Suprapiamadre: Análisis Etimológico y Propuesta Terminológica para la Cuarta Meninge en Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologia Neuroanatomica y Terminologia Histologica / Suprapiamadre: Etymological Analysis and Terminological Proposal for the Fourth Meninge in Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologia Neuroanatomica and Terminologia Histologica

A lo largo de la historia, el conocimiento sobre las meninges ha evolucionado desde los primeros registros en el papiro de Edwin Smith hasta la actualidad, donde se ha descrito SLYM, una cuarta meninge que separa el espacio subaracnoideo en un compartimiento superficial y otro profundo, a la que se le atribuyen funciones de barrera semipermeable y de nicho de células inmunes para la vigilancia y protección del sistema nerviosos central. La FIPAT contiene un grupo de terminologías que son mundialmente aceptadas para la descripción de las estructuras del cuerpo humano, sin embargo, en Terminologia Anatomica, Ter- minologia Neuroanatomica y Terminologia Histologica, aún no se encuentra incluido el término SLYM para representar una cuarta meninge, quizás porque sea un reciente descubrimiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue sugerir un nuevo término que concuerde con los lineamientos de la FIPAT y con las reglas de Terminología Anatómica Regular (RAT) en reemplazo de SLYM, además de proponer su inclusión en Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologia Neuroanatomica y Terminologia Histologica, previa revisión y aprobación por parte del comité respectivo de la FIPAT. Se revisó el acrónimo SLYM y los elementos que lo conforman (membrana subaracnoidea de tipo linfática), desde un enfoque etimológico, este análisis estuvo acompañado de una revisión a las reglas RAT aceptadas por la FIPAT, que fueron consideradas para examinar su cumplimiento por parte del acrónimo SLYM. Se encontró que SLYM, al igual que los términos que lo componen no cumplen totalmente con las reglas RAT. El acrónimo SLYM no proporciona una descripción adecuada de la estructura que representa, lo que contradice las reglas RAT. Se propone el término Suprapiamater como alternativa, para su inclusión en Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologia Neuroanatomica y Terminologia Histologica, basado en elementos latinos que describen su ubicación y función, mejorando la precisión y claridad en la comunicación científica.

SUMMARY: Throughout history, knowledge about the meninges has evolved from the first records in the Edwin Smith papyrus to the present, where SLYM, a fourth meninge that separates the subarachnoid space into a superficial compartment and another, has been described deep, to which semipermeable barrier and immune cell niche functions are attributed for the surveillance and protection of the central nervous system. The FIPAT contains a group of terminologies that are globally accepted for the description of the structures of the human body, however, in Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologia Neuroanatomica and Terminologia Histologica, the term SLYM to represent a fourth meninge is not yet included, perhaps because be a recent discovery. The objective of this study was to suggest a new term that agrees with the FIPAT guidelines and with the Regular Anatomical Terminology (RAT) rules to replace SLYM, in addition to proposing its inclusion in Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologia Neuroanatomica and Terminologia Histologica, previously review and approval by the respective FIPAT committee. The acronym SLYM and the elements that make it up (Subarachnoid Lymphatic-like Membrane) were reviewed from an etymological approach. This analysis was accompanied by a review of the RAT rules accepted by FIPAT, which were considered to examine their compliance by the acronym SLYM. It was found that SLYM, like the terms that compose it, do not fully comply with the RAT rules. The SLYM acronym does not provide an adequate description of the structure it represents, which contradicts the RAT rules. The term suprapiamater is proposed as an alternative, for inclusion in Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologia Neuroanatomica and Terminologia Histologica, based on Latin elements that describe its location and function, improving precision and clarity in scientific communication.

The impact of horizontal eye movements versus intraocular pressure on optic nerve head biomechanics: A tridimensional finite element analysis study.

It has been proposed that eye movements could be related to glaucoma development. This research aimed to compare the impact of intraocular pressure (IOP) versus horizontal duction on optic nerve head (ONH) strains. Thus, a tridimensional finite element model of the eye including the three tunics of the eye, all of the meninges, and the subarachnoid space (SAS) was developed using a series of medical tests and anatomical data. The ONH was divided into 22 subregions, and the model was subjected to 21 different eye pressures, as well as 24 different degrees of adduction and abduction ranging from 0.5° to 12°. Mean deformations were documented along anatomical axes and in principal directions. Additionally, the impact of tissue stiffness was assessed. The results show no statistically significant differences between the lamina cribrosa (LC) strains due to eye rotation and IOP variation. However, when assessing LC regions some experienced a reduction in principal strains following a 12° duction, while after the IOP reached 12 mmHg, all LC subzones showed an increase in strains. From an anatomical perspective, the effect on the ONH following 12° duction was opposite to that observed after a rise in IOP. Moreover, high strain dispersion inside the ONH subregions was obtained with lateral eye movements, which was not observed with increased IOP and variation. Finally, SAS and orbital fat stiffness strongly influenced ONH strains during eye movements, while SAS stiffness was also influential under ocular hypertension. Even if horizontal eye movements cause large ONH deformations, their biomechanical effect would be markedly distinct from that induced by IOP. It could be predicted that, at least in physiological conditions, their potential to cause axonal injury would not be so relevant. Thus, a causative role in glaucoma does not appear likely. By contrast, an important role of SAS would be expectable.

