Failure Analysis of Cracked P110 Repaired Tubing Used for Gas Transmission.

With green and low-carbon developments in oil fields, an increasing amount of repaired oil tubing is being used as oil and gas transmission pipelines in China. However, due to differences in manufacturing standards between oil tubing and transmission pipelines, there are inevitably some issues during their use. This paper investigates a case of cracking failure in repaired oil tubing used as a gathering and transportation pipeline. The failure occurred after eight months of operation and was characterized by a circumferential crack at the male thread end of the tubing joint. To determine the root cause of the failure, a series of experiments were conducted on the oil tubing. The experiments included visual inspection, chemical composition analysis, mechanical properties testing, hardness testing, metallographic examination, and microstructure analysis. The results revealed that the thread of the cracked tubing was not tightened to the specified position; the connection between the tubing and the coupling was welded in a circumferential direction; and cracks occurred in the heat-affected zone of the weld. Chemical composition, tensile performance, and the Charpy impact of the tubing meet the requirements of API 5CT for P110 material, and no abnormalities were found in the metallographic structure. The microstructure at the weld toe of the fracture is martensite, and the hardness is 476 HV10. Based on the thermal simulation verification test, when the material of the tubing cools from 1200 °C, which is located in the coarse HAZ temperature zone, the base metal transforms into martensite with a little granular bainite, exhibiting its highest hardness value at 371 HV10, which is higher than the allowable hardness for carbon steel and indicates the material has poor weldability. The reasons for the cracking and failure of the tubing are that the P110 repaired tubing has a high carbon equivalent and poor weldability. During the welding process, martensitic structure was formed at the weld toe, and cold cracks appeared in the heat-affected zone, resulting in failure. To avoid the reoccurrence of such failure, recommendations are proposed.

The institutional experience of the implementing 4DCT in NSCLC radiotherapy planning.

Background: The study was to evaluate the effectiveness of dose distribution of four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) simulation. Materials and methods: The gross tumor volume (GTV) and clinical target volume (CTV) were contoured in all 10 respiratory phases of 4DCT in 30 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Both 3D and 4D treatment plans were made individually for each patient using the planning volume (PTV). The PTV3D was taken from a single CTV plus the recommended margin, and the PTV4D was taken from the 4D internal target volume, including all 10 CTVs plus the setup margins. Results: The mean PTV was 460 ± 179 (69-820) cm3 for 3DCT and 401 ± 167 (127-854) cm3 for 4DCT (p = 0.0018). The dose distribution (DD) of organs at risk, especially the lungs, was lower for the 4DCT simulation. The V5%, V10%, and V20% of the total lung dose for 4DCT were significantly lower for the 3DCT. However, lung V30% the heart, esophagus, and spinal cord were not significantly different. In addition, the conformity index and the dose heterogeneity index of the PTV were not significantly different. The normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) of the lung and heart was significantly lower for 4DCT than for 3DCT. Conclusions: The 4DCT simulation gives better results on the NTCP. The organs at risk, especially the lungs, receive a significantly lower DD compared with the 3DCT. The conformity index (CI), heterogeneity index (HI) and the DD to the heart, spinal cord, and esophagus were not significantly different between the two techniques.

Appropriate particle size of rice straw promoted rumen fermentation and regulated bacterial microbiota in a rumen simulation technique system.

The purpose of this study is to reveal the effects of different particle sizes of rice straw on the rumen protozoa count, nutrient disappearance rate, rumen fermentation, and microbial community in a rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) system. In this experiment, a single-factor random trial design was adopted. According to the different particle sizes of rice straw, there were three treatments with three replies in each treatment. Three kinds of goat total mixed ration (TMR), with the same nutrients were used to carry out a 10 days in vitro fermentation experiment using the rumen simulation system developed by Hunan Agricultural University, including 6 days the pretrial period and 4 days formal period. This study found that the organic matter disappearance rate, concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), acetate, propionate, and iso-butyrate were greatest in the 4 mm group (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the alpha diversity, among the three groups (p > 0.05). The relative abundance of Treponema and Ruminococcus of the 2 mm group increased; the relative abundance of Butyrivibrio and Prevotella in samples increased in the 4 mm group. In addition, the results of correlation analysis showed that Prevotella and Ruminococcus was positively correlated with butyrate, ammonia-N, dOM and d ADF (p < 0.05) and negatively correlated with valerate (p < 0.05); Oscillospira was positively correlated with valerate (p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with propionate, butyrate, ammonia-N, dOM and dADF (p < 0.05). The present results imply that compared to the other groups, rice straw particle size of 4 mm may improve the disappearance rate of nutrients and promote the production of volatile fatty acids by regulating ruminal microorganisms.

Evaluation of Rumen Fermentation and Microbial Adaptation to Three Red Seaweeds Using the Rumen Simulation Technique.

Several red seaweeds have been shown to inhibit enteric CH4 production; however, the adaptation of fermentation parameters to their presence is not well understood. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of three red seaweeds (Asparargopsis taxiformis, Mazzaella japonica, and Palmaria mollis) on in vitro fermentation, CH4 production, and adaptation using the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC). The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with four treatments, duplicated in two identical RUSITEC apparatus equipped with eight fermenter vessels each. The four treatments included the control and the three red seaweeds added to the control diet at 2% diet DM. The experimental period was divided into four phases including a baseline phase (d 0-7; no seaweed included), an adaptation phase (d 8-11; seaweed included in treatment vessels), an intermediate phase (d 12-16), and a stable phase (d 17-21). The degradability of organic matter (p = 0.04) and neutral detergent fibre (p = 0.05) was decreased by A. taxiformis during the adaptation phase, but returned to control levels in the stable phase. A. taxiformis supplementation resulted in a decrease (p < 0.001) in the molar proportions of acetate, propionate, and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, with an increase in the molar proportions of butyrate, caproate, and valerate; the other seaweeds had no effect (p > 0.05) on the molar proportions or production of individual VFA. A. taxiformis was the only seaweed to suppress CH4 production (p < 0.001), with the suppressive effect increasing (p < 0.001) across phases. Similarly, A. taxiformis increased (p < 0.001) the production of hydrogen (H2, %, mL/d) across the adaptation, intermediate, and stable phases, with the intermediate and stable phases having greater H2 production than the adaptation phase. In conclusion, M. japonica and P. mollis did not impact rumen fermentation or inhibit CH4 production within the RUSITEC. In contrast, we conclude that A. taxiformis is an effective CH4 inhibitor and its introduction to the ruminal environment requires a period of adaptation; however, the large magnitude of CH4 suppression by A. taxiformis inhibits VFA synthesis, which may restrict the production performance in vivo.

