ABSTRACT
Las enfermedades dermatológicas que cursan con un patrón reticular son múltiples y variadas. Aunque dicho patrón particular de presentación morfológica muchas veces es muy distintivo, usualmente es poco discutido y estudiado en el contexto clínico. A menudo, estos patrones no se abordan como una categoría diagnóstica propia. Asimismo, las etiologías de este grupo de enfermedades son diversas, desde causas vasculares, infecciosas, tumorales, inflamatorias, metabólicas o genéticas. Además, pueden variar desde condiciones relativamente benignas hasta enfermedades graves que amenazan la vida. Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir la enfermedad de la piel que se manifiesta con lesiones reticulares y se propone un algoritmo de diagnóstico clínico, basado en el color predominante de las lesiones y los principales hallazgos clínicos, para un abordaje práctico inicial (AU)
Reticular patterns are observed in a great variety of skin diseases. While these morphologic patterns are often highly distinctive, they are seldom discussed or studied in clinical contexts or recognized as a diagnostic category in their own right. Diseases presenting with reticulate skin lesions have multiple etiologies (tumors, infections, vascular disorders, inflammatory conditions, and metabolic or genetic alterations) and can range from relatively benign conditions to life-threatening ones. We review a selection of these diseases and propose a clinical diagnostic algorithm based on predominant coloring and clinical features to aid in their initial assessment (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Skin Diseases/complications , Skin Diseases/etiology , Algorithms , MutationABSTRACT
Reticular patterns are observed in a great variety of skin diseases. While these morphologic patterns are often highly distinctive, they are seldom discussed or studied in clinical contexts or recognized as a diagnostic category in their own right. Diseases presenting with reticulate skin lesions have multiple etiologies (tumors, infections, vascular disorders, inflammatory conditions, and metabolic or genetic alterations) and can range from relatively benign conditions to life-threatening ones. We review a selection of these diseases and propose a clinical diagnostic algorithm based on predominant coloring and clinical features to aid in their initial assessment (AU)
Las enfermedades dermatológicas que cursan con un patrón reticular son múltiples y variadas. Aunque dicho patrón particular de presentación morfológica muchas veces es muy distintivo, usualmente es poco discutido y estudiado en el contexto clínico. A menudo, estos patrones no se abordan como una categoría diagnóstica propia. Asimismo, las etiologías de este grupo de enfermedades son diversas, desde causas vasculares, infecciosas, tumorales, inflamatorias, metabólicas o genéticas. Además, pueden variar desde condiciones relativamente benignas hasta enfermedades graves que amenazan la vida. Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir la enfermedad de la piel que se manifiesta con lesiones reticulares y se propone un algoritmo de diagnóstico clínico, basado en el color predominante de las lesiones y los principales hallazgos clínicos, para un abordaje práctico inicial (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Skin Diseases/complications , Skin Diseases/etiology , Algorithms , MutationABSTRACT
Reticular patterns are observed in a great variety of skin diseases. While these morphologic patterns are often highly distinctive, they are seldom discussed or studied in clinical contexts or recognized as a diagnostic category in their own right. Diseases presenting with reticulate skin lesions have multiple etiologies (tumors, infections, vascular disorders, inflammatory conditions, and metabolic or genetic alterations) and can range from relatively benign conditions to life-threatening ones. We review a selection of these diseases and propose a clinical diagnostic algorithm based on predominant coloring and clinical features to aid in their initial assessment.
Subject(s)
Skin Diseases , Humans , Skin Diseases/diagnosis , Skin Diseases/etiology , Mutation , AlgorithmsABSTRACT
Reticular patterns are observed in a great variety of skin diseases. While these morphologic patterns are often highly distinctive, they are seldom discussed or studied in clinical contexts or recognized as a diagnostic category in their own right. Diseases presenting with reticulate skin lesions have multiple etiologies (tumors, infections, vascular disorders, inflammatory conditions, and metabolic or genetic alterations) and can range from relatively benign conditions to life-threatening ones. We review a selection of these diseases and propose a clinical diagnostic algorithm based on predominant coloring and clinical features to aid in their initial assessment.
Subject(s)
Skin Diseases , Humans , Skin Diseases/diagnosis , Skin Diseases/etiology , Algorithms , MutationABSTRACT
En las últimas décadas, la psicopatología y, con ella, la semiología psiquiátrica han sido sustituidas por las nosografías predominantes (CIE y DSM). En contraposición, existen modelos alternativos que ofrecen explicaciones de la conducta humana en el contexto relacional. Uno de ellos, el Modelo Judicativo de la Conducta, de Castilla del Pino, supone una herramienta válida para establecer los criterios que deben cumplir los actos de conducta calificados de psicóticos. En este artículo se describen los conceptos fundamentales de este modelo con el fin de objetivar las formaciones psicóticas, capturar los síntomas, diferenciarlos y establecer su validez en el diagnóstico de las conductas consideradas psicóticas, así como en los estados previos y en la deconstrucción. Se expliitan los aspectos necesitados de actualización y desarrollo, y se correlacionan conceptos de otros campos teóricos: niveles semiológicos, metáfora-metonimia, saliencia, saliencia aberrante e hiperreflexividad.
