Sergei Yudin (1891-1954) y la transfusión de sangre cadavérica. Sus repercusiones en Europa occidental / Sergei Yudin (1891-1954) and the cadaveric blood transfusion. It’s repercussions in Western Europe

Este trabajo tiene como principal objetivo rescatar del olvido la historia de las transfusiones de sangre cadavérica y la figura de su principal artífice, Sergei Yudin. Para ello, se lleva a cabo una revisión sistemática de fuentes bibliográficas en diferentes idiomas para describir su trayectoria vital y su obra científica. La idea partió de las experiencias transfusionales en perros de Vladimir Shamov y fue desarrollada clínicamente a partir de 1930 por Yudin en el Instituto Sklifosovsky de Medicina de Emergencia de Moscú, donde se realizaron transfusiones de sangre cadavérica humana de manera regular durante cuatro décadas. La conservación de esta sangre durante varias semanas permitió la creación del primer banco de sangre en el mundo y fue el punto de partida de los trasplantes clínicos, considerando que la sangre es un tejido especial. A finales de los años veinte y principios de los treinta, Yudin viajó a Alemania, Francia, España e Inglaterra y gozó de gran prestigio entre los círculos médicos internacionales, incluidos los catalanes y españoles. El curso de su vida fue azaroso, pasando de ser el cirujano más prestigioso de la Unión Soviética al ostracismo tras ser encarcelado en 1948 y posteriormente desterrado a Siberia.

This work aims to rescue from oblivion the history of cadaveric blood transfusions and the figure of its main protagonist, Sergei Yudin. For this reason, an extensive review of bibliographic sources in Russian and other languages is carried out to describe Yudin’s life trajectory and his scientific work. The idea originated from Vladimir Shamov’s transfusion experiences in dogs and started clinically in 1930 by Yudin at the Sklifosovsky Institute of Emergency Medicine in Moscow, where human cadaveric blood transfusions were performed on a regular basis for four decades. The conservation of this blood for several weeks allowed the creation of the first blood bank in the world and was the starting point of clinical transplants, considering that blood is a special tissue. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Yudin traveled to Germany, France, Spain and England and enjoyed great prestige in international medical circles, including Catalan and Spanish. The course of his life was arduous, going from being the most prestigious surgeon in the Soviet Union to ostracism after being imprisoned in 1948 and later exiled to Siberia.

On the origins of the concept of 'latent schizophrenia' in Russian psychiatry.

In the mid-twentieth century in the Soviet Union, latent schizophrenia became an important concept and a matter of research and also of punitive psychiatry. This article investigates precursor concepts in early Russian psychiatry of the nineteenth century, and examines whether - as claimed in recent literature - Russian and Soviet research on latent schizophrenia was mainly influenced by the work of Eugen Bleuler.

DNA Packaging and Genomics of the Salmonella 9NA-Like Phages.

We present the genome sequences of Salmonella enterica tailed phages Sasha, Sergei, and Solent. These phages, along with Salmonella phages 9NA, FSL_SP-062, and FSL_SP-069 and the more distantly related Proteus phage PmiS-Isfahan, have similarly sized genomes of between 52 and 57 kbp in length that are largely syntenic. Their genomes also show substantial genome mosaicism relative to one another, which is common within tailed phage clusters. Their gene content ranges from 80 to 99 predicted genes, of which 40 are common to all seven and form the core genome, which includes all identifiable virion assembly and DNA replication genes. The total number of gene types (pangenome) in the seven phages is 176, and 59 of these are unique to individual phages. Their core genomes are much more closely related to one another than to the genome of any other known phage, and they comprise a well-defined cluster within the family Siphoviridae To begin to characterize this group of phages in more experimental detail, we identified the genes that encode the major virion proteins and examined the DNA packaging of the prototypic member, phage 9NA. We show that it uses a pac site-directed headful packaging mechanism that results in virion chromosomes that are circularly permuted and about 13% terminally redundant. We also show that its packaging series initiates with double-stranded DNA cleavages that are scattered across a 170-bp region and that its headful measuring device has a precision of ±1.8%.IMPORTANCE The 9NA-like phages are clearly highly related to each other but are not closely related to any other known phage type. This work describes the genomes of three new 9NA-like phages and the results of experimental analysis of the proteome of the 9NA virion and DNA packaging into the 9NA phage head. There is increasing interest in the biology of phages because of their potential for use as antibacterial agents and for their ecological roles in bacterial communities. 9NA-like phages that infect two bacterial genera have been identified to date, and related phages infecting additional Gram-negative bacterial hosts are likely to be found in the future. This work provides a foundation for the study of these phages, which will facilitate their study and potential use.

'For our garden of remembrance is somewhere else': Narratives of separation through the eyes of Freud's patients.

This article presents a unique collection of narratives of separation - unique because the separation here is from psychoanalysis and from Freud as analyst. These narratives were published as part of memoirs written about Freud by three of his patients. Their narratives of separation give us an innovative point of view on the psychoanalytic process, in particular with respect to the importance they place on the termination phase of the analysis at a time when Freud himself had not given it much consideration. The three autobiographical texts are Abram Kardiner's memoir (1977); the memoir of Sergei Pankejeff, known as the Wolf Man (Gardiner, ); and 'Tribute to Freud', by the poet H.D. (). These three distinguished narratives are discussed here as works of translation, as understood by Walter Benjamin (1968 [1955]), Paul Ricoeur (2006 [2004]), and Jean Laplanche (1999 [1992]). They express translation under three aspects: reconstruction of the past (the work of memory), interpreting the conscious residues of the transference (the work of mourning), and, as a deferred action, deciphering the enigmatic messages received from Freud as the parental figure. This representation of the analysand's writing suggests that the separation from analysis is an endless work of translation within the endless process of deciphering the unconscious.