13/412 (3%) high-risk cases after AC (p < 0.001). The objective was to describe clinical features, treatment and outcome. Univariate comparisons were performed between both groups. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between relapses on AS and those after AC in terms of time to relapse (13 vs 17 months), size (26 vs 27 mm), location (retroperitoneum in 88% vs 85%), and method of detection (computed tomography in 77% vs 69%). Treatment consisted of chemotherapy (etoposide + cisplatin ± bleomycin) in 89% and 92%, respectively. Late relapses (after > 3 years) were seen in 11% vs 7.7% (p = NS) and second or successive recurrences in 1.8 vs 23% (p < 0.05). With a median follow-up of 130 moths, two patients died of seminoma-unrelated causes (AS group) and the rest are alive and disease-free. CONCLUSION: In the setting of a risk-adapted treatment of stage I seminoma, the administration of two courses of AC in patients with tumor size > 4 cm and/or rete testis invasion is associated with a higher incidence of second recurrences but does not significantly modify the pattern of relapses or their outcome.

Seminoma metastásico de primario gonadal / Metastatic seminoma of primary gonadal

El seminoma es la neoplasia testicular más frecuente alcanzando hasta el 50% de todos los casos de cancer del testículo. Dependiendo de su naturaleza, seminomatoso o no seminomatoso, las conductas de manejo y tratamiento médico quirúrgicas varían según los centros, los protocolos de manejo y la experiencia de los equipos de atención. Objetivos. Promover la discusión de adyuvancia o neoadyuvancia en caso de seminoma clásico. Paciente y Método. Presentar un caso de seminoma clásico tratado quirúrgicamente con orquidectomía y una década después se presenta con extensión metastásica mediastinal y retroperitoneal. Conclusiones. Para la etiología no seminomatosa, se establece la orquidectomía seguida de vigilancia; mientras que en caso de origen seminomatoso la discusión se basa en el momento del rol de la cirugía, radiación y quimioterapia, por lo tanto, se debe individualizar cada paciente según las características clínicas manifestadas. (AU)

Seminoma is the most common testicular neoplasm, reaching up to 50% of all cases of testicular cancer. Depending on its nature, seminomatous or non-seminomatous, the management behaviors and surgical medical treatment vary according to the centers, the management protocols and the experience of the care teams. Objective. Promote the discussion of adjuvant or neoadjuvant in case of classic seminoma. Patient and Method. To present a case of classic seminoma treated surgically with orchidectomy and a decade later it presents with mediastinal and retroperitoneal metastatic extension. Conclusions. For non-seminomatous etiology, orchidectomy followed by surveillance is established; while in the case of seminomatous origin, the discussion is based on the time of the role of surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, therefore, each patient must be individualized according to the clinical characteristics manifested. (AU)

Seminoma clásico extragonadal en estadio III / Classical extragonadal seminoma in stage III

Resumen Histológicamente, los tumores testiculares de células germinales pueden clasificarse como tumores de tipo no seminoma y seminoma. De este último se reconocen tres variantes: "anaplásica", "espermatocítica" y "clásica", la cual puede ser gonadal o extragonadal. En este subtipo el tumor tiene origen en las células germinales, aunque no inicia en las gónadas sino en otras regiones anatómicas como el mediastino o el retroperitoneo. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 19 años quien inicialmente presentó un cuadro clínico compatible con síndrome de vena cava superior y trombosis yugular. El diagnóstico de la neoplasia se obtuvo mediante biopsia por toracotomía.

Abstract Histologically, germ cell testicular tumors can be classified as nonseminoma and seminoma tumors. Of the latter, three variants are recognized: "ana plastic", "spermatocytic" and "classical", which may be gonadal or extrago nadal. In this subtype, the tumor originates in the germ cells, although it does not start in the gonads but in other anatomical regions such as the mediastinum or the retroperitoneum. We present a case of a 19-year-old patient who initially presented clinical sintomatology compatible with su perior vena cava syndrome and jugular thrombosis. The diagnosis of the neoplasm was obtained by thoracotomy biopsy.