Core-shell FeCo@carbon nanocages encapsulated in biomass-derived carbon aerogel: Architecture design and interface engineering of lightweight, anti-corrosion and superior microwave absorption.

The development of multifunctional microwave absorbing materials for practical applications in complex environments is a challenging research hotspot. Herein, the core-shell structure FeCo@C nanocages were successfully anchored on the surface of biomass-derived carbon (BDC) from pleurotus eryngii (PE) via freeze-drying and electrostatic self-assembly process, achieving lightweight, anti-corrosive, and excellent absorption properties. The superior versatility benefits from the large specific surface area, high conductivity, three-dimensional cross-linked networks, and appropriate impedance matching characteristics. The as-prepared aerogel realizes a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of -69.5 dB with a corresponding effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 8.6 GHz at 2.9 mm. Simultaneously, the computer simulation technique (CST) further proves that the multifunctional material can dissipate microwave energy in actual applications. More importantly, the special heterostructure of aerogel endows excellent resistance to acid, alkali, salt medium, allowing potential applications of the microwave absorbing materials under complex environmental conditions.

Aplicación de la dinámica de sistemas en el análisis de la evolución de la hipoacusia y la evaluación del impacto de estrategias sanitarias

Objetivos: Aplicar la dinámica de sistemas para estimar la evolución de la incidencia y la prevalencia de hipoacusia en personas mayores en países de bajos, medios y altos ingresos, así como el acceso al tratamiento, y evaluar la influencia de la implementación de estrategias sanitarias sobre estos indicadores. Metodología: Los análisis se realizaron mediante simulación con dinámica de sistemas según parámetros globales. Para ello, se desarrolló un diagrama de bucles causal, integrando la incidencia, la prevalencia y el tratamiento de hipoacusia con el nivel de desigualdad, factores de riesgo, uso de dispositivos de ayuda auditiva, fuerza laboral de audiólogos y otorrinolaringólogos según el nivel de ingresos del país. Luego, se construyó un diagrama de flujo para ejecutar las simulaciones durante un período de 100 años. Además, se ejecutaron cuatro simulaciones con estrategias sanitarias (reducción de factores de riesgo, mejora en el uso dispositivos de ayuda auditiva, aumento del número de audiólogos y otorrinolaringólogos) y se estimó el porcentaje de cambio respecto al modelo basal. Resultados: Los países de bajos ingresos mostraron una mayor incidencia y prevalencia de hipoacusia, menor acceso a tratamiento adecuado y una mayor prevalencia de hipoacusia sin tratar o con tratamiento inadecuado. La reducción de factores de riesgo creció en un 15 y 33 % la población con audición normal en los próximos 50 y 100 años, respectivamente. Además, la mejora en el uso de dispositivos de ayuda auditiva logró una reducción del 60 % de la población con tratamientos inadecuados o sin tratamiento, y el aumento de audiólogos y otorrinolaringólogos incrementó un 250 % el acceso a un tratamiento adecuado. Conclusiones: La evolución de la salud auditiva está condicionada por factores económicos, donde los entornos más desfavorecidos muestran peores indicadores. Además, la implementación de estrategias combinadas favorecería la salud auditiva en el futuro.

Objectives: To estimate the evolution of the incidence and prevalence of hearing loss in the elderly in low-, middle- and high-income countries by means of system dynamics simulation according to global parameters and to analyze the influence of the implementation of health strategies. Methodology: A causal loop diagram was developed to relate the incidence, prevalence and treatment of hearing loss to the level of inequality, risk factors (RF), use of hearing aids (HA), audiologist and otolaryngologist (ENT) workforce by country income level. A flow chart was then constructed to run the simulations over a 100-year period. In addition, four simulations were run with health strategies (reduction of RF, improvement in HA use, increase in the number of audiologists and ENT specialists) and the percentage change from the baseline model was estimated. Results: Low-income countries showed a higher incidence and prevalence of hearing loss, less access to adequate treatment, and a higher prevalence of untreated or inadequately treated hearing loss. The reduction of RF increased the population with normal hearing by 15% and 33% over the next 50 and 100 years, respectively. In addition, the improvement in the use of ha achieved a 60% reduction in the population with inadequate or untreated treatment, and the increase in audiologists and ENT specialists improved the access to adequate treatment by 250%. Conclusions: The evolution of hearing health is conditioned by economic factors, where the most disadvantaged environments show worse indicators. In addition, the implementation of combined strategies would favor hearing health in the future. System dynamics is a very useful methodology for health managers because it enables to understand how a disease evolves and define what are the best health interventions considering different scenarios.