Evaluación tomográfica de las cisternas basales

Introducción: Las características radiológicas de las cisternas de la base son de interés en el diagnóstico, evolución y pronóstico de los pacientes con lesiones traumáticas. En la actualidad el estado de las mismas es un factor predictivo importante en pacientes con trauma craneoencefálico severo. En la mayor parte se refieren solo a cisternas normales, comprimidas o ausentes. Objetivo: Determinar las dimensiones normales de las principales cisternas basales en la tomografía y su relación con la edad y el sexo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico, de corte transversal en un periodo de dos meses: marzo y abril de 2021, en labor conjunta de los servicios de Neurocirugía e Imagenología del Hospital Universitario Manuel Ascunce Domenech de la provincia Camagüey. El universo quedó formado por 101 pacientes mayores de 18 años con tomografías de cráneo sin alteraciones. El estudio incluyó la evaluación de las imágenes de TAC simples de cráneo de pacientes con sospecha de enfermedad cerebrovascular, estudio de epilepsia de debut tardío, síndrome confucional o de síndrome cefalálgico. Se evaluaron la cisterna crural, interpeduncular, ambiens y cuadrigeminal. Las mensuraciones fueron realizadas siempre por especialistas en Imagenología y Neurocirugía con años de experiencia. El criterio básico de selección fue que la tomografía fuera informada sin alteraciones, independiente de la edad y el sexo. Resultados: De los 101 pacientes, 53 fueron del sexo masculino y 48 correspondieron al sexo femenino. El promedio del diámetro de la cisterna interpeduncular fue de 5,5 mm, la cisterna crural promedió 2,3 mm, mientras que la cisterna ambiens y la cuadrigeminal promediaron 3,1 mm y 5 mm respectivamente. Los mayores de 60 años tuvieron las cisternas basales con mayor diámetro. Conclusiones: El diámetro de las cisternas basales varía con la edad, no así con el sexo. Esto está determinado por el envejecimiento fisiológico del cerebro.

Introduction: The radiological characteristics of the cisterns of the base are of interest in the diagnosis, evolution and prognosis of patients with traumatic injuries. Currently, their condition is an important predictive factor in patients with severe head trauma. For the most part they refer only to normal, compressed or absent cisterns. Objective: To determinate the normal measurements of the principal basal cisterns in a tomagraphy and their relation with age and sex. Methods: An analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out in a period of two months: March and April 2021, in joint work of the Neurosurgery and Imaging services of the Manuel Ascunce Domenech University Hospital in Camagüey province. The universe was made up of 101 patients over 18 years of age with skull tomographies without alterations. The study included the evaluation of simple CT images of the skull of patients with suspected cerebrovascular disease, study of late-onset epilepsy, confusional syndrome or cephalalgic syndrome. The crural, interpeduncular, ambiens and quadrigeminal cistern were evaluated. The measurements were always performed by specialists in Imaging and Neurosurgery with years of experience. The basic selection criterion was that the tomography was reported without alterations, regardless of age and sex. Results: The sample was 101 patients, 53 males and 48 females. The average width of the interpeduncular cistern was 5.5 mm, besides crural cistern averages 2.3 mm and the ambiens and cuadrigeminal cisterns average 3.1 mm and 5 mm respectively. The patients older than 60 years had major dimensions of the cranial cisterns. Conclusions: The width of basal cisterns could be change with age but not with sex. This is associated with brain physiological aging.

Trombose de seio sigmoide secundária a fístula liquórica espontânea para osso temporal: um relato de caso / Sigmoid sinus thrombosis secondary to spontaneous temporal bone cerebrospinal fluid fistula: a case report

A fístula liquórica para o osso temporal constitui um evento raro que decorre da comunicação anormal entre o espaço subaracnóideo e as células da mastoide, permitindo que o líquido cefalorraquidiano flua para as porções pneumatizadas do osso temporal. Tem como consequência a hipotensão intracraniana espontânea, caracterizada por perda de líquor e pela manifestação clínica de cefaleia ortostática. Acredita-se que a hipotensão intracraniana espontânea crie condições hemodinâmicas favoráveis à ocorrência de trombose venosa cerebral, uma desordem potencialmente fatal e de difícil diagnóstico, visto a inespecificidade de sinais clínicos e sintomas. Dessa forma, é pertinente atentar para a possibilidade de trombose venosa cerebral em pacientes com fístulas liquóricas, especialmente quando houver mudança do padrão da cefaleia, que passa de ortostática a intensa e contínua.