In recent decades, psychopathology and, with it, psychiatric semiology have been replaced by the predominant nosographies (ICD and DSM). In contrast, there are al-ternative models that offer explanations of human behavior in the relational context. One of them, the Castilla del Pino ́s Modelo Judicativo de Conducta, is a valid tool to establish the criteria that behaviors classified as psychotic must meet. The fundamental concepts of this model are described to objectify the psychotic formations, capture the symptoms, differentiate them, and establish their validity in the diagnosis of behaviors considered as psychotic, as well as in the previous states and in the deconstruction. Aspects in need of updating and development are made explicit and correlations with concepts from other theoretical fields, such as, semiological levels, metaphor-metonymy, salience, aberrant salience and hyperreflexivity, are examined. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Psychopathology , Psychotic Disorders , Mental Health , MetaphorABSTRACT
RESUMEN Objetivo : Describir la semiología de crisis no epilépticas psicógenas (CNEP) en pacientes diagnosticados mediante videoelectroencefalograma (VEEG) en un centro nacional de epilepsia. Material y métodos : Estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo que incluyó a pacientes mayores de 14 años, ingresados a monitoreo de telemetría en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins en Lima, Perú, entre el 1 de enero de 2017 y el 31 de diciembre de 2022, y definitivamente diagnosticados con CNEP mediante VEEG. Resultados : La mayoría de los 26 pacientes (20 mujeres y 6 varones) presentó pérdida de postura con caída (92 %), así como una instauración gradual (88 %) y cursaron con algún grado de alteración de conciencia o responsividad durante el evento (73 %). Los signos motores más prevalentes fueron movimientos asincrónicos de tronco y/o extremidades (73 %), fluctuación en la actividad motora (73 %), temblor global o en extremidades (54 %) y cierre palpebral forzado (50 %). Las manifestaciones clínicas no motoras fueron, en su mayoría, síntomas subjetivos (34 %). La mayoría (73 %) presentó CNEP motoras (73 %), en comparación con otras manifestaciones no motoras (12 %) y mixtas (15 %). Conclusiones : Los eventos clínicos descritos fueron de larga duración e instauración gradual y mostraron alteraciones de conciencia/responsividad. Los signos clínicos motores más frecuentes fueron movimientos asincrónicos de tronco y/o extremidades, fluctuación motora, temblor y cierre palpebral forzado. Los hallazgos no motores fueron, en su mayoría, síntomas subjetivos. La mayoría de los pacientes presentaron CNEP motoras.
ABSTRACT Objective : To describe the semiology of Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures (PNES) in patients diagnosed by video-electroencephalogram (VEEG) in a national epilepsy center. Methods : An observational, descriptive, and retrospective study of patients older than 14 years, admitted for telemetry monitoring at the Epilepsy Unit of the National Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins in Lima, Peru, between January 1st, 2017, and December 31, 2022. A definitive diagnosis of PNES was reached through VEEG. Results : Twenty of 26 studied patients were female and 6 male. Most patients experienced loss of posture with falls (92%), gradual onset (88%), some degree of altered consciousness or responsiveness during the event (73%). The most prevalent motor signs included asynchronous movements of the trunk and/or extremities (73%), fluctuation in motor activity (73%), global or limb tremors (54%), and forced eyelid closure (50%). Non-motor signs were predominantly subjective symptoms (34%). Most of the patients presented motor PNES (73%) compared to non-motor (12%) and mixed (15%). Conclusions : The described clinical events had a prolonged duration, gradual onset, and altered levels of consciousness/responsiveness. The most frequent clinical motor signs were asynchronous movements of the trunk and/or extremities, motor fluctuation, tremors, and forced eyelid closure. Non-motor findings were, primarily, subjective symptoms. Most of the patients presented motor PNES.
ABSTRACT
Resumo: Introdução: A performance e a acurácia da ausculta cardíaca de médicos recém-formados estão aquém do esperado, o que resulta em excesso de encaminhamentos para o cardiologista, solicitação de exames desnecessários e atraso diagnóstico. O desenvolvimento de metodologias de ensino eficazes é necessário para melhorar a ausculta cardíaca e a capacidade diagnóstica dos médicos recém-graduados. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a eficácia do uso da metodologia do worked example, comparada ao ensino tradicional de aulas expositivas da semiologia do aparelho cardiovascular. Método: Participaram do estudo 56 alunos do quarto ano da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Trata-se de um estudo experimental que comparou a eficácia do modelo de ensino baseado na metodologia do worked example com a metodologia tradicional de aula expositiva sobre ausculta cardíaca pediátrica. Os alunos foram randomizados em grupo experimental e grupo de controle, e avaliados em fases distintas - pré-teste, pós-teste imediato e pós-teste tardio. Resultado: A partir da Análise de Variância de Medidas Repetidas, houve efeito significativo em ambos os métodos de treinamento quando se considerou a fase do estudo (p < 0,001). Os dois grupos obtiveram desempenhos semelhantes independentemente do método de treinamento (p = 0,863). Conclusão: A metodologia ativa conhecida como worked example pode ser tão eficaz quanto uma metodologia tradicional no ensino e aprendizagem da ausculta cardíaca pediátrica.
Abstract: Introduction: The cardiac auscultation performance of newly graduated physicians is below expectations, which results in excessive referrals to cardiologists, requests for unnecessary tests and delays in diagnosis. The development of effective teaching methodologies is necessary to improve cardiac auscultation and the diagnostic capacity of newly graduated physicians. Methods: 56 students from the 4th year of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil, participated in an experimental study to compare the effectiveness of the pedagogical model based on the worked example methodology when compared to the traditional methodology of lectures on pediatric cardiac auscultation. The students were randomized into an experimental group and a control group and evaluated in different phases - pre-test, immediate post-test and later post-test. Results: From the Analysis of Variance of Repeated Measures, there was a significant effect observed in both training methods when considering the study phase (p < 0.001). Both groups obtained similar performances regardless of the training method (p = 0.863). Conclusion: This study suggests that an active methodology can be as effective as a traditional methodology in teaching and learning Pediatric Cardiac Auscultation.
