Validation of the abbreviated version of the Token Test in Latin American Spanish stroke patients.

BACKGROUND: The abbreviated version of the Token Test (aTT) is widely used to assess language comprehension deficits in stroke patients (SPs). However, aTT has not been validated for Latin American Spanish speakers, so clinicians tend to use cut-off scores for aTT validated in developed countries. AIMS: To provide normative data for the Spanish aTT (Sp-aTT) in healthy Chilean Spanish-speaking and SP, determining the influence of sociodemographic variables such as gender, age and education on Sp-aTT performance. METHODS & PROCEDURES: A total of 210 healthy volunteers (age range = 18-88 years) and 197 SPs (age range = 23-94 years), all native speakers of Chilean Spanish, were recruited. The association of age, gender and years of education on the Sp-aTT performance was analysed. Specificity and sensibility analyses of the Sp-aTT to diagnose language comprehension deficits were completed. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: Only age (p < 0.001) and years of education (p < 0.001) impacted the total score of Sp-aTT. Gender did not show an association with Sp-aTT performance (p = 0.181). For SPs, the Sp-aTT score showed a significant positive correlation (rho = 0.4, p < 0.001) with the aphasia severity rating scale (ASRS) score. For Sp-aTT, the area under the curve was 0.97, and the optimal cut-off score for the Sp-aTT was 30 (0.73 of sensitivity, 0.92 of specificity and a Youden index of 0.644). CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: Age and years of education are two key factors to be controlled for when determining the optimal cut-off points for the Sp-aTT. Our results also highlight the need for language-specific norms in stroke and aphasia research. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on the subject The aTT has been validated and adapted in several countries. Its properties in screening and detecting comprehensive deficits in SPs highlight its potential as a screening tool in clinical practice. Moreover, considering that stroke is the third largest cause of death worldwide, research and clinical practice have focused on how to improve early detection of deficits in these people, especially those related to cognition, language and functionality in SPs. Therefore, counting with validated and adapted tools is essential for clinicians because it could contribute to accurate intervention and classification of language disorders. What this paper adds to the existing knowledge The main contribution of this study is to provide normative data for the aTT in Latin American Spanish speakers. No previous studies have focused on validating this test and analysing the influence of three critical variables (age, gender and years of education) on its performance in SPs from Latin America. In addition, we propose a classification of the severity of comprehension deficits in SPs. Finally, we found comprehension deficits in patients with right and left hemisphere stroke, which would imply that these deficits would not be exclusive to left hemisphere stroke. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Contribute with validation of language comprehension tools, such as the aTT, could improve early diagnosis of patients with language disorders. This validation provides a test based on the sociodemographic characteristics of Latin American Speakers, which has yet to be established. Due to this, normative data considering the sociodemographic characteristics of the target population is crucial for accurately classifying comprehension deficits after brain damage.

Psychometric evaluation of a Spanish translation of the moral injury symptom scale for healthcare professionals.

BACKGROUND: Moral injury is prevalent among health care professionals, especially nurses. It can have negative personal consequences for clinicians, and indirectly impact the quality of patient care. Although nurses around the world experienced moral injury during the pandemic, it will continue to be a professional challenge. Thus, this study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of a scale measuring moral injury translated into Spanish. METHODS: A methodological study with a cross-sectional approach was conducted. After translating the Moral Injury Symptom Scale for Healthcare Professionals (MISS-HP) into Peruvian Spanish (MISS-HP-S) using International Test Commission methods, data were collected using online survey methods from a sample of 720 Peruvian nurses. Analytical methods included exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and invariance by age were examined. The corrected homogeneity index, ordinal alpha, and McDonald's omega allowed the evaluation of internal reliability. RESULTS: Findings from this sample of nurses who were mostly female (92%), from coastal Peru (57%), and averaged 39 (± 11) years of age, provided support for the validity and reliability of the MISS-HP-S. Structural validity was endorsed by findings indicating consistent factorial structure and adequate invariance among different age groups. In this study, three factors were observed: guilt/shame, condemnation, and spiritual strength. Internal consistency values included an ordinal alpha of 0.795 and McDonald's omega of 0.835. CONCLUSION: These findings differ from those reported from previous studies in other cultural contexts, suggesting the influence of cultural and sample-specific factors in the perception of moral injury among Peruvian nurses. Because this evidence supports the validity of the MISS-HP-S, it can be used in professional practice and in future research to identify and address situations that contribute to nurse moral injury.