Temporal bone cerebrospinal fluid fistula is a rare event that results from abnormal communication between the subarachnoid space and the mastoid cells, allowing the cerebrospinal fluid to flow into the pneumatized portions of the temporal bone. It leads to spontaneous intracranial hypotension, characterized by loss of cerebrospinal fluid and orthostatic headache as a clinical manifestation. Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is believed to create favorable hemodynamic conditions to the occurrence of cerebral venous thrombosis, a potentially fatal disorder of difficult diagnosis given the nonspecific clinical signs and symptoms. Therefore, it is pertinent to consider the possibility of cerebral venous thrombosis in patients with cerebrospinal fluid fistulas, especially when there is a modification in the headache pattern from orthostatic to intense and continuous pain.

Mild poikilocapnic hypoxia increases very low frequency haemoglobin oxygenation oscillations in prefrontal cortex.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of mild cerebral hypoxia on haemoglobin oxygenation (HbO2), cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and cardiovascular physiology. To achieve this goal, four signals were recorded simultaneously: blood pressure, heart rate / electrocardiogram, HbO2 from right hemisphere and changes of subarachnoid space (SAS) width from left hemisphere. Signals were registered from 30 healthy, young participants (2 females and 28 males, body mass index = 24.5 ± 2.3 kg/m2, age 30.8 ± 13.4 years). RESULTS: We analysed the recorded signals using wavelet transform and phase coherence. We demonstrated for the first time that in healthy subjects exposed to mild poikilokapnic hypoxia there were increases in very low frequency HbO2 oscillations (< 0.052 Hz) in prefrontal cortex. Additionally, SAS fluctuation diminished in the whole frequency range which could be explained by brain oedema. CONCLUSIONS: Consequently the study provides insight into mechanisms governing brain response to a mild hypoxic challenge. Our study supports the notion that HbO2 and SAS width monitoring might be beneficial for patients with acute lung disease.

Comparison among subarachnoid opioid mix for cesarean section - An observational study / Comparación de mezcla de Opioides subaracnoideos para cesárea. Estudio observacional

Abstract Introduction Classically, the local anesthetic (LA) has been combined with one lipophilic and another hydrophilic opioid for neuraxial anesthesia in cesarean section. In Colombia, the practice has been the use of morphine hydrochloride with fentanyl, but the occasional shortage of the former triggered an interest in new options. In response to the shortage of morphine in 2017-2018, a contingency plan was developed at the SES Hospital in Caldas, prefilling syringes at the hospital compounding central, with: bupivacaine, morphine and fentanyl (BMF); bupivacaine, fentanyl and hydromorphone (BFH); and bupivacaine and hydromorphone (BH). Hydromorphone has a rapid onset of action, long-lasting effect and is indicated for spinal administration in the safety data sheet; therefore, the advantages of adding fentanyl to this mix are questionable. Objective To compare the clinical analgesic efficacy at the time of the incision and during the first 12 hours after surgery. Methods An observational, analytical study was conducted, using the mixtures BMF, BFH and BH in patients receiving subarachnoid anesthesia for cesarean section. Pain was assessed at the time of the incision, as well as any adverse effects and the pain visual analogue scale over the following 12 hours. Results Of the 71 patients participating in the study, 40.9 % received BMF; 22.5 %, BFH; and 36.6 %, BH. None of the patients experienced pain at the time of the incision. There was no difference in terms of adverse effects among the three groups. The mean difference in the visual analogue scale (VAS) for postoperative pain at 3, 6 and 12 hours was lower in the groups in which hydromorphone was used. Conclusion BFH and BH combinations are comparable to the original preparation in terms of adverse effects, with the advantage of being more effective in controlling postoperative pain.