ABSTRACT
A semiologia é uma das técnicas mais utilizadas na prática médica há séculos. Ensinada por meio de roteiros sistematizados, estudantes de inúmeras escolas da área de saúde por todo o mundo aprendem as manobras semiológicas como fundamento na avaliação dos pacientes. No entanto, apesar de extremamente difundida, discute-se pouco sobre sua acurácia como manobra diagnóstica. Tendo este ponto em vista, este artigo aborda a precisão das diversas manobras semiológicas do exame físico do aparelho respiratório e a descrição comparativa do seu ensino em diferentes escolas médicas no mundo. Como resultados, tem-se valores de acurácia discordantes, o que pode ser justificado pela qualidade dos estudos ou pelas variáveis analisadas que diferem entre os estudos e propostas de padronização. Em conclusão, a semiologia é a base da avaliação médica, independentemente dos avanços e disponibilidade dos exames de imagens, e cada manobra deve ser ensinada com seu devido valor científico. Conhecer a aplicabilidade e individualizar a prática das etapas do exame respiratório pode ser um caminho possível de adequação aos tempos atuais, sem impor perdas de informações relevantes para o desenvolvimento do raciocínio clínico (AU)
Medical semiology has been one of the most common techniques used in medical practice for centuries. Health science students around the globe learn these techniques through a systematized model as a fundamental skill for patient evaluation. However, though being widespread, little is known about semiology's true accuracy as a diagnostic maneuver. Knowing that, through a literature review, this paper evaluated the precision of the preconized procedures that are used as part of the exam of the respiratory system and the comparative description of its teaching in different medical schools around the world. As a result, disagreement between several papers was found, which can be justified by the poor quality of the studies and the different variables that were studied in each one. However, one thing is still clear: respiratory physical examination continues to be essential in medical practice, independently of the recent advances and availability of imaging exams. Teaching each step should consider available scientific evidence. The knowledge of the applicability and practical individualization of the respiratory examination can be a possible way for the current times without missing relevant information for developing clinical reasoning (AU)
Subject(s)
Physical Examination , Respiratory System , Education, Medical , Medicine/standardsABSTRACT
Resumen A lo largo de la historia, las enfermedades infecciosas han influido directamente en el desarrollo de la humanidad y en este proceso, la tuberculosis ha tenido un rol protagónico. Esta enfermedad mata más seres humanos que cualquier otra de causa infecciosa y, a pesar de esto, continúa siendo una entidad olvidada y un grave problema de salud pública, sobre todo en las naciones más pobres. La trascendencia de la tuberculosis va más allá del ámbito médico y una visión holística de ella nos permite comprender el grado de desarrollo económico y social de un Estado. Si bien Chile mantenía un programa de control históricamente exitoso, las cifras actuales no son auspiciosas y obligan a analizar el problema desde una mirada multidisciplinaria. Es en este marco que planteamos que el médico clínico, para aportar en el control de la enfermedad, debe poner nuevamente en práctica uno de los principios básicos de la Medicina: la semiología.
Abstract Along history, infectious diseases have had a direct influence in the development of humanity, with tuberculosis showing a leading role. Despite this disease being the main cause of mortality among infectious diseases, it remains neglected and constitutes a serious public health problem, especially among the poorest countries in the world. Tuberculosis greatest importance goes beyond Medicine, and a holistic view of the disease allows us to comprehend the economic and social development of a nation. Despite a historically successful control program in Chile, current figures are not auspicious and force upon us the need to address this problem with a multidisciplinary approach. The medical physician is required to put again into practice the fundamental principle of Medicine, Semiology to contribute to the control of tuberculosis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Tuberculosis/prevention & control , Communicable Diseases , Chile , Public HealthABSTRACT
RESUMEN Introducción: Polipnea y taquipnea tienen significados diferentes en diversos textos y los estudiantes de Medicina se desorientan al estudiar la Semiología de la disnea. Objetivo: Elucidar la disparidad semántica entre polipnea y taquipnea. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica utilizando los descriptores en ciencias de la salud taquipnea y polipnea. Se realizó una búsqueda en quince textos de Semiología Médica y en otros libros y revistas, impresos y electrónicos, entre ellos, la Revista Española de Cardiología (enero 1997 a diciembre 2020) en Archivos de Bronconeumología(diciembre 1964 a diciembre 2020); y se hizo el análisis etimológico de las palabras estudiadas, en Medigraphic (2012-21). Resultados: Seis de quince textos de Semiología consideran sinónimos polipnea y taquipnea; cuatro, solo emplean polipnea; y dos, taquipnea. Tres distinguen taquipnea como aumento de la frecuencia respiratoria; de polipnea, respiración superficial y rápida; dos definen taquipnea como aumento de la frecuencia respiratoria simple o con disminución de la amplitud (respiración superficial) y polipnea o hiperpnea, como aumento de la profundidad respiratoria con incremento de la frecuencia. En revistas científicas, taquipnea apareció en 192 artículos como respiración rápida y superficial; con igual significado se encontró polipnea, en 27. Según origen, taquipnea significa aceleración del ritmo respiratorio; polipnea, respiración muy frecuente y superficial, sin relación con polýpnóoos: "que sopla con fuerza" e hiperpnea significa incremento de la velocidad y amplitud de los movimientos respiratorios. Conclusiones: Polipnea y taquipnea deben considerarse equivalentes de respiración rápida y superficial; taquipnea simple, si la amplitud respiratoria es normal; e hiperpnea denomina la respiración muy frecuente y profunda.