Objetivos: Aplicar a dinâmica do sistema para estimar a evolução da incidência e prevalência da perda auditiva em pessoas idosas em países de baixo, médio e alto rendimento, bem como o acesso ao tratamento, e avaliar a influência da implementação de estratégias de saúde sobre estes indicadores. Metodologia: As análises foram conduzidas utilizando simulação da dinâmica do sistema com base em parâmetros globais. Para tal, foi desenvolvido um diagrama do laço causal, integrando a incidência, prevalência e tratamento da perda auditiva com o nível de desigualdade, fatores de risco, utilização de aparelhos auditivos, mão-de-obra de audiologistas e otorrinolaringologistas por nível de rendimento nacional. Foi então construído um fluxograma para executar as simulações ao longo de um período de 100 anos. Além disso, foram realizadas quatro simulações com estratégias de saúde (reduzindo os fatores de risco, melhorando a utilização de aparelhos auditivos, aumentando o número de audiologistas e otorrinolaringologistas) e foi estimada a mudança percentual em relação ao modelo de base. Resultados: Os países de baixos rendimentos mostraram maior incidência e prevalência de perda auditiva, menor acesso a tratamento apropriado e maior prevalência de perda auditiva não tratada ou tratada de forma inadequada. A redução dos fatores de risco aumentou a população com audição normal em 15 e 33% durante os próximos 50 e 100 anos, respectivamente. Além disso, uma melhor utilização de aparelhos auditivos permitiu uma redução de 60% na população mal tratada ou não tratada, e o aumento do número de audiologistas e especialistas em ORL aumentou em 250% o acesso ao tratamento adequado. Conclusões: A evolução da saúde auditiva é condicionada por fatores económicos, com os ambientes mais desfavorecidos a apresentarem indicadores piores. Além disso, a implementação de estratégias combinadas favoreceria a saúde auditiva no futuro.

Evaluation of stirring time through a rumen simulation technique: Influences on rumen fermentation and bacterial community.

Introduction: Rumen motility is a key element that influences ruminant nutrition, whereas little is known about the effects of rumen contraction duration on rumen fermentation and ruminal microbiome. We previously reported that proper rotation speed of a rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) system enhanced rumen fermentation and microbial protein (MCP) production. In the present study, different contraction durations and intervals were simulated by setting different stirring times and intervals of the stirrers in a RUSITEC system. The objective of this trial was to evaluate the influences of stirring time on rumen fermentation characteristics, nutrient degradation, and ruminal bacterial microbiota in vitro. Methods: This experiment was performed in a 3 × 3 Latin square design, with each experimental period comprising 4 d for adjustment and 3 d for sample collection. Three stirring time treatments were set: the constant stir (CS), the intermittent stir 1 (each stir for 5 min with an interval of 2 min, IS1), and the intermittent stir 2 (each stir for 4 min with an interval of 3 min, IS2). Results: The total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentration, valerate molar proportion, ammonia nitrogen level, MCP density, protozoa count, disappearance rates of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, emissions of total gas and methane, and the richness index Chao 1 for the bacterial community were higher (p < 0.05) in the IS1 when compared to those in the CS. The greatest TVFA, MCP, protozoa count, nutrient disappearance rates, gas productions, and bacterial richness indices of Ace and Chao 1 amongst all treatments were observed in the IS2. The relative abundance of the genus Treponema was enriched (p < 0.05) in CS, while the enrichment (p < 0.05) of Agathobacter ruminis and another two less known bacterial genera were identified in IS2. Discussion: It could be concluded that the proper reduction in the stirring time might help to enhance the feed fermentation, MCP synthesis, gas production, and the relative abundances of specific bacterial taxa.

Anticorrosion performance assessment of silane-modified chitosan/epoxy primer coatings on mild steel in saline environment using computational simulation techniques.

The anticorrosion performance of silane-modified chitosan/epoxy primer coatings was evaluated using quantum chemical computations (QCC) and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) techniques. The objective was to appraise the molecular/atomistic level performance of silane-modified chitosan/epoxy primer coating system on mild steel in saline water to be able to design robust anticorrosion epoxy nanocomposite primer coating for marine application. The QCC showed that quantum parameters for (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxy silane-modified chitosan nanocluster (AMCN) are optimum and therefore correspond to high corrosion protective capability. The adsorption energies (Eads) for AMCN/epoxy, tetraethoxysilane-modified chitosan/epoxy, chitosan-modified epoxy, and unmodified epoxy coatings were found to be - 3094.65, - 2,630.00, - 2,305.77, and - 1,189.33 kcal/mol, respectively. The high negative value of Eads indicates the coating molecules interacted and adsorbed strongly on the mild steel surface. Hence, AMCN/epoxy coating is potentially most corrosion-resistant than the others. Further, it is established that shorter bond length corresponds to higher bond strength and therefore indicates chemical interaction. Thus, the radial distribution function showed the bond lengths between atoms of the AMCN and mild steel surfaces were shorter than those of other molecules. Overall, AMCN/epoxy coating molecules possess good anticorrosion properties and therefore would perform well if deployed for service in saline environments.

Efficacy of a theoretical and practical programme to newly hired nursing personnel in a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit: A pilot study.

AIMS: (1) to design a training programme for newly hired nursing personnel and (2) to determine self-perception and perceived stress before and after the theoretical and practical parts of the programme with high fidelity simulation activities. METHODS: A pilot quasi-experimental pretest-posttest study without control group conducted in a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit from October 2018 to April 2019 was conducted. A newly hired nursing personnel training programme was first designed and delivered. Later, the participants' self-perception was assessed, as well as their perceived stress and grade of satisfaction using two different Likert scales. RESULTS: A total of 20 newly hired nurses participated in the study, 90% (n = 18) were female with a median age of 25.5 ± 4.53 years. Higher scores were obtained in participants' self-perception before and after the theoretical training. Lower significant median scores of the participants' stress perception were found (6.9 ± 1.57 versus 5.6 ± 1.794). In the practical part of the programme, we obtained higher scores in all items, as well as lower median scores in stress perception (6.4 ± 1.73 versus 5.6 ± 1.93). CONCLUSIONS: A theoretical and practical programme for newly hired nursing personnel in a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit improved participants' self-perception and reduced their perceived median scores in stress levels.