PET-CT for the management of testicular seminoma patients with post-chemotherapy residual masses. / PET-CT for the management of testicular seminoma patients with post-chemotherapy residual masses.

INTRODUCTION: The use of PET-CT could select a subgroup of advanced testicular seminoma patients that display post-chemotherapy residual masses measuring >3 cm and could be managed with surveillance, avoiding unnecessary surgical resection of unviable tumor masses. METHODS: We searched in Epistemonikos, the largest database of systematic reviews in health, which is maintained by screening multiple information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others. We extracted data from the systematic reviews, reanalyzed data of primary studies, conducted a meta-analysis and generated a summary of findings table using the GRADE approach. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We identified three systematic reviews that included eleven primary studies; none of these were randomized trials. We concluded the assessment of postchemotherapy residual masses by PET-CT in testicular seminoma patients may prevent unnecessary surgeries, but the certainty of the evidence is low. Furthermore, PET-CT could also offer a favorable risk/benefit and cost/benefit ratio for the management of testicular seminoma patients. However, systematic reviews and primary studies assessing the direct diagnostic impact of PET-CT are required.

INTRODUCCIÓN: En pacientes con cáncer testicular avanzado tipo seminoma que tienen lesiones residuales post quimioterapia de más de 3 cm, el PET-CT podría seleccionar un subgrupo susceptible de ser manejado con seguimiento, evitando una resección quirúrgica innecesaria de tumor no viable. MÉTODOS: Realizamos una búsqueda en Epistemonikos, la mayor base de datos de revisiones sistemáticas en salud, la cual es mantenida mediante el cribado de múltiples fuentes de información, incluyendo MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, entre otras. Extrajimos los datos desde las revisiones identificadas, analizamos los datos de los estudios primarios, realizamos un metanálisis y preparamos una tabla de resumen de los resultados utilizando el método GRADE. RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES: Identificamos tres revisiones sistemáticas que en conjunto incluyeron 11 estudios primarios, de los cuales, ninguno es un ensayo aleatorizado. Concluimos que el uso de PET-CT en la evaluación de masas residuales post quimioterapia en pacientes con cáncer testicular tipo seminoma podría evitar un porcentaje importante de cirugías innecesarias (certeza de la evidencia baja). Además, el uso de PET-CT podría presentar balances riesgo/beneficio y costo/beneficio favorables en el manejo de pacientes con cáncer testicular tipo seminoma. Sin embargo, se requieren revisiones sistemáticas y estudios primarios que evalúen directamente el impacto diagnóstico del test.

Linfoma no Hodgkin. Presentación de una tumoración testicular / Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Presentation of a testicular tumor

RESUMEN Se presenta un paciente de sexo masculino de 64 años, residente en la parroquia Lizarzaburu, Cantón Riobamba, provincia de Chimborazo, Ecuador, estudiado en el año 2014, con el objetivo de mostrar las particularidades del linfoma no Hodgkin, de localización testicular; detectado clínicamente como un aumento de volumen difuso e imagenológicamente como tumoración testicular, confirmado histopatológicamente. En esta localización, su forma de presentación puede asociarse a dificultades en su diagnóstico, incluso durante la interpretación de las láminas histológicas, como se evidencia en esta publicación. Por su poca frecuencia de presentación y como causa de este el linfoma no Hodgkin en particular, existe una escasa documentación bibliográfica sobre este tema. Se recogieron los datos de la historia clínica individual, familiar y hospitalaria, así como los resultados de exámenes realizados.

ABSTRACT We present a 64 year-old male patient, from Lizarzaburu parish, Cantón Riobamba, Chimborazo province, Ecuador. He was studied in 2014, for showing peculiarities of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of testicular location; clinically detected as diffuse and imaging volume increase, as a histopathologically confirmed testicular tumor. As evidence in this publication, tumor appearance in this location can be associated with difficulties in its diagnosis, even during the interpretation of the histological slides. Due to the low testicular cancer frequency of appearance, and specially this kind of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, literature on this subject is scarce. Individual data, family and hospital clinical history were collected as well as tests results.