Comparing suicide risk screening strategies in Spanish-speaking pediatric patients.

BACKGROUND: Suicide and suicidal behaviors pose significant global public health challenges, especially among young individuals. Effective screening strategies are crucial for addressing this crisis, with depression screening and suicide-specific tools being common approaches. This study compares their effectiveness by evaluating the Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ) against item 9 of the Patient Health Questionnaire-A (PHQ-A). METHODS: This study is a secondary analysis of the Argentinean-Spanish version of the ASQ validation study, an observational, cross-sectional, and multicenter study conducted in medical settings in Buenos Aires, Argentina. A convenience sample of pediatric outpatients/inpatients aged 10 to 18 years completed the ASQ, PHQ-A, and Suicide Ideation Questionnaire (SIQ) along with clinical and sociodemographic questions. RESULTS: A sample of 267 children and adolescents were included in this secondary analysis. Results show that the ASQ exhibited higher sensitivity (95.1%; 95% CI: 83% - 99%) compared to PHQ-A item 9 (73.1%; 95% CI: 57% - 85%), and superior performance in identifying suicide risk in youth. LIMITATIONS: The study included a convenience sampling and was geographically restricted to Buenos Aires, Argentina. The study also lacked longitudinal follow-up to assess the predictive validity of these screening tools for suicide risk. CONCLUSION: The study highlights the ASQ's effectiveness in identifying suicide risk among youth, emphasizing the importance of specialized screening tools over depression screening tools alone for accurate risk assessment in this population.

Development and Testing of the WiseApp for Improving Medication Adherence Among Spanish Speakers.

There is evidence to support the use of mHealth tools for improving medication adherence. Building on this evidence, our study team culturally adapted and translated the WiseApp for improving antiretroviral medication adherence in Spanish-speaking persons with HIV. We are currently conducting a multi-site randomized controlled trial (RCT) to test the effectiveness and sustainability of the WiseApp for Spanish speakers in New York City and the Dominican Republic.

Gilberti project and the creation of a linguistic dataset: Conservation and linguistic study of the P'urhépecha language.

This document provides a dataset transcription and translation of unpublished texts in the P'urhépecha language. The preserved texts are of a religious nature, reflecting the evangelizing efforts of missionaries during the 17th to 19th centuries, with a specific emphasis on the initiatives undertaken by the Gilberti Project at the Center for the Study of Traditions of El Colegio de Michoacán. The investigation introduces innovative digital tools and editable resources, opening new avenues for the study and preservation of the P'urhépecha language, ensuring its relevance and accessibility for future generations. The Gilberti Project has been active for over two decades, dedicating itself to the analysis of P'urhépecha texts. Beyond its academic role, the project significantly contributes to the conservation and promotion of the p'urhépecha language in several indigenous communities in the state of Michoacán, Mexico, where the language is still alive.

Contributions to the development of an anatomical terminology in Spanish from South America.