Eficacia de un plan de acogida teórico-práctico dirigido a profesionales de enfermería de nueva incorporación en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátrica: estudio piloto / Efficacy of a theoretical and practical programme to newly hired nursing personnel in a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit: a pilot study

Objetivos: Diseñar un plan formativo de acogida a enfermeras/os de nueva incorporación y 2) determinar la autopercepción y el estrés percibido antes y después de la realización de la parte teórica y práctica con simulación de alta fidelidad. Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio piloto de diseño cuasiexperimental tipo pretest-postest sin grupo control en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos (UCIP), de octubre de 2018 a abril de 2019. En primer lugar, se diseñó un plan formativo teórico y práctico que se impartió a todo el personal de nueva incorporación de la unidad. Posteriormente, se evaluó la autopercepción personal, el estrés percibido y el grado de satisfacción mediante dos escalas tipo Likert. Resultados: Participaron en el estudio un total de 20 enfermeras/os de nueva incorporación, el 90% (n = 18) eran del sexo femenino, con una edad media de 25,5 ± 4,53 años. Al comparar los datos obtenidos pre y post formación teórica con relación a la autopercepción personal se constató un aumento de puntuación en todos los ítems. A la vez, se objetivaron puntuaciones medias menores de estrés (6,9 ± 1,57 vs. los 5,6 ± 1,79). En la parte práctica se obtuvo también un aumento de las puntuaciones, así como una tendencia a la disminución de las puntuaciones medias globales de estrés percibido (6,4 ± 1,73 vs. 5,6 ± 1,93). Conclusiones: Un plan de acogida teórico-práctico mediante simulación clínica (SC) impartido a enfermeras/os de nueva incorporación de una UCIP mejoró su autopercepción sobre el nivel de conocimientos y disminuyó las puntuaciones medias de estrés.(AU)

Aims: to design a training programme for newly hired nursing personnel and (2) to determine self-perception and perceived stress before and after the theoretical and practical parts of the programme with high fidelity simulation activities. Methods: A pilot quasi-experimental pretest-posttest study without control group conducted in a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit from October 2018 to April 2019 was conducted. A newly hired nursing personnel training programme was first designed and delivered. Later, the participants’ self-perception was assessed, as well as their perceived stress and grade of satisfaction using two different Likert scales. Results: A total of 20 newly hired nurses participated in the study, 90% (n = 18) were female with a median age of 25.5 ± 4.53 years. Higher scores were obtained in participants’ self-perception before and after the theoretical training. Lower significant median scores of the participants’ stress perception were found (6.9 ± 1.57 versus 5.6 ± 1.79). In the practical part of the programme, we obtained higher scores in all items, as well as lower median scores in stress perception (6.4 ± 1.73 versus 5.6 ± 1.93). Conclusions: A theoretical and practical programme for newly hired nursing personnel in a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit improved participants’ self-perception and reduced their perceived median scores in stress levels.(AU)

Construção e validação de simulação clínica sobre testagem e aconselhamento para o hiv em gestantes / Construction and validation of a clinical simulation on hiv testing and counseling in pregnant women / Construcción y validación de un simulacro clínico sobre pruebas y asesoramiento del vih en mujeres embarazadas

RESUMO Objetivo: construir e validar um cenário de simulação clínica sobre a testagem rápida e aconselhamento para o HIV em gestantes. Método: estudo metodológico, de validação de aparência e conteúdo, desenvolvido no período de junho a outubro de 2020 por meio da técnica Delphi. Para a validação, foram incluídos os juízes que obtiveram cinco ou mais pontos segundo os critérios de Fehring adaptados. Os dados foram analisados mediante o cálculo do Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC). Resultados: depois da primeira rodada Delphi, dois itens (5,7%) não atingiram o I-CVI necessário para validação em todos os critérios avaliados, que foram: comportamental, objetividade, simplicidade, clareza, relevância, precisão, variedade, modalidade, tipicidade e credibilidade. Ao final da segunda rodada Delphi, todos os itens (100%) atingiram o I-CVI necessário para validação. Conclusão: o roteiro se mostrou válido, contribuindo para subsidiar o ensino da testagem e do aconselhamento de gestante sobre o HIV.

ABSTRACT Objective: to construct and validate a clinical simulation scenario on rapid HIV testing and counseling in pregnant women. Method: methodological study, of appearance and content validation, developed between June and October 2020 through the Delphi technique. For validation, the judges who obtained five or more points according to the adapted Fehring criteria were included. The data were analyzed by calculating the Content Validity Index (CVI). Results: After the first Delphi round, two items (5.7%) did not reach the I-CVI required for validation in all the criteria evaluated, which were: behavioral, objectivity, simplicity, clarity, relevance, accuracy, variety, modality, typicality, and credibility. At the end of the second Delphi round, all items (100%) reached the I-CVI required for validation. Conclusion: the script proved to be valid, contributing to subsidize the teaching of HIV testing and counseling of pregnant women.

RESUMEN Objetivo: construir y validar un escenario de simulación clínica sobre pruebas rápidas y asesoramiento para el VIH en mujeres embarazadas. Método: estudio metodológico, de valoración de la apariencia y el contenido, desarrollado en el período de junio a octubre de 2020 mediante la técnica Delphi. Para la validación, se incluyeron los jueces que obtuvieron cinco o más puntos según los criterios adaptados de Fehring. Los datos se analizaron calculando el Índice de Validez del Contenido (IVC). Resultados: Tras la primera ronda Delphi, dos ítems (5,7%) no alcanzaron el I-CVI requerido para la validación en todos los criterios evaluados, que fueron: comportamiento, objetividad, simplicidad, claridad, relevancia, precisión, variedad, modalidad, tipicidad y credibilidad. Al final de la segunda ronda Delphi, todos los ítems (100%) alcanzaron el I-CVI requerido para la validación. Conclusión: el rodillo se mostró válido, contribuyendo a subvencionar la enseñanza de la prueba y el asesoramiento de gestores sobre el VIH.