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Polypnea and tachypnea have different meanings in several texts, and medical studentsmay get confusedwith just the study of the semiology of dyspnea. Objective: Toelucidatethe semantic gap between polypnea and tachypnea. Material and Methods: A bibliographic review was conducted usinghealth science descriptors such as tachypnea and polypnea; a search was performed in 15 texts of Medical Semiology and other printed or electronic books and journals, among them, theRevista Española de Cardiología(fromJanuary 1997 to December 2020) andArchivos de Bronconeumología (from December 1964 toDecember 2020); in addition, the etymological analysis of these words was carried out in Medigraphic (2012-2021). Results: Six out of fifteen texts on semiology consider that the termspolypnea and tachypnea are synonymous; fourtexts only use polypnea; and two use the term tachypnea. Three texts distinguish tachypnea as increased respiratory rate, andpolypnea as arapid, shallow breathing; two texts define tachypnea as a simple increase in the respiratory rateor a decrease in the respiratory amplitude (shallow breathing); and polypnea or hyperpnea as the increasein depth and rate of breathing.In scientific journals, the term tachypnea was usedin 192 papersto refer to rapid, shallow breathing; andpolypnea had the same meaning in 27 articles. According to its origin, tachypnea means rapid respiratory rate; Polypnea is presented as very frequent and shallow breathing, unrelated to polýpnoos: "that blows forcefully"; while hyperpneameans an increase in the speed and amplitude of respiratory movements. Conclusions: Polypnea and tachypnea should be considered as equivalents of rapid andshallow breathing; simple tachypneaif the respiratory amplitude is normal; and hyperpnea designs a very frequent and deep breathing.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Periodicals as Topic , Cardiology , Respiratory Rate , Tachypnea , Students, MedicalABSTRACT
Resumo: Introdução: A semiologia é a base da prática clínica e seu ensino é essencial no curso de Medicina. Este estudo foi desenvolvido por haver uma lacuna no conhecimento sobre sua distribuição no Brasil. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a distribuição da semiologia do adulto nas escolas médicas brasileiras. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo realizado com 226 escolas médicas brasileiras que disponibilizavam a distribuição de semiologia na internet entre as 335 ativas, em dezembro de 2020 (67,5%). As variáveis estudadas foram região geográfica, administração, gratuidade e tempo de existência da escola, carga horária do curso, do internato e de semiologia, e ano(s) ou semestre(s) em que a semiologia era ofertada no currículo. A análise dos dados foi descritiva, e analisaram-se as associações com os testes: t de Student, análise de variância, qui-quadrado de Pearson, U de Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis e Wilcoxon. Admitiu-se um nível de significância de p < 0,05. Resultado: A semiologia foi mais frequentemente ofertada apenas no quarto semestre (n = 40), seguida por sua oferta em dois semestres: quarto e quinto e terceiro e quarto. Entre as 226 escolas, 142 integravam os conteúdos em módulos ou eixos (62,8%). Entre 117 escolas que forneciam a carga horária de semiologia, mediana foi de 240,0 horas (P25-75 = 165,4 - 338,2), sem diferença estatística por região geográfica, administração, gratuidade e tempo de existência da escola. A mediana da carga teórica de semiologia [77,5 horas (P25-75 = 51,7 - 123,5)] foi menor do que a carga prática [147,0 horas (P25-75 = 64,5 - 180,0)], Z = -3,99, p < 0,01. A mediana da porcentagem da carga horária de semiologia no curso foi de 2,9% (P25-75 = 2,0 - 4,0). Conclusão: A semiologia é mais frequentemente ofertada no quarto semestre, e sua carga horária não difere por características geográficas, de administração e tempo de existência das escolas estudadas.
Abstract: Introduction: Semiology is the basis of clinical practice and its teaching is essential in the medical course. This study was developed to fill a gap in the knowledge about its distribution in Brazil. Objective: To analyze the distribution of adult semiology in Brazilian medical schools. Method: Cross-sectional descriptive study with 226 Brazilian medical schools that provided the distribution of semiology on the Internet among the 335 active schools in December 2020 (67.5%) The variables studied were school geographic region, administration and free tuition, time of existence of the course, course load of the regular course, clerkship and semiology, and year(s) or semester(s) in which semiology was offered in the curriculum. Data analysis was descriptive and the associations were analyzed using: Student's t, Chi-square, Analysis of Variance, Mann-Whitney-U, Kruskal Wallis and Wilcoxon tests. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Result: Semiology was more frequently offered only in the 4th semester (n = 40), followed by its offer in two semesters, the 4th and 5th and 3rd and 4th. Among the 226 schools, 142 integrated semiology into modules or axes (62.8%). Among the 117 schools that provided the semiology course load, its median was 240.0 hours (P25-75 = 165.4 - 338.2), with no statistical difference by geographic region, type of administration and time of existence of the course. The median of the theoretical course load [77.5 hours (P25-75 = 51.7 - 123.5)] was lower than the practical course load [147.0 hours (P25-75 = 64.5 - 180.0)], Z = - 3,99, p < 0,01. The median of the percentage of semiology course load during the course was 2.9% (P25-75 = 2.0 - 4.0). Conclusion: Semiology is more frequently offered in the 4th semester and its median course load is similar in Brazilian geographic regions and by school administration type and time of existence of the assessed schools.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Faustino Monteiro Esposel was a renowned neurologist from Rio de Janeiro, born on October 24, 1888. Together with his mentor, Professor Antônio Austregésilo Rodrigues Lima - the founder of modern Brazilian Neurology -, Professor Esposel described one of the rival signs of the Babinski sign, known as the Austregésilo-Esposel sign, in a study published in the renowned journal L'Encéphale in 1912. This article aims to summarize the life story of this illustrious neurologist as well as to highlight his achievements "beyond medicine".