The development of a standard anatomical language in Spanish dates back to the early stages of medicine, and its significance lies in the necessity for a common vocabulary to describe the structures of the human body. Anatomists and morphologists have been striving to achieve this goal since the late nineteenth century when the first Anatomical Nomenclature was created in Basel in 1895. Over the years, various versions of the International Anatomical Terminology have been published in Spanish, following the guidelines of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA). These versions have been produced in partnership with the Spanish Anatomical Society and have aimed to adjust the terms to the Spanish language and linguistic rules. The Ibero-Latin American Symposia on Anatomical, Histological, and Embryological Terminology (SILAT) have embraced the naming of morphological structures, keeping in mind the Latin and Greek roots, while respecting the translations accepted by the linguistic rules of the official languages. These symposia stick to the principles of universality, precision in structure description, and consistency in terminology. Despite more than a century of progress in anatomical terminology, there is a need for frequent revisions and adjustments to anatomical terms, particularly when translating them into various languages and because of the high number of international publications related to anatomy. A shared anatomical language is essential for the study and application of anatomy across various medical practices and in undergraduate education. Finally, the establishment of anatomical terminology in Spanish represents a long history of efforts to create a universal and precise language in this field. Despite advancements, the revision and adaptation of anatomical terms remain a continuous challenge to keep up with scientific progress and ensure effective communication in the field of anatomy.

The "Small World of Words" free association norms for Rioplatense Spanish.

Large-scale word association datasets are both important tools used in psycholinguistics and used as models that capture meaning when considered as semantic networks. Here, we present word association norms for Rioplatense Spanish, a variant spoken in Argentina and Uruguay. The norms were derived through a large-scale crowd-sourced continued word association task in which participants give three associations to a list of cue words. Covering over 13,000 words and +3.6 M responses, it is currently the most extensive dataset available for Spanish. We compare the obtained dataset with previous studies in Dutch and English to investigate the role of grammatical gender and studies that used Iberian Spanish to test generalizability to other Spanish variants. Finally, we evaluated the validity of our data in word processing (lexical decision reaction times) and semantic (similarity judgment) tasks. Our results demonstrate that network measures such as in-degree provide a good prediction of lexical decision response times. Analyzing semantic similarity judgments showed that results replicate and extend previous findings demonstrating that semantic similarity derived using spreading activation or spectral methods outperform word embeddings trained on text corpora.

Changes in Cancer Screening Knowledge Among a Prospective Cohort of Spanish-Speaking Hispanic Community Outreach Event Participants in Florida and Puerto Rico.

The current study examined cancer prevention and early detection awareness (pre-workshop) and changes in knowledge (from pre- to post-workshop) among Hispanic/Latino (H/L) community members who participated in Spanish-language educational outreach events in Puerto Rico (PR) and Florida (FL). Spanish-language educational outreach events were comprised of an educational session lasting approximately 45-60 min and were delivered to groups in rural and urban community settings by a single trained community health educator (CHE). The research team assessed sociodemographic characteristics, personal and familial cancer health history, as well as awareness and knowledge (pre-test) of a range of cancer prevention and screening topics. Following the presentation, participants completed a post-test knowledge survey which also measured likelihood of engaging in cancer screening, cancer preventive behaviors, and cancer research as a result of information presented during the session. Change in the average knowledge score was evaluated using a paired samples t-test. Post-session likelihood of completing cancer screening and preventive behaviors and engaging in cancer research were examined using descriptive statistics and group/site comparisons. The percentage reporting awareness of screening procedures ranged from 33% (PSA test) to 79% (mammogram). H/L in PR reported higher percentage of stool blood test awareness when compared to H/L in FL (χ2(1)= 19.20, p<.001). The average knowledge score increased from 5.97 at pre-test to 7.09 at post-test (Cohen's d=0.69). The increase was significant across all participants (t(315)= 12.4, p<.001), as well as within the FL site (t(124)= 6.66, p<.001, d=0.59) and the PR site (t(190)=10.66, p<.001, d=0.77). Results from this study suggest that educational outreach events delivered to H/L community members by a CHE are valuable strategies to address challenges regarding cancer screening knowledge and engagement in multiple behaviors.