Simulación de dosis absorbida en terapia molecular mediante método de Montecarlo utilizando software libre GEANT4: GATE

RESUMEN Fundamento: aún no existe una forma óptima para determinar la dosis absorbida por los tumores; este desconocimiento es la causa de que la dosis final del tratamiento sea impredecible. Por esta causa los pacientes pueden estar recibiendo dosis mayores que las mínimas requeridas para su correcto diagnóstico. Objetivo: crear un código fuente para un proyecto de aplicación del programa GATE en la simulación de la dosis absorbida en radioterapia molecular, por método Montecarlo, para un maniquí de Giap. Métodos: se realizó la simulación por método de Montecarlo a partir de modelar el maniquí de Giap, mediante la plataforma de simulación GATE. Se compararon los resultados obtenidos con la información reflejada en la bibliografía sobre las mejores prácticas estandarizadas. Resultados: se confeccionó un código fuente implementado en GATE para la determinación de la dosis absorbida en radioterapia molecular. Se obtuvo distribución no uniforme de dosis en un medio de actividad uniforme y un 2 % de incertidumbre aproximado (en buena correspondencia con los valores reportados en la literatura), los resultados permiten afirmar que la simulación de dosis por medio de la plataforma GATE es confiable, de poco gasto computacional y altamente recomendable. Conclusiones: es recomendable utilizar la plataforma GATE para la simulación del cálculo de la dosis absorbida por ser rápida, de bajo costo computacional y confiable.

ABSTRACT Background: there is still no optimal way to determine the dose absorbed by tumors; this lack of knowledge is the reason why the final dose of treatment is unpredictable. For this reason, patients may be receiving doses greater than the minimum required for their correct diagnosis. Objective: to create a source code for an application project of the GATE program in the simulation of absorbed dose in molecular radiotherapy, by Monte Carlo method, for a Giap phantom. Methods: the simulation was carried out by the Montecarlo method from modeling the Giap phantom, using the GATE simulation platform. The results obtained were compared with the information reflected in the bibliography on standardized best practices. Results: a source code implemented in GATE was prepared for the determination of the absorbed dose in molecular radiotherapy. Non-uniform distribution of doses was obtained in a medium with uniform activity and an approximate 2% uncertainty (in correspondence with the values reported in the literature), the results allow to affirm that the dose simulation through the GATE platform is reliable, of little computational expense and highly recommended. Conclusions: it is advisable to use the GATE platform for the simulation of the calculation of the absorbed dose because it is fast, of low computational cost and reliable.

Body painting e body projection: simulação no ensino-aprendizagem em enfermagem / Body painting and body projection: simulation in nursing teaching-learning / Body painting y body projection: simulación en la enseñanza-aprendizaje de la enfermería

Objetivo: relatar a experiência da utilização das tecnologias body painting e body projectioncomo ferramentas facilitadoras do processo ensino-aprendizagem na perspectiva de docentes de Enfermagem durante o ensino do exame físico cardiovascular. Método: relato de experiência de estratégia facilitadora aplicada ao processo de ensino-aprendizagem do exame físico cardiovascular durante o curso de graduação em Enfermagem de uma universidade privada de São Paulo­Brasil. Resultados: participaram da experiência 40 estudantes, dois professores, um artista plástico e dois modelos que receberam a pintura corporal. O uso das referidas tecnologias suscitou reflexões sobre a possibilidade de utilizá-las como ferramentas para o ensino de forma lúdica e eficaz, otimizando o contexto acadêmico formal. Conclusão: as ferramentas body painting e body projection, de acordo com a percepção dos docentes, facilitam o processo de ensino-aprendizagem do exame físico cardiovascular, uma vez que aproximam a teoria da prática e permitem, aos estudantes, associações visuais que superam as tradicionais barreiras de ensino-aprendizagem.(AU)

Objective: to report the experience of using the body painting and body projection technologies as facilitating tools in the teaching-learning process from the perspective of Nursing professors during teaching of the cardiovascular physical examination. Method: an experience report of a facilitating strategy applied to the teaching-learning process corresponding to the cardiovascular physical examination in the Nursing undergraduate course at a private university from São Paulo, Brazil. Results: a total of 40 students, two professors, one plastic artist and two models on whom body painting was applied took part in the experience. Use of the aforementioned technologies raised reflections about the possibility of employing them as tools for playful and effective teaching, optimizing the formal academic context. Conclusion: according to the professors' perception, the body painting and body projection tools facilitate the teaching-learning process corresponding to the cardiovascular physical examination, as they bring the theory closer to the practice and allow students to make visual associations that overcome the traditional teaching-learning barriers.(AU)

Objetivo: informar sobre la experiencia del uso de las tecnologías de body painting y body projection como herramientas facilitadoras del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje desde la perspectiva de los profesores de enfermería durante la enseñanza del examen físico cardiovascular. Método: informe de experiencia de estrategia facilitadora aplicada en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje del examen físico cardiovascular durante el curso de graduación en enfermería de una universidad privada de São Paulo- Brasil. Resultados: participaron en la experiencia 40 alumnos, dos profesores, un artista plástico y dos modelos que recibieron la pintura corporal. El uso de estas tecnologías suscitó reflexiones sobre la posibilidad de utilizar ambas como herramientas para la enseñanza de forma lúdica y eficaz, optimizando el contexto académico formal. Conclusión: las herramientas de body painting y body projection, según la percepción de los profesores, facilitan el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje del examen físico cardiovascular, ya que aproximan la teoría a la práctica y permiten a los alumnos realizar asociaciones visuales que superan las barreras tradicionales de enseñanza-aprendizaje.(AU)

The simulation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the knowledge of rescuers: a quasi-experimental study / La simulación de la reanimación cardiopulmonar y el conocimiento de los socorristas: estudio cuasi-experimental / A simulação da reanimação cardiopulmonar e o conhecimento de socorristas: estudo quase-experimental