RESUMO Faustino Monteiro Esposel foi um renomado neurologista do Rio de Janeiro, nascido em 24 de outubro de 1888. Junto de seu mentor, o Professor Antônio Austregésilo Rodrigues Lima, considerado o pai da Neurologia brasileira moderna, descreveu um dos sinais sucedâneos do sinal de Babinski, conhecido como sinal de Austregésilo-Esposel, publicado no renomado periódico L'Encéphale em 1912. Este artigo tem como objetivo trazer a história deste ilustre neurologista, destacando também seus feitos "além da medicina".
Subject(s)
History, 20th Century , Football , Neurology , Spiritualism , Brazil , NeurologistsABSTRACT
Objetivo: Relatar a experiência vivenciada durante a monitoria da disciplina de Semiologia e Semiotécnica II, para que essa atividade venha a ser mais valorizada e divulgada pelos componentes do ensino superior. Método: trata-se de estudo descritivo, fundamentado nos relatos de experiência junto às atividades teórico-práticas desenvolvidas durante a monitoria da disciplina de Semiologia e Semiotécnica II, as quais foram realizadas em uma instituição de ensino superior de Alagoas, no período de 2018 a 2019. Resultados: a monitoria proporcionou um crescimento pessoal e acadêmico ao discente monitor, favorecendo o desenvolvimento de habilidades no campo da docência, liderança, comunicação e resolução de problemas, como também o aprimoramento prático e a ampliação do olhar sobre os diferentes processos de trabalho, além do fortalecimento das relações interpessoais durante o processo. Considerações finais: a experiência no programa de monitoria torna-se fortalecedora no processo de ensino-aprendizagem, ampliando os conhecimentos e habilidades adquiridas pelo discente monitor, obtendo um ganho positivo na sua trajetória acadêmica e na oferta do cuidado futuramente.(AU)
Objective: To report the experience lived during the monitoring of the discipline of Semiology and Semiotechnics II, so that this activity will be more valued and disseminated by the components of higher education. Method: this is a descriptive study, based on experience reports along with theoretical-practical activities developed during the monitoring of the discipline of Semiology and Semiotechnics II, which were carried out in a higher education institution in Alagoas, from 2018 to 2019. Results: monitoring provided the monitor student with personal and academic growth, favoring the development of skills in the field of teaching, leadership, communication and problem solving, as well as practical improvement and broadening the perspective on the different processes in addition to strengthening interpersonal relationships during the process. Final considerations: the experience in the monitoring program strengthens the teaching-learning process, expanding the knowledge and skills acquired by the student monitor, obtaining a positive gain in their academic trajectory and in the provision of care in the future.(AU)
Objetivo: Dar a conocer la experiencia vivida durante el seguimiento de la disciplina de Semiología y Semiotecnia II, para que esta actividad sea más valorada y difundida por los componentes de la educación superior. Método: se trata de un estudio descriptivo, basado en relatos de experiencia junto con actividades teóricas y prácticas desarrolladas durante el seguimiento de la disciplina de Semiología y Semiotecnia II, que se llevaron a cabo en una institución de educación superior en Alagoas, de 2018 a 2019. Resultados: el seguimiento proporcionó al alumno monitor un crecimiento personal y académico, favoreciendo el desarrollo de habilidades en el campo de la docencia, el liderazgo, la comunicación y la resolución de problemas, así como la mejora práctica y la ampliación de la perspectiva sobre los diferentes procesos además de fortalecer las relaciones interpersonales durante el proceso. Consideraciones finales: la experiencia en el programa de seguimiento fortalece el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, ampliando los conocimientos y habilidades adquiridos por el alumno monitor, obteniendo una ganancia positiva en su trayectoria académica y en la prestación de cuidados en el futuro.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Education, Nursing , Health Human Resource Training , Mentoring , Learning , Epidemiology, DescriptiveABSTRACT
Abstract: Introduction: The development of clinical reasoning to diagnose diseases and order ancillary tests, such as radiology imaging, is based on history-taking and physical examination skills, which are developed during the semiology course. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the results of the innovative integration of two courses in the medical curriculum at our institution: Medical Semiology and Clinical Radiology. Methods: The sample consisted of 184 fifth-semester medical students attending the two courses simultaneously. Extra-class semiology-radiology sessions based on theoretical and practical topics integrating radiological images and semiological signs were conducted, and the results were assessed by applying a semi-structured questionnaire to the participants, in which all 18 items were rated on a scale from 0 (worst) to 10 (best). The normality hypothesis in score distribution was verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the Shapiro-Wilk test. The distribution of the 18 scores were summarized by descriptive statistics and compared by Friedman's test, with post-hoc test in pairwise comparisons adjusted by Bonferroni test. Correlations between the scores were determined by Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficients. Results: The overall mean score for the semiology-radiology sessions was high (8.55). Students were satisfied with the selection of clinical cases (8.46) and found that the semiology-radiology sessions contributed to the development of their clinical reasoning (8.58). Conclusion: Medical schools are facing new challenges in medical education. The innovative concept of Radiology-Semiology integrated teaching modality affects the students' self-perception ability to interpret radiological images and might be an educational strategy trend.