"Valha-nos a Providência!": festas e ritos católicos em tempos epidêmicos, Salvador-BA, Brasil, 1918-1919 / "God for us!": Catholic festivals and rites in times of epidemics, Salvador-BA, Brasil, 1918-1919

Resumo O artigo analisa as reações dos católicos vinculados às associações leigas na cidade do Salvador, no período da gripe espanhola (1918) e da varíola (1919). Os jornais foram as principais fontes utilizadas para a identificação das festas e dos ritos, tanto dos praticados para pedir a intercessão dos santos quanto daqueles que foram suspensos em função da necessidade de isolamento social. Apesar de ambas as doenças serem transmissíveis e do curto espaço de tempo entre as duas epidemias, a análise das fontes evidenciou diferentes reações dos fiéis quanto às medidas de proteção e busca da cura.

Abstract This article analyzes the reactions of Catholics linked to lay associations in the city of Salvador, in the period of the Spanish flu (1918) and smallpox (1919). Newspapers were the main sources used to identify the festivals and rites, both those practiced to ask for the intercession of the saints, and those that were suspended due to the need for social isolation. In spite of both diseases being transmissible and the short interval between the two epidemics, the analysis of the sources showed different reactions from the faithful regarding the measures of protection and the search for a cure.

Fourteen-item perceived stress scale assessment using item response theory among pregnant women.

The current study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Spanish language version of the 14-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-S) in a population of pregnant women who speak Spanish in Peru using item response theory (IRT). Our study consisted of 5,435 pregnant women who participated in the Pregnancy Outcomes Maternal and Infant Study (PrOMIS) cohort in Peru. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to determine dimensionality of the scale in this population, and item response theory was conducted to determine the applicability of the PSS. The PSS consisted of a 2-factor questionnaire measuring perceived stress and coping capacity accounting for 77% of variability. The IRT analysis showed differences in item difficulty and discrimination. Item difficulty represents the level of the latent construct where 50% of respondents endorse a particular response, and item discrimination determines the rate of change of the probability of endorsing an item for differing ability levels. For the first factor, perceived stress, item 12 was the least difficult and item 2 was the most difficult. For the second factor, coping capacity, item 9 was the least difficult and item 6 was the most difficult. The Spanish version of the 14-item PSS can be a useful assessment tool for perceived stress, but more IRT should be done to delve further into the psychometric properties of the questionnaire to inform clinicians and policy makers more appropriately.

Las mujeres que escribieron en el Manicomio Nacional de Leganés tras la Guerra Civil Española, 1939-1952 / The women who wrote in the Manicomio Nacional de Leganés after the Spanish Civil War, 1939-1952

Resumen El presente trabajo utiliza los historiales clínicos de seis mujeres internadas en el Manicomio Nacional de Leganés, Madrid (España), en los que, además de las anotaciones médicas, existen cartas y otros documentos personales. El control sobre estas cartas no enviadas nos permite escuchar las denuncias sobre la institución, así como recuperar las voces de las internas y sus resistencias a ser tratadas como locas. Este análisis nos lleva a explorar la doble marginación: ser "mujeres" y "enfermas mentales" y nos aproxima a construir una historia desde el punto de vista del paciente. El marco temporal es el franquismo, régimen dictatorial que implantó un modelo hegemónico femenino dictado por una moral nacional-católica.

Abstract This article uses the medical records of six women admitted to the Manicomio Nacional de Leganés, Madrid (Spain), in which, in addition to medical notes, there are letters and other personal documents. These unsent letters allow us to read about their complaints towards the institution, as well as to recover the voices of the inmates and their resistance to being treated like insane people. This analysis leads us to explore the double marginalization: being "women" and being "mentally ill"; it also brings us closer to building a story from the patient's point of view. The time frame is Franco's dictatorship, during which the implementation of a national-Catholic system undoubtedly reinforced the female hegemonic model of the regime.