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the knowledge of rescuers before and after training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation with the realistic simulation method. Method: this is a quasi-experimental study carried out with 41 Basic Life Support rescuers covering 8 bases of the 18th Regional Health of Paraná. The rescuers responded to the Instrument for Assessment of Training in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation applied before and after the realistic simulation. Results: there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.02) in 6 of the 10 questions, which addressed: the sequence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers; the electrical charge of the automatic external defibrillator; the position, depth, and speed of chest compressions; the compression/ventilation ratio; and the handling of the automatic external defibrillator. In the other two questions — recognition of cardiorespiratory arrest and positive pressure ventilation device — there was no change in the answer alternative. There were 60% of correct answers for the questions when assessing prior knowledge and 90% of correct answers after the phases of the realistic simulation. Conclusion: rescuers did not fully complete the pre-test questionnaire; however, after the realistic simulation strategy, there was a significant increase in this knowledge. These results showed an improvement in the cognitive knowledge of rescuers after the simulation, which was confirmed by the increase in knowledge expressed in the post-test. This methodology can also be successfully applied to this professional category.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comparar el conocimiento de los socorristas antes y después de la capacitación de la reanimación cardiopulmonar con el método de la simulación real. Método: estudio cuasi-experimental, realizado con 41 socorristas del Soporte Vital Básico cubriendo 8 bases de la 18 Regional de Salud de Paraná. Los socorristas respondieron al Instrumento para la Evaluación de la Formación en Reanimación Cardiopulmonar, aplicado antes y después de la simulación real. Resultados: se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,02) en 6 de las 10 preguntas, que abordaban: la secuencia de maniobras de reanimación cardiopulmonar; la carga eléctrica del desfibrilador externo automático; la posición, profundidad y velocidad de las compresiones torácicas; la relación compresión/ventilación; y el manejo del desfibrilador externo automático. En dos preguntas -reconocimiento de la parada cardíaca y dispositivo de ventilación con presión positiva- no hubo cambios en la respuesta alternativa. Hubo un 60% de respuestas correctas para las preguntas al evaluar los conocimientos previos y un 90% de respuestas correctas después de las fases de la simulación real. Conclusión: los socorristas no responden totalmente a la cuestión de la prueba previa, mientras que, tras la estrategia de simulación realista, se produjo un aumento significativo de este conocimiento. Estos resultados demostraron una mejora en el conocimiento cognitivo de los socorristas después de la simulación, comprobada por el aumento del conocimiento expreso en el post-test, que esta metodología también puede ser aplicada con éxito a esta categoría profesional.

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar o conhecimento de socorristas antes e depois da capacitação de reanimação cardiopulmonar com o método da simulação realística. Método: estudo quase-experimental realizado com 41 socorristas do Suporte Básico de Vida que contemplam 8 bases da 18° Regional de Saúde do Paraná. Os socorristas responderam ao Instrumento para Avaliação da capacitação em Ressuscitação Cardiopulmonar aplicado antes e depois da simulação realística. Resultados: obteve-se diferença estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,02) em 6 das 10 questões, as quais abordaram: a sequência das manobras de reanimação cardiopulmonar; a carga elétrica do desfibrilador externo automático; a posição, a profundidade e a velocidade das compressões torácicas; a relação compressão/ventilação; e o manuseio do desfibrilador externo automático. Já em outras duas questões — reconhecimento da parada cardiorrespiratória e dispositivo de ventilação com pressão positiva — não houve mudança quanto à alternativa de resposta. Encontraram-se 60% de acertos das questões quando avaliado o conhecimento prévio e 90% de acertos após as fases da simulação realística. Conclusão: os socorristas não atingiram com totalidade o questionário de pré-teste; entretanto, após a estratégia da simulação realística, houve um aumento significativo desse conhecimento. Esses resultados demonstraram melhoria no conhecimento cognitivo dos socorristas após simulação, o que foi comprovado pelo aumento de conhecimento expresso no pós-teste. Essa metodologia também pode ser aplicada com sucesso a essa categoria profissional.

Uso de máquinas 3D e cortadores a laser em simulação aplicada à educação médica / Use of 3D printers and laser cutters for simulation in medical education

Introdução: As impressões tridimensionais (3D) têm obtido relevância em diversas áreas do conhecimento, especialmente na medicina. Com o advento da tecnologia, cada vez mais escolas médicas têm adotado o uso de prototipagem de estruturas humanas para aprimorar o treinamento dos estudantes, uma vez que a simulação produz um ambiente livre de riscos, no qual os alunos podem dominar com sucesso as habilidades relevantes para a prática clínica.Métodos: O projeto foi estruturado a partir da pesquisa dos softwares de impressão; seleção dos segmentos anatômicos a serem impressos; análise de materiais para a confecção; estudo aprofundado das caixas de simulação usadas no treinamento em videocirurgia e, por fim, realização de um treinamento dos estudantes interessados no desenvolvimento das habilidades cirúrgicas.Resultados: Por meio da impressão 3D,foram confeccionadas peças anatômicas para o ensino em anatomia, além de peças de silicone para treinamento de suturas manuais e videolaparoscópicas. O cortador a laser foi utilizado para fabricar caixas pretas, principalmente para simulações de cirurgia laparoscópica.Conclusão: A utilização de materiais 3D no ensino médico tem se mostrado altamente promissora, com aumento da curva de aprendizado dos alunos envolvidos e ótima relação custo-benefício. Contudo, o acesso a essa tecnologia ainda é restrito no Brasil, o que dificulta a expansão do método para todas as escolas médicas nacionais.

Introduction: Three-dimensional (3D) printing has become relevant in several areas of knowledge, especially Medicine. With the advent of technology, medical schools started using prototypes of human structures to improve student training, given that simulation provides a risk-free environment where students can successfully master relevant skills for clinical practice.Methods: The present study consisted of research about printing software, selection of anatomical segments for printing, analysis of printing materials, study of simulation boxes used in video-assisted surgery training, and training of students interested in developing surgical skills.Results: 3D printing was used to fabricate anatomical models for teaching anatomy and silicone models for manual and video-assisted laparoscopic suture training. Laser cutters were used to manufacture black boxes, mainly for laparoscopy simulation. Conclusion: The use of 3D printing in medical education is highly promising, with an improved learning curve among students and an excellent benefit-cost ratio. However, access to this technology is still limited in Brazil, which makes it difficult to expand the method to all national medical schools.