Resumo: Introdução: O desenvolvimento do raciocínio clínico para diagnosticar doenças e solicitar exames complementares, como os radiológicos, baseia-se na história e no exame físico, desenvolvidos durante o curso de Semiologia. Objetivo: Nosso objetivo foi avaliar os resultados da integração inovadora de duas disciplinas no currículo médico em nossa instituição: Semiologia Médica e Radiologia Clínica. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 184 estudantes de Medicina do quinto semestre que participaram das duas disciplinas simultaneamente. Realizaram-se sessões extraclasse de semiologia e radiologia, baseadas em tópicos teóricos e práticos, integrando imagens radiológicas com sinais semiológicos. Avaliaram-se os resultados por meio da aplicação de um questionário semiestruturado aos participantes, no qual todos os 18 itens foram classificados em uma escala de 0 (pior) a 10 (melhor). A hipótese de normalidade na distribuição dos escores foi verificada pelos testes de Kolmorov-Smirnov e Shapiro-Wilk. As 18 distribuições de pontuação foram resumidas por estatística descritiva e comparadas pelo teste de Friedman, com teste post hoc em comparações pareadas ajustadas por Bonferroni. As correlações entre as pontuações foram determinadas pelos coeficientes de correlação de classificação de Spearman. Resultados: O escore médio geral para as sessões de semiologia e radiologia foi alto (8,55). Os estudantes ficaram satisfeitos com a seleção de casos clínicos (8,46) e descobriram que as sessões de semiologia-radiologia contribuíram para o desenvolvimento de seu raciocínio clínico (8,58). Conclusão: As escolas médicas enfrentam novos desafios na educação médica. O conceito inovador da modalidade de ensino integrado de radiologia-semiologia afeta a capacidade de autopercepção dos alunos para interpretar imagens radiológicas e pode ser uma tendência de estratégia educacional.
Subject(s)
Humans , Radiology/education , Clinical Diagnosis/education , Education, Medical/methods , Schools, Medical , Surveys and Questionnaires , CurriculumABSTRACT
Introducción El dolor del pulgar secundario a la artrosis de la articulación trapecio-metacarpiana es una condición común, especialmente en mujeres llegando a causar niveles altos de incapacidad en algunos pacientes. El diagnóstico de rizartrosis se basa en el dolor localizado, la inflamación e inestabilidad en la exploración física además de la valoración radiológica. Existen en la actualidad varias pruebas semiológicas que podemos utilizar en el diagnóstico de la rizartrosis sintomática, una de ellas es la prueba de Grind o molienda, que es considerada el patrón de oro. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo describir y evaluar la prueba de Compresión y flexión del pulgar ideada para el diagnóstico de rizartrosis. Materiales y Métodos Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en el periodo de enero del 2007 a mayo del 2013, Se evaluaron 230 pacientes que acudieron a consulta con síntomas sugestivos de rizartrosis a quienes se les practico simultáneamente la prueba de Grind y la prueba de compresión y flexión para la confirmación del diagnóstico. Resultados De los 230 pacientes que acudieron a consulta, el 87.8% (202) eran mujeres con una edad promedio de 60 años (32 a 86 años). El 14.8% de los pacientes presentaron una afectación bilateral. El 47.8% tenían comorbilidades presentes entre las que se encuentran síndrome de túnel carpiano en el 67.3%, dedo en gatillo 11.8%, entre otras. El índice de concordancia PABAK entre los dos signos semiológicos fue de 0.948, indicando un nivel de acuerdo excelente entre ambos. El 100% de los pacientes fueron diagnosticados por la prueba de flexión y compresión. Discusión producto de obtener una prueba positiva en la totalidad de los pacientes evaluados con la prueba de compresión y flexión, consideramos puede ser una opción que complemente la pesquisa clínica en el paciente con rizartrosis, es necesario entonces estudios posteriores para validar dicha prueba y poder obtener su sensibilidad y especificidad.
Background Thumb pain secondary to osteoarthritis of the trapezium-metacarpal joint is a common condition, especially in women, and causing high levels of disability in some patients. The diagnosis of rhizarthrosis is based on localised pain, inflammation, and instability on physical examination, in addition to radiographic evaluation. There are currently several semiological tests that can be used in the diagnosis of symptomatic rhizarthrosis, one of which is the Grind or grinding test, which is considered the gold standard. The present study aims to describe and evaluate the thumb compression and flexion test designed for the diagnosis of rhizarthrosis. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out during the period from January 2007 to May 2013. The study included a total of 230 patients that came to the clinic with symptoms suggestive of rhizarthrosis, and on whom the Grind test, the compression test, and flexion were simultaneously performed to confirm the diagnosis. Results Of the 230 patients who attended the clinic, 87.8% (202) were women with a mean age of 60 years (32 to 86 years). A bilateral involvement was observed in 14.8% of the patients. Just under half (47.8%) currently had co-morbidities that included, among others, carpal tunnel syndrome (67.3%) and trigger finger (11.8%). The prevalence-adjusted and bias-adjusted kappa (PABAK) concordance index between the two semiological signs was 0.948, indicating an excellent level of agreement between both. All (100%) of the patients were diagnosed by the flexion and compression test. Discussion Due to obtaining a positive test in all the patients evaluated with the compression and flexion test, it should be considered as a complementary test in the clinical evaluation of patients with rhizarthrosis. Further studies are necessary to validate this test in order to establish its sensitivity and specificity.