Reseña Libro Antropología Médica: Medicina basada en la Antropología. Fernando Martínez-Pintor y Alicia Martínez Gamo. Marbán, Madrid, 2022

Este artículo de revisión presenta el libro sobre Antropología Médica de los Profesores Fernando Martínez-Pintor y Alicia Martínez Camo, sobre la situación actual de la medicina basada en la antropología, En apretadas 650 páginas resumen una perspectiva teórico-práctica de ejercicio de la medicina que viene desde la antigüedad clásica, y que termina en nuestros días. Los autores no solo hacen una revisión histórica del desarrollo del Homo Sapiens sano y enfermo, sino que postulan a un modo de acercarse a los pacientes en forma profesional y humana, Desde el capítulo 0, con ilustraciones sobre la neuroanatomía y neuroquímica cerebral, hasta los finales, el texto recorre tanto el desarrollo de la psiquiatría, de la psicología y sus diversas perspectivas (psicosomáticas, científicas y empíricas). La evolución desde los simios superiores, posibilitada por los desplazamientos de los mares en el Plioceno, llevan a la aparición del Australopithecus, y desde allí el Homo Habilis para desembocar en el Sapiens. Con la aparición de la escritura, la evolución se hace autorreflexiva, y desde el siglo XIX, prospectiva, con Teilhard de Chardin. España entra en diálogo con el resto de Europa y el mundo anglosajón, y diversos autores hacen contrapunto a los desarrollos del resto del mundo. Laín Entralgo y Rof Carballo desarrollan la psicosomática en paralelo a Alexander y Gaskill.

This paper reviews a book about Medical Anthropology of professors Fernando Martínez-Pintor and Alicia Martínez Camo, about the current situation of medicine based in anthropology, In dense 650 pages they resume a theoric-practical perspective about the exercise of medicine that comes from classical authors until nowadays. The authors not only perform a historical review of the evolution of homo sapiens in health and infirmity but postulate a professional and humane approach to patients. Original is also chapter 0, with illustrations about brain neuroanatomy and neurochemistry. In the body of the book, the text centers on the development of psychiatry, of scientific psychology and their diverse perspectives (psychosomatics, scientific and empiric). The evolution from superior primates, was made possible by the displacement of oceans in the Pliocene, led to the appearance of Australopithecus first, then the Homo Habilis to arrive to the Sapiens. With the appearance of writing, evolution became self -reflective, and since the XIX century, prospective, with Teilhard de Chardin. Spain entered in dialog with the rest of Europe and the Anglo-Saxon world, and Hispanic authors paralleled the developments of the rest of the world. Lain Entralgo and Rof Carballo developed psychosomatics at the same time than Alexander and Gaskill.

Validation of a Latin-American Spanish version of the Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BESAA-LA) in Colombian and Nicaraguan adults.

BACKGROUND: Body dissatisfaction (BD) is a growing concern in Latin America; reliable and culturally appropriate scales are necessary to support body image research in Spanish speaking Latin American countries. We sought to validate a Latin-American Spanish version of the Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BESAA; Mendelson et al. 2001). METHODS: The BESAA was translated, culturally adapted, and validated in a sample of adults in Colombia (N = 525, 65% women, Mage 24.4, SD = 9.28). We assessed factor structure (using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and exploratory structural equation model (ESEM)), internal reliability (using Cronbach's alpha and omega), validity (using the Body Appreciation Scale BAS and Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire SATAQ), test-retest stability in a small subsample (N = 84, using Intraclass correlations ICC) and measurement invariance across gender. To evaluate the generalizability of the scale, we assessed reliability, validity, and factor structure in a second sample from rural Nicaragua (N = 102, 73% women, Mage 22.2, SD = 4.72), and assessed measurement invariance across Nicaraguan and Colombian participants. RESULTS: The scale showed good internal reliability and validity in both samples, and there was evidence of adequate test-retest stability in the Colombian sample. EFA showed a three-factor structure with subscales we labelled 'appearance-positive', 'appearance-negative' and 'weight', that was confirmed using CFA and ESEM in the Colombian sample. Measurement invariance was confirmed across the Colombian and Nicaraguan samples, and across gender within the Colombian sample. CONCLUSION: The Latin-American Spanish version of the BESAA (BESAA-LA) appears to be a psychometrically sound measure with good reliability, validity and invariance across gender and countries. These results support the use of this scale to measure body satisfaction/dissatisfaction in Latin American adult populations.

