Characterization of spray-dried plasma-induced immune response in Salmonella-challenged broiler chicks.

Spray-dried plasma (SDP) is a functional feed additive that has been established to improve performance and health of livestock. Understanding the effect of SDP in immune response modulation is essential to optimize its use for controlling Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infection in chickens. This study was conducted to determine the levels of expression of selected cytokine genes in the ileum and cecal tonsil of SE-challenged broiler chicks. In a floor-pen housing, 320 broilers chicks were randomly assigned to 6 treatment groups: CX (unmedicated corn-soybean meal (SBM) basal without SDP), MX (unmedicated corn-SBM basal with antibiotic bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) added at 0.055g/kg diet), PCX (unmedicated corn-SBM basal with SDP added at 30g/kg diet). Treatments SE, MSE, and PSE consisted of chicks inoculated with 7.46 × 108 CFU SE /mL at 1 d of age and given diets similar to CX, MX, and PCX, respectively. Samples of cecal tonsils and ileum were collected on d 3, 7 and 14 post infection for qRT-PCR analysis to determine the expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1ß, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-13, IL-17, IL-6, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß genes. In the ceca tonsils, expression of IFN-γ was not affected by the interaction of Day and Treatment (P > 0.05). The level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-13 was lower in MX and PCX on d 7 whereas high levels were expressed (P < 0.05) in MSE and PSE. In the ileum, expression of IL-17 and IFN-γ was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in PSE and MSE, but only PSE expressed lower IL-6 comparable to unchallenged treatments. On d 28 postchallenge, concentrations of anti-SE IgY and IL-6 protein were higher (P < 0.05) in the SE-challenged treatments compared to the unchallenged treatments. Overall, these results suggest that dietary SDP showed similar potency to BMD in modulating intestinal cytokine response against intestinal SE colonization in broiler chicks and therefore can be considered suitable alternative replacement for antibiotics in broiler production.

Addition of Spray-Dried Plasma in Phase 2 Diets for Weanling Pigs Improves Growth Performance, Reduces Diarrhea Incidence, and Decreases Mucosal Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines.

The hypothesis that pigs fed a low crude protein (CP) diet with 6% spray-dried plasma (SDP) in phase 1 will have improved growth and intestinal health if the phase-2 diet contains 2.5% SDP was tested. Three hundred weaned pigs were used. Growth performance, feces, blood, and intestinal tissue were evaluated. Pigs fed 6% SDP in phase 1 had improved average daily gain (ADG) and final body weight (BW), but had reduced villus-height-to-crypt-depth ratio in phase 2 if 2.5% SDP was included in the normal-CP diet (p < 0.05), but not in the low-CP diet. Diarrhea incidence was less (p < 0.05) with 2.5% SDP in the phase 2 diet and for the low-CP diet. Ileal mucosa interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and IL-1ß decreased (p < 0.05) for pigs fed the phase-1 diet with 6% SDP compared with pigs fed the diet without SDP. Addition of 2.5% SDP in phase 2 reduced (p < 0.05) IL-1ß compared with the diet without SDP. Although the combination of SDP and low CP did not affect intestinal health in phase 2, diarrhea incidence and pro-inflammatory cytokines were reduced in pigs fed SDP in phase 1 or phase 2 or if a low-CP diet was fed.

Change in the Gut Microbiota of Lactating Sows and Their Piglets by Inclusion of Dietary Spray-Dried Plasma in Sow Diets.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary spray-dried plasma (SDP) on the gut microbiota of lactating sows and their piglets. A total of 12 sows were randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatment groups in a completely randomized design. The treatments were a sow diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON), and a CON diet with an added 1% SDP. The sows were fed the dietary treatments from d 30 before farrowing to weaning (d 28). The fecal samples of three sows from each treatment and two of their randomly selected piglets were collected to verify their fecal microbiota. There were no differences in the alpha diversity and distinct clustering of the microbial communities in the sows and their piglets when SDP was added to the sow diets from late gestation to weaning. The fecal microbiota of the lactating sows and their piglets showed a higher relative abundance of the phylum Bacteroidota and genus Lactobacillus and Ruminococcus and showed a lower relative abundance of the phylum Bacillota and genus Bacteroides, Escherichia/Shigella, and Clostridium in the sows fed the SDP diet than those fed the CON diet. Overall, these results show that the addition of SDP to the sow diet during lactation altered the gut environment with positive microbial composition changes. These results were similar in the nursing piglets, suggesting that the control of the sow diets during lactation may contribute to the intestinal health and growth in piglets after weaning.