Resumen Introducción Para anestesia neuroaxial en cesárea, se ha combinado clásicamente el anestésico local (AL) con un opioide lipofílico y otro hidrofílico. En Colombia se ha usado clorhidrato de morfina con fentanilo, pero el ocasional desabastecimiento del primero despertó el interés por nuevas alternativas. En SES Hospital de Caldas se generó un plan de contingencia frente a la escasez de morfina en 2017-2018, pre llenando jeringas en su central de mezclas con: bupivacaína, morfina y fentanilo (BMF); bupivacaína, fentanilo e hidromorfona (BHF); y bupivacaína e hidromorfona (BH). La hidromorfona tiene inicio rápido de acción, efecto prolongado e indicación en ficha técnica por vía espinal, por lo tanto, las ventajas que pudiera generar la adición del fentanilo a esta mezcla son cuestionables. Objetivo Comparar la eficacia analgésica clínica al momento de la incisión y en las primeras 12 horas postoperatorias. Métodos Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico, empleando las mezclas BMF, BHF y BH en pacientes que recibieron anestesia subaracnoidea para cesárea. Se evaluó el dolor a la incisión, los efectos adversos y la escala visual análoga de dolor en las 12 horas siguientes. Resultados De las 71 pacientes del estudio, 40,9 % recibieron BMF; 22,5 %, BHF; y 36,6 %, BH. En ninguna paciente se observó dolor a la incisión. No hubo diferencia en efectos adversos entre los 3 grupos. La diferencia de medias de la escala visual analógica (EVA) para dolor postoperatorio a las 3, 6 y 12 horas, fue menor en los grupos en los que se usó hidromorfona. Conclusiones Las mezclas BHF y BH son equiparables a la preparación tradicional en cuanto a efectos adversos, con la ventaja de ser más efectivas para el control del dolor postoperatorio.

High-resolution Micro-CT Myelography to Assess Spinal Subarachnoid Space Changes After Spinal Cord Injury in Rats.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The spinal subarachnoid space (SSAS) is vital for neurologic function. Although SSAS alterations are known to occur after spinal cord injury (SCI), there is a lack of high-resolution imaging studies of the SSAS after SCI in rodents. Therefore, the aim here was to assess changes in the SSAS of rats subjected to graded SCI, using high-resolution micro-CT myelography. METHODS: Long-Evans adult rats were subjected to mild or severe spinal cord contusion at T9. Imaging studies of SSAS features were carried out in injured rats at acute (day 1) and subacute (day 15) stages postinjury, as well as in control rats, using high-resolution micro-CT myelography with a contrast-enhanced digital subtraction protocol. We studied a total of 33 rats randomly allocated into five experimental groups. Micro-CT myelograms were assessed by expert observers using both qualitative and quantitative criteria. RESULTS: Qualitative and quantitative analyses showed that SCI induces changes in the SSAS that vary as a function of both injury severity and time elapsed after injury. SSAS blockage was the main alteration detected. Moreover, the method used here allowed fine details to be observed in small animals, such as variations in the preferential pathways for contrast medium flow, neuroimaging nerve root enhancement, and leakage of contrast medium due to tearing of the dural sac. CONCLUSION: Micro-CT myelography provides high-resolution images of changes in the SSAS after SCI in rats and is a useful tool for further experimental studies involving rat SCI in vivo.

Mild poikilocapnic hypoxia increases very low frequency haemoglobin oxygenation oscillations in prefrontal cortex

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of mild cerebral hypoxia on haemoglobin oxygenation (HbO2), cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and cardiovascular physiology. To achieve this goal, four signals were recorded simultaneously: blood pressure, heart rate / electrocardiogram, HbO2 from right hemisphere and changes of subarachnoid space (SAS) width from left hemisphere. Signals were registered from 30 healthy, young participants (2 females and 28 males, body mass index = 24.5 ± 2.3 kg/m2, age 30.8 ± 13.4 years). RESULTS: We analysed the recorded signals using wavelet transform and phase coherence. We demonstrated for the first time that in healthy subjects exposed to mild poikilokapnic hypoxia there were increases in very low frequency HbO2 oscillations (< 0.052 Hz) in prefrontal cortex. Additionally, SAS fluctuation diminished in the whole frequency range which could be explained by brain oedema. CONCLUSIONS: Consequently the study provides insight into mechanisms governing brain response to a mild hypoxic challenge. Our study supports the notion that HbO2 and SAS width monitoring might be beneficial for patients with acute lung disease.

Micro-CT myelography using contrast-enhanced digital subtraction: feasibility and initial results in healthy rats.

PURPOSE: The spinal subarachnoid space (SSAS) is vital for neural performance. Although models of spinal diseases and trauma are used frequently, no methods exist to obtain high-resolution myelograms in rodents. Thereby, our aim was to explore the feasibility of obtaining high-resolution micro-CT myelograms of rats by contrast-enhanced dual-energy (DE) and single-energy (SE) digital subtraction. METHODS: Micro-CT contrast-enhanced DE and SE imaging protocols were implemented with live adult rats (total of 18 animals). For each protocol, contrast agents based on iodine (Iomeron® 400 and Fenestra® VC) and gold nanoparticles (AuroVist™ 15 nm) were tested. For DE, images at low- and high-energy settings were acquired after contrast injection; for SE, one image was acquired before and the other after contrast injection. Post-processing consisted of region of interest selection, image registration, weighted subtraction, and longitudinal