Burnout and Its Relationship with Work Engagement in Healthcare Professionals: A Latent Profile Analysis Approach.

The aim of this study was to use latent profile analysis to identify specific profiles of burnout syndrome in combination with work engagement and to identify whether job satisfaction, psychological well-being, and other sociodemographic and work variables affect the probability of presenting a profile of burnout syndrome and low work enthusiasm. A total of 355 healthcare professionals completed the Spanish Burnout Inventory, the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, the Job Satisfaction Scale, and the Psychological Well-Being Scale for Adults. Latent profile analysis identified four profiles: (1) burnout with high indolence (BwHIn); (2) burnout with low indolence (BwLIn); (3) high engagement, low burnout (HeLb); and (4) in the process of burning out (IPB). Multivariate logistic regression showed that a second job in a government healthcare institution; a shift other than the morning shift; being divorced, separated or widowed; and workload are predictors of burnout profiles with respect to the HeLb profile. These data are useful for designing intervention strategies according to the needs and characteristics of each type of burnout profile.

Validación al español de Colombia de la escala DASS (Duke Anticoagulation Satisfaction Scale) / Validation in Colombian Spanish of DASS (Duke Anticoagulation Satisfaction Scale)

Resumen Introducción: Evaluar la calidad de vida de los pacientes anticoagulados es importante; no existe en la actualidad una validación al español de la escala de satisfacción de anticoagulación de Duke (DASS). Objetivo: Realizar una validación lingüística y una estimación preliminar de las propiedades psicométricas en español colombiano de la escala de satisfacción DASS para evaluar la calidad de vida en pacientes anticoagulados con antagonistas de la vitamina K. Materiales y método: Estudio de validación de una escala cualitativa realizado en un hospital universitario de Bogotá, Colombia. La validación tuvo tres fases: traducción y adaptación cultural por un panel bilingüe; prueba piloto que incluye aplicación inicial, entrevista cognitiva con pacientes (n: 5) y revisión clínica por expertos (n: 10); valoración de la consistencia interna de la escala (n: 100). Conclusiones: Esta es la primera versión de la escala DASS publicada en español. El proceso de traducción y adaptación cultural resultó en una escala equivalente a su versión original. El análisis de consistencia interna mostró una escala altamente consistente, pero no redundante.

Abstract Introduction: Assessing the quality of life of anticoagulated patients is important; there is currently no Spanish validation of the Duke Anticoagulation Satisfaction Scale (DASS). Objective: To conduct a linguistic validation and preliminary psychometric properties estimation in Colombian Spanish of the DASS for assessing quality of life in patients anticoagulated with vitamin K antagonists. Materials and method: A validation study of a qualitative scale conducted in a private university hospital in Bogotá, Colombia. This validation had three phases: translation and cultural adaption by a bilingual panel; pilot test including initial application, cognitive interview with patients (n: 5), and clinical review by experts (n:10) and internal consistency assessment of the scale (n: 100). Results: The study yielded a version of DASS in Colombian Spanish that was technically and conceptually equivalent to the English version. The domains of limitations in patient activity, discomfort produced by anticoagulation, and psychological impact had a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.9. According to expert opinion, most questions had the right relevance (Aiken V coefficient: 0.67-0.87). Conclusion: This is the first version of the DASS published in Spanish. The translation and cultural adaptation process resulted in a scale equivalent to its original version. The internal consistency analysis showed a highly consistent but not redundant scale.