Optimization of formula of artificial diets for Poecilobdella manillensis by orthogonal test / 中草药

Objective: To optimize the formula of artificial diets for Poecilobdella manillensis. Methods: Survival rate and individual body weight growth rate of P. manillensis were chosen as indexes. The three factors [NP-90 spray-dried hemoglobin powder, NP-2002 spray-dried plasma powder, and vitamin C (VC)] of the formula of artificial diets were investigated by L9(34) orthogonal test. AHP was applied to statistical analysis on non-interacting orthogonal test, the effect weight of each factor for test result was obtained, and principal-secondary sequence of factors and optimal project was given. Results: The effects of the three components in artificial diets on the survival rate were in the following decreasing order: VC>NP-90>NP-2002. And the optimization of components of artificial diets was 0 NP-90 spray-dried hemoglobin powder, 1% NP-2002 spray-dried plasma powder, and 0.05% VC. When the individual body weight growth rate was chosen as the index, the effects of the three components in artificial diets on the individual body weight growth rate were in the following decreasing order: NP-2002>NP-90>VC. The optimization of components of artificial diets was 0.5% NP-90 spray-dried hemoglobin powder, 3% NP-2002 spray-dried plasma powder, and 0.05% VC. The weight of principal-secondary sequence of factors and levels influences on the tests' results was NP-90>NP-2002>VC. The weight of 0.5% NP-90 spray-dried hemoglobin powder, 3% NP-2002 spray-dried plasma powder and 0.05% VC was maximum. And the optimization of components in artificial diets was 0.5% NP-90 spray-dried hemoglobin powder, 3% NP-2002 spray-dried plasma powder, and 0.05% VC. According to the results, P. manillensis bred with the artificial diets (0.5% NP-90 spray-dried hemoglobin powder, 3% NP-2002 spray-dried plasma powder, 3% NP-2002 spray-dried plasma powder, 0.05% VC, and other components) had the survival rate of 100% and the individual body weight growth rate was 19.91%. Conclusion: The optimal artificial diets could be used to feed P. manillensis.

Efeito de dietas contendo plasma sanguíneo desidratado sobre características microbiológicas, imunológicas e histológicas de leitões leves ao desmame / Effect of spray-dried plasma diets on microbiological, immunological and histological parameters of light weight weaned pigs

Foram avaliados os efeitos do plasma sanguíneo desidratado (PSD) sobre desempenho, perfil imunológico, histológico, microbiológico e peso de órgãos de leitões leves, desmamados aos 21 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 24 leitões, com idade média inicial de 21 dias, em delineamento experimental completamente ao acaso. Os tratamentos foram: T1 - animais pesados ao desmame, sem suplementação com PSD; T2 - animais leves ao desmame, suplementados com 10g/animal/dia de PSD; T3 - animais leves ao desmame, suplementados com 20g/animal/dia de PSD; T4 - animais leves ao desmame, sem suplementação com PSD. A adição de 20g de PSD na dieta melhorou o ganho diário de peso, aumentou o peso (g/kg) do baço e o título de IgA no soro entre 21 e 31 dias de idade. A inclusão de 10g de PSD aumentou o comprimento e a largura do linfonodo ileocólico. A inclusão de PSD traz benefícios aos leitões nos primeiros 10 dias pós-desmame, atuando principalmente nos órgãos linfoides e na mucosa intestinal.

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of spray-dried plasma (SDP) on the growth performance, immunological, histological and microbiological profile and weight of organs of light weight weaned pigs. The trial was done using 24 pigs with an initial mean age of 21 days in a completely randomized experimental design. The treatments were: T1 - heavy weight weaned pigs, without SDP supplementation; T2 - light weight weaned pigs, supplemented with 10g/animal/day of SDP; T3 - light weight weaned pigs, supplemented with 20g/animal/day of SDP; T4 - light weight weaned pigs, without SDP supplementation. The inclusion of 20g of SDP in the diet improved the weight gain, spleen weight (g/kg) and serum IgA title between 21 and 31 days of age. The inclusion of 10g of SDP in the diet improved the length and width of the ileocolic lymph node. In the first 10 days after weaning, SDP improved the development of lymphoid organs and the protection of the intestinal mucosa.