Debriefing in clinical nursing simulation: an analysis based on the theory of experiential learning / Debriefing en simulación clínica de enfermería: un análisis basado en la teoría del aprendizaje experimental / Debriefing na simulação clínica em enfermagem: uma análise a partir da teoria da aprendizagem experiencial

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the meaning of the debriefing process performed in clinical simulation activities in a nursing course, based on Kolb's Theory of Experiential Learning. Method: Qualitative, case study type, carried out in a nursing course at a University in southern Brazil, from March to June 2018. For data collection, documentary research was used, the interview based on Kolb's Leaning Style Instrument, with 29 participants and direct observation of eight debriefing scenes. For analysis, the integrated units of analysis obtained from the construction of explanation were used. Results: Documentary data and the Inventory contributed to the understanding of clinical simulation and debriefing was categorized into four learning modes. Conclusion: Clinical simulation as an experiential learning methodology relates experience, perception, cognition and behavior with elements identified in the debriefing by students.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comprender el significado del proceso de debriefing realizado en actividades de simulación clínica en un curso de enfermería, basado en la Teoría del Aprendizaje Experiencial de Kolb. Método: Cualitativo, tipo estudio de caso, realizado en un curso de enfermería en una Universidad del sur de Brasil, de marzo a junio de 2018. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó la investigación documental, la entrevista basada en el Instrumento de Estilo de Aprendizaje de Kolb, con 29 participantes. y observación directa de ocho escenas de interrogatorio. Para el análisis se utilizaron las unidades integradas de análisis obtenidas de la construcción de la explicación. Resultados: Los datos documentales y el Inventario contribuyeron a la comprensión de la simulación clínica y el debriefing se clasificó en cuatro modos de aprendizaje. Conclusión: La simulación clínica como metodología de aprendizaje experiencial relaciona la experiencia, la percepción, la cognición y el comportamiento con elementos identificados en el debriefing por los estudiantes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Compreender o significado do processo de debriefing realizado nas atividades de simulação clínica em um curso de enfermagem, a partir da Teoria da Aprendizagem Experiencial de Kolb. Método: Qualitativo do tipo estudo de caso, realizado num curso de enfermagem de uma Universidade do Sul do Brasil, de março a junho de 2018. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se a pesquisa documental, a entrevista baseada no Instrumento de Estilo de Aprendizagem de Kolb, com 29 participantes, e a observação direta de oito cenas de debriefing. Para análise, utilizaram-se as unidades integradas de análise obtidas a partir da construção de explanação. Resultados: Os dados documentais e o Inventário contribuíram para o entendimento da simulação clínica e o debriefing foi categorizado em quatro modos de aprendizagem. Conclusão: A simulação clínica como metodologia de aprendizagem experiencial relaciona a experiência, a percepção, a cognição e o comportamento com elementos identificados no debriefing pelos estudantes.

Construction and validation of a clinical simulation scenario on umbilical cord stump care / Construcción y validación de un escenario de simulación clínica sobre el cuidado del cordón umbilical / Construção e validação de cenário de simulação clínica sobre o cuidado com o coto umbilical

ABSTRACT Objective: To develop and validate clinical simulation scenario for teaching women in their puerperium and their families about care for the newborn's umbilical cord stump. Method: Methodological study in two stages: 1 - elaboration of the checklist of the procedure for cleaning the umbilical cord and of the clinical case; and 2 - development of the simulated scenario. A Content Validity Index of 0.8 was adopted as the valid range of agreement. Results: After validation, the case was validated, being approved by 100% of the experts. All items of the simulation scenario obtained agreement scores above 0.91. Conclusion: The validated scenario can be used in different contexts: teaching of Neonate Nursing, training teams, and teaching women in their puerperium and their families, who were the target of the study. Considering the benefits of simulation, we believe the simulation here will contribute to better and safer care.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Desarrollar y validar un escenario de simulación clínica para enseñar a las puérperas y sus familias sobre cuidado con el cordón umbilical del recién nacido. Método: Estudio metodológico en dos fases: 1 - construcción de un checklist para el procedimiento de limpieza del muñón del cordón umbilical y elaboración del caso; 2 - desarrollo del escenario simulado. Se adoptó un Índice de Validez de Contenido del 0,8 o mayor como relevante para concordancia. Resultados: Luego de la construcción del caso, la validación fue aprobada por el 100% de los expertos. Todos los ítems del escenario de simulación obtuvieron puntajes de concordancia superiores a 0.91. Conclusión: El escenario validado puede ser utilizado en diferentes contextos: enseñanza de Enfermería Neonatal, entrenamiento de equipos, o aprendizaje de las puérperas y sus familias, que fue el objetivo del estudio. Considerando los beneficios de la simulación, creemos en su contribución para una atención mejor y más segura.

RESUMO Objetivo: Desenvolver e validar cenário de simulação clínica para ensino de puérperas e familiares sobre cuidados com o coto umbilical do recém-nascido. Método: Estudo metodológico em duas fases: 1 - construção de checklist do procedimento de higienização do coto umbilical, elaboração e validação semântica do caso clínico com 11 experts em simulação e área materno-infantil; 2 - desenvolvimento e validação do cenário junto a 11 experts em simulação e em neonatologia/pediatria. O Índice de Validade de Conteúdo de 0,8 foi adotado como relevante alcance de concordância. Resultados: Após construção do caso, realizou-se validação, aprovada por 100% dos experts. Todos itens do cenário simulado obtiveram escores de concordância superiores a 0,91. Conclusão: O cenário validado pode ser utilizado em diferentes contextos: ensino da Enfermagem Neonatal, capacitação de equipes e, aprendizagem de puérperas e familiares, alvos do estudo. Vistos benefícios da simulação, acredita-se na sua contribuição para melhoria assistencial e cuidado seguro.