Propiedades psicométricas del CESQT, versión Desencanto Profesional (CESQT-DP) en una muestra multiocupacional colombiana / Psychometric properties of the SBI, Professional Disenchantment version (SBI-DP), in a multi-occupational Colombian sample

Resumen Introducción/Objetivos: existen múltiples instrumentos para evaluar el Síndrome de Quemarse por el Trabajo (burnout) en profesiones relacionadas con el servicio a otras personas. Sin embargo, hay limitaciones metodológicas para estudiar este fenómeno en poblaciones de trabajadores generales. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo ofrecer evidencia de la validez y fiabilidad del "Cuestionario para la Evaluación de Quemarse por el Trabajo", en su versión Desencanto Profesional (CESQT-DP), la cual puede ser aplicada a trabajadores de cualquier ocupación, empleando para ello una muestra colombiana. Método: se efectuó un estudio psicométrico con una muestra multiocupacional de 2991 trabajadores. Se realizaron análisis factoriales confirmatorios, análisis de invarianza por sexo, validez convergente y discriminante y de consistencia interna. Resultados: los resultados muestran la estructura factorial, replicando las cuatro dimensiones hipotetizadas; se evidencia invarianza del instrumento según el sexo, y muestras de la validez convergente, discriminante y fiabilidad. Discusión: el CESQT-DP cuenta con altas calidades psicométricas y puede emplearse para evaluar el burnout en empleados en cualquier ocupación en Colombia.

Abstract Introduction/objectives: Multiple instruments to assess burnout syndrome in employees working in service occupations exist. These instruments have methodological limitations for understanding the phenomenon of burnout in employees who are in professions not related to service to others. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish Burnout Inventory-Professional Disenchantment version (SBI-PD), in a Colombian sample, which can then be used in employees working in any sector of the economy. Methods: A psychometric validation study with 2,991 multi-occupational employees was developed. Analyses included CAF, sex invariance, convergent and discriminant validity, and internal consistency analyses. Results: The results provide evidence of the factorial structure of the instrument, sex invariance, convergent and discriminant validity, and reliability. Discussion: The SBI-PD version has excellent psychometric properties and can be used in Colombia with employees working in any occupation.

Initial validation of the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) in a sample of Chilean adults.

BACKGROUND: ICD-11 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD) are stress-related disorders. The International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) is a widely used instrument to assess PTSD and CPTSD. To date, there is no evidence of the psychometric characteristics of the ITQ in Latin American countries. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the construct and concurrent validity of the Latin American Spanish adaptation of the ITQ in a sample of Chilean adults. METHODS: A sample of 275 Chilean young adults completed the ITQ, a traumatic life events checklist, the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21, and the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale short version. Four alternative confirmatory factor analysis models were tested. Correlation analyses were performed to determine concurrent validity with associated measures (number of reported traumatic events, number of adverse childhood experiences, anxiety, depression, and suicidal risk). RESULTS: The second-order two-factor (PTSD and DSO) and the correlated first-order six-factor model provided acceptable fit; however, the first model showed a better fit based on the BIC difference. The PTSD and DSO dimensions, as well as the six ITQ clusters showed positive correlations with reported number of traumatic life-events, reported number of adverse childhood experiences, levels of anxiety, depression, and suicidal risk. CONCLUSIONS: The ITQ Latin American Spanish adaptation provides acceptable psychometric evidence to assess PTSD and CPTSD in accordance with the ICD-11.

This study is an initial validation of the Latin American Spanish adaptation of the ITQ with a Chilean young adults sample.The latent structure of the Latin American Spanish ITQ was better supported by a two-factor second-order model (PTSD/DSO); a six-factor correlated model was also acceptable.The six ITQ symptom clusters, as well as the PTSD/CPTSD dimensions were significantly positively correlated with three criterion variables: anxiety, depression, and suicidal risk.The number of potentially traumatic experiences, as well as number of exposure to adverse childhood experiences, was significantly associated with PTSD/CPTSD symptoms.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the KOOS, JR questionnaire for assessing knee osteoarthritis in Spanish-speaking patients.