Subject(s)
Humans , Thumb , Diagnostic Tests, RoutineABSTRACT
El presente artículo tiene como objetivo principal presentar los resultados de la implementación del aprendizaje basado en problemas (ABP) como estrategia didáctica de integración de los conocimientos teóricos mediante la práctica en la asignatura de Semiología en el programa de formación en Enfermería de la Universidad del Magdalena. La investigación se realizó con base en una metodología mixta e introducción de elementos de participación-acción y mediando casos clínicos para el desarrollo de las habilidades del estudiante en la valoración sistemática del paciente. Se realizó un trabajo de índole cuasiexperimental sobre una muestra de 21 estudiantes de cuarto y quinto semestre, basado en el diseño de cinco casos clínicos. Posteriormente y mediante la aplicación de una encuesta tipo Likert de escala 1 a 7 en conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes, con un total de 54 ítems, se determinaron el acuerdo, la aceptación y la tendencia actitudinal respecto al uso de dicha estrategia didáctica con base en ABP como alternativa de cambio. Los resultados permitieron evidenciar el acuerdo pleno de los estudiantes con los criterios esperados por el ABP, así como la comprobación de su plena disposición respecto a la metodología implementada. En general, el grupo evidenció comprender el aporte de la orientación diferencial que provee el uso del ABP mediante los casos clínicos propuestos en el aula para el desarrollo de la asignatura de Semiología.
Our main objective is to introduce the results of the implementation of the problem-based learning method (ABP in Spanish) as a didactic strategy to integrate theorical knowledge and practice in the course of Semiology in the Nursery program of Madgalena University. Re- search was based in a mixed methodology, with an introduction of elements of participative-action and through the management of cli- nical cases for the development of students' skills in the assessment of patients. We carried out a quasi-experimental work on a sample of 21 students of fourth and fifth semester, based on the design of five clinical cases. After that, we applied a Likert-based survey with a scale of 1 to 7 in knowledge, abilities, and attitudes, with a total of 54 items. We determined the agreement, acceptance and attitude trend regar- ding the use of the didactic strategy based in ABP as an alternative for change. Results allowed us to evidence how the students agreed with the expected criteria of ABP, as well as to prove their willingness to use the implemented methodology. In general, the group showed that they understood the contribution to differential orientation provided by the usage of ABP through the clinical cases proposed in the class- room to carry out the course of Semiology.
Este artigo tem como objetivo principal apresentar os resultados da implantação da aprendizagem baseada em problemas (ABP) como estratégia didática de integração dos conhecimentos teóricos mediante a prática na disciplina de Semiologia, no programa de Enfermagem da Universidad del Magdalena, Colômbia. Esta pesquisa foi realizada com base em uma metodologia mista e em uma introdução de elementos de participação-ação e mediando casos clínicos para desenvolver habilidades do estudante na avaliação sistemática do paciente. Foi realizado um trabalho de índole quase-experimental com uma amostra de 21 estudantes de quarto e quinto período, baseado no desenho de cinco casos clínicos. Em seguida, mediante a aplicação de um questionário tipo Likert de escala de 1 a 7 em conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes, com um total de 54 itens, foram determinados o acordo, a aceitação e a tendência atitudinal a respeito do uso dessa estratégia didática com base na ABP, como alternativa de mudança. Os resultados permitiram evidenciar o acordo pleno dos estudantes com os critérios esperados pela ABP, bem como a comprovação de sua plena disposição quanto a metodologia implantada. Em geral, o grupo evidenciou compreender a contribuição da orientado diferencial que fornece o uso da ABP mediante casos clínicos propostos na sala de aula para desenvolver a disciplina de Semiologia.
ABSTRACT
En la actualidad existe desarrollo de la tecnociencia aplicada a la medicina con tendencia a relegar a un segundo plano el método clínico. Las diferentes escuelas de medicina del mundo, incluyendo la cubana, han comenzado una modernización del método clínico, el cual está basado en un método científico, por lo que es importante centrar su enseñanza en aspectos eminentemente prácticos, además de usar adecuadamente los exámenes complementarios para ratificar el diagnóstico, pronóstico y tratamiento del enfermo. El objetivo de esta investigación es aunar criterios sobre la enseñanza y aplicación del método clínico, para ello se hacen algunas reflexiones sobre su utilidad práctica, los programas actuales de su enseñanza y los textos en los que se basa. La conceptualización del método clínico es fruto de la Escuela Cubana de Clínica, donde los internistas han tenido una función importante en los últimos 50 años. Los especialistas de esta área del conocimiento, junto a todos los médicos asistenciales que están en la necesidad de utilizar este método para el manejo de sus enfermos, están llamados a continuar con la tarea de mantener y transmitir la esencia misma de la clínica, en medio de un ambiente inestable y cambiante(AU)
At present, due to the development of techno science applied to medicine, there is a tendency to overshadow the clinical method. Different medical schools in the world, including the Cuban school, have begun the modernization of the clinical method, which is based on the scientific method. Therefore, it is important to focus teaching on the eminently practical aspects, in addition to properly using complementary tests to confirm the patient´s diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. The objective of this research is to combine criteria on the teaching and use of the clinical method. Some reflections arise from its practical convenience, current syllabus and the texts on which it is based. The conceptualization of the clinical method is the result of the Cuban School of Clinic, where internists have played important role in the last 50 years. The specialists of this area of knowledge, together with all the medical assistants who need to use this method for treating their patients, are called to continue with the task of maintaining and transmitting the very essence of the clinic, in the midst of unstable and changing circumstances(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Technology Assessment, Biomedical/ethics , Clinical Diagnosis/diagnosis , Clinical Diagnosis/education , Education, Medical, Undergraduate/methodsABSTRACT