Fused Filament Fabrication Process: A Review of Numerical Simulation Techniques.

Three-dimensional printing (3DP), also known as additive manufacturing (AM), has rapidly evolved over the past few decades. Researchers around the globe have been putting their efforts into AM processes improvement and materials development. One of the most widely used extrusion-based technology under AM processes is Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), also known as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). Numerical simulation tools are being employed to predict the FFF process complexities and material behavior. These tools allow exploring candidate materials for their potential use in the FFF process and process improvements. The prime objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art scientific achievements in numerical simulations of the FFF process for polymers and their composites. The first section presents an in-depth discussion of the FFF process's physical phenomena and highlights the multi-level complexity. The subsequent section discusses the research efforts, specifically on numerical simulation techniques reported in the literature for simulation of the FFF process. Finally, conclusions are drawn based on the reviewed literature, and future research directions are identified.

Efectividad de la simulación en colangiopancreatografía retrograda endoscópica (CPRE) para la canulación exitosa de la vía biliar: revisión sistemática y metaánalisis / Effectiveness of simulation in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for successful bile duct cannulation: systematic review and meta-analysis

RESUMEN Introducción: La evidencia de simulación en colangiopancreatografía retrograda endoscópica es limitada. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es revisar la efectividad de la simulación en entrenamiento de endoscopistas en colangiopancreatografía retrograda endoscópica con énfasis en la canulación exitosa de la vía biliar, así como en el tiempo de canulación y evaluación del desempeño. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática en MEDLINE, EMBASE y Web of Science, desde 1970 hasta junio 2021. Se incluyeron estudios clínicos aleatorizados que compararan el entrenamiento simulado de colangiopancreatografía retrograda endoscópica versus el entrenamiento tradicional. Resultados: Se incluyeron 4 estudios, con un total de 80 participantes y 1 475 procedimientos. El odds ratio (OR) para canulación exitosa de la vía biliar con el uso de simulación fue de 2,12 (95% IC, 1,60-2,81) y el tiempo medio de canulación fue menor con respecto al entrenamiento tradicional (p<0,001). Dos estudios encontraron mejor calificación en el desempeño global de los endoscopistas con el entrenamiento simulado (OR: 1,86 (95% IC 1,29-2,7)) y (OR 2,98 (95% IC, 1,38-6,43). Conclusiones: La simulación en colangiopancreatografía retrograda endoscópica puede mejorar el desempeño de los endoscopistas en cuanto al tiempo y la canulación exitosa de la vía biliar.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The evidence for simulation in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is limited. Objective: The objective of this study is to review the effectiveness of simulation in endoscopist training in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with emphasis on the successful cannulation of the bile duct, as well as on the cannulation time and performance evaluation. Materials and methods: A systematic review was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science, from 1970 to June 2021. Randomized clinical studies comparing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography simulated training versus traditional training were included. Results: 4 studies were included, with a total of 80 participants and 1,475 procedures. The odds ratio (OR) for successful bile duct cannulation with the use of simulation was 2.12 (95% CI, 1.60-2.81) and the mean time to cannulation was shorter compared to traditional training (p<0.001). Two studies found a better score in the global performance of endoscopists with simulated training (OR: 1.86 (95% CI 1.29-2.7)) and (OR 2.98 (95% CI, 1.38-6.43). Conclusions: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography simulation can improve the performance of endoscopists in terms of time and successful bile duct cannulation.

Simuladores en odontología y la formación de habilidades clínicas: un diálogo permanente / Simulators in dentistry and clinical skill training: a permanent dialogue

El avance tecnológico evidencia el gran desarrollo de los simuladores en la educación odontológica. Con el transcurrir de los años, el uso de simuladores como herramienta educativa para el logro de competencias en estudiantes de preclínica ha tenido una creciente incorporación en los planes de estudio. Por ello, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo revisar la historia de los simuladores en la educación odontológica e identificar las habilidades desarrolladas con el uso de simuladores en estudiantes universitarios de pregrado a nivel mundial. Al respecto, se realizó una búsqueda de artículos científicos indexados en bases de datos como Medline, Scopus, LILACS, SciELO, Google académico y Redalyc; se desarrolló la búsqueda bibliográfica hasta enero 2021 y se consideró las siguientes palabras clave: simulación, educación en odontología, estudiantes de odontología, educación basada en competencias. En los resultados se identificó cuatro etapas relevantes como una manera interactiva para explicar la historia de la simulación en odontología, cada una de estas etapas estuvo determinada por el impacto tecnológico de cada época, la necesidad de entrenamiento de los estudiantes y la integración en los planes de estudio. Con esta revisión, se concluyó que existe evidencia que el uso de simuladores durante la formación preclínica universitaria desarrolla habilidades en el estudiante de odontología, y que estas habilidades clínicas están relacionadas con el tipo de simulador usado durante su formación de pregrado.

Technological advance shows the great development of simulators in dental education. The use of simulators as an educational tool to achieve competencies in preclinical students has been increasingly incorporated into the study plans. Therefore, this article aims to review the history of simulators in dental education and identify the skills developed with the use of simulators in undergraduate university students worldwide. In this regard, a search was carried out for scientific articles indexed in databases such as Medline, Scopus, LILACS, SciELO, Academic Google and Redalyc; the bibliographic search was carried out until January 2021 and the following keywords were considered: simulation, dental education, dentistry students, competency-based education. In the results, four relevant stages were identified as an interactive way to explain the history of simulation in dentistry, each of these stages was determined due to the technological impact of each era, the need for training of the students and the integration into the study plans. It was concluded that there is evidence that the use of simulators during preclinical university training develops skills in dental students, these are related to the type of simulator used during their undergraduate training.