PURPOSE: The present study aims to translate, adapt and validate a Spanish version of the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, Joint Replacement (KOOS, JR), including a reliability and validity analysis in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: This study conducted a prospective validation study following the six stages of the "Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures". Psychometric testing was conducted in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Subjects answered the Spanish KOOS, JR (S-KOOS, JR) and a validated Spanish Oxford Knee Score (S-OKS). Retest was conducted at 10 days. Acceptability, floor and ceiling effect, internal consistency (Cronbach's α), reproducibility (mixed-effect model coefficient [MEMC]) and construct validity (Spearman's correlation; p = 0.05) were assessed. RESULTS: Forty-one patients (mean age: 65.6 ± 5.39; 48.8% female) participated in the study. All patients (100%) answered both scores during the first assessment and 38 (92.7%) during the second assessment. All patient-reported outcomes measures were answered completely (100%). The S-KOOS, JR resulted in 100% acceptability when answered. There were no ceiling or floor effects detected. The Cronbach's α for the S-KOOS, JR was 0.927 and its MEMC was 0.852 (CI 95% 0.636-1.078). The Spearman's correlation between the S-KOOS, JR and the S-OKS was 0.711 (CI 0.345-0.608; p < 0.001) and 0.870 (CI 0.444-0.651; p < 0.001) for the first and second assessments, respectively. CONCLUSION: The S-KOOS, JR has very high internal consistency and reproducibility, with a high correlation with the S-OKS; it is a reliable and valid instrument for characterising Spanish-speaking patients suffering from knee OA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Clinical Neuropsychology of Bilingual Mexican American Adults: Effect of Language Proficiency and Dominance.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between language proficiency and absolute dominance on language versus visual-perceptual formatted and executive versus delayed memory neuropsychological measures in bilingual adults. METHODS: Data from 55 bilingual, conversationally fluent, neurologically intact, Mexican American, consecutive, adults tested in separate sessions in Spanish and English in a counterbalanced order were analyzed. Age, years of education, self-reported language proficiency, Woodcock-Muñoz Language Survey-Revised (WMLS-R) picture vocabulary measures of language proficiency, and dominance (absolute Spanish-English WMLS-R difference scores) were correlated with 11 measures from La Batería Neuropsicólogica en Español and its original English language tests. RESULTS: Self-reported and WMLS-R measures of language proficiency were significantly correlated in each language. Absolute language dominance was not significantly associated with any Spanish or English neuropsychological raw score. The WMLS-R language proficiency, but not age or years of education, was significantly correlated with language-formatted neuropsychological measures of California Verbal Learning Test delayed free recall number of words (both languages), letter fluency (both languages), delayed story memory (in English), and Stroop interference (Spanish). Linear regression models using age, years of education, and WMLS-R picture vocabulary scores as predictors were significant for all these measures excepting the last. The WMLS-R language proficiency was not significantly associated with raw scores on any visual-perceptual formatted measure. CONCLUSIONS: Monolingual neuropsychological test norms for language-formatted tests likely overestimate bilingual Mexican Americans' performance.

Psychometric properties of a Spanish translation of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) in adults from Colombia.

The 7-item Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) measures the extent of an individual's appreciation of their body for what it can do and is capable of doing. Although the FAS has been widely used in diverse linguistic contexts, it has not been previously translated into Spanish. Here, we examined the psychometric properties of a novel Spanish translation of the FAS in Colombian adults. A total of 1420 university students from Colombia (804 women, 616 men) completed the FAS, as well as additional validated measures. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses in separate subsamples supported a unidimensional model of FAS scores. The FAS evidenced scalar invariance across gender identity, with men having significantly higher FAS scores than women (Cohen's d = 0.18). FAS scores were also found to have adequate composite reliability, as well as adequate convergent (significant associations with body appreciation, appearance evaluation, and eating disorder psychopathology) and concurrent validity (significant associations with self-esteem, life satisfaction, and gratitude). Functionality appreciation incrementally predicted life satisfaction in women, but not in men. Overall, these results suggest that the Spanish FAS is a psychometrically valid and reliable tool for the assessment of functionality appreciation in university-aged populations from Colombia.