Introducción: Los diseños establecidos en planes y programas de estudios deben ir al unísono de los cambios que la sociedad genera; esto implica su análisis con el propósito de perfeccionarlos de manera permanente. Objetivo: Determinar el alcance y limitaciones que puede tener el plan de estudio de la asignatura Propedéutica Clínica y Semiología Médica. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo de corte pedagógico entre el 1 de abril y el 31 de junio de 2017, que asume el método dialéctico-materialista con enfoque de sistema como rector del proceso de investigación, para efectuar el análisis crítico a un programa de estudio; la metodología utilizada para ello consta de cinco pasos fundamentales que incluye, entre otros elementos, la pertinencia y la revisión de los componentes del proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje. Resultados y Discusión: Se realizó el análisis crítico del programa, se identifican puntos de mejora y una contradicción didáctica relacionada con el desarrollo del razonamiento clínico en los estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina, al reconocerse una discordancia entre el contenido de la asignatura y la forma ideal de impartirlo, por lo que los autores consideran que es un problema metodológico. Conclusiones: El programa de estudio satisface la idea integradora del comandante Fidel en relación con el proceso docente-educativo en la formación de médicos en Cuba, al orientar integralidad, presencia de la educación en el trabajo, aumento del protagonismo del alumno, con la garantía de su calidad humana, científica y técnica, comprometida con el pueblo. El uso de esta metodología puede generalizarse(AU)
Introduction: The designs established in the different syllabuses should be in complete agreement with the demands of society. Therefore, an analysis should be carried out in order to improve them permanently. Objective: To determine the scope and limitations of the syllabus of the subject Semiology and Clinical Propedeutics. Material and Methods: A qualitative study from a pedagogical perspective was conducted from April 1st to June 31st, 2017, which assumes the materialistic dialectic method with an approach on the system as the main action of the research process in order to carry out a critical syllabus analysis. The methodology used for this consists of five main steps which include, among other elements, the appropriateness and the review of the components of the teaching-learning process. Results and discussion: A critical syllabus analysis was carried out, and aspects for the improvement and a didactic unit of contradiction related to the clinical discussion in the medical students were identified at recognizing a disagreement between the subject contents and the ideal way to teach them, thus considering it a methodological problem. Conclusions: The curriculum satisfies the integrative idea of Commander Fidel in relation to the teaching-learning process for the formation of doctors in Cuba at advising a comprehensive formation, implementing the in-service training, and increasing the students´ leading role that guarantees a human, scientific, and technical quality, directed to give a better care to the people. The use of this methodology can be generalized(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Health Programs and Plans , Education, Premedical/methods , Program , Methodology as a SubjectABSTRACT
Introducción: La Imagenología facilita e interpreta las imágenes médicas, parte de la aplicación del método clínico y regresa a él. La dinámica del proceso informacional es de vital importancia basada en el razonamiento clínico aportando elementos ricos al diagnóstico. Se hace necesario vincular intereses y puntos de común en temas importantes de docencia e investigación, para lograr una aptitud profesional superior. Objetivo: Analizar la semiología de las imágenes médicas y proponer una gráfica estructurada que parte de la interpretación clínica hasta el diagnóstico probable, transitando por el conocimiento científico y el razonamiento clínico. Desarrollo: La dinámica del proceso informacional en la especialidad de imagenología obtenida por diferentes vías, resulta primario e indispensable para la información que se va a emitir, basada en la indicación médica que aporta datos de interés clínico para la exploración y diagnóstico. Cada detalle es trascendente, resultando importante insertarlo en la práctica médica habitual. El diagnóstico semiológico topográfico, diferencial y nosológico basado en el razonamiento clínico y asociado a la parábola estructural del diagnóstico clínico-imagenológico como herramienta, favorecen un juicio acertado para los profesionales en la interpretación de las imágenes médicas y elaborar un informe final con calidad interpretativa. Conclusiones: El proceso de formación profesional médica se garantiza de forma organizada, rectorada y metodológicamente bien estructurada, imbricando el razonamiento clínico como un todo lo cual transita de principio a fin por el conocimiento científico con criterios de veracidad y evidencia, hasta lograr un diagnóstico definitivo lo más aproximado posible en el informe final(AU)
Introduction: Imaging facilitates and interprets medical images, part of the application of the clinical method, and returns to it. Dynamics of the informational process is of vital importance, as based on clinical reasoning, providing rich elements for diagnosis. It is necessary to link interests and common points regarding important topics of teaching and research, to achieve higher professional aptitude. Objective: To analyze the semiology of medical images and propose a structured graph that starts from clinical interpretation to probable diagnosis, developed based on scientific knowledge and clinical reasoning. Development: Dynamics of the informational process in the specialty of imaging obtained in different ways is primary and indispensable for the information to be issued, based on the medical indication that provides data of clinical interest for exploration and diagnosis. Every detail is transcendent, and it is important to insert them into the usual medical practice. The topographic, differential and nosological-semiological diagnosis based on clinical reasoning and associated with the structural parabola of the clinical-imaging diagnosis as a tool favors the accurate professional assessment in the interpretation of medical images and the preparation of a final report with interpretive quality. Conclusions: The process of medical professional training is guaranteed in an organized, well-structured way, imbricating clinical reasoning as a whole which goes, from start to end, through scientific knowledge with criteria of truth and evidence, until a definitive diagnosis is achieved, as close as possible in the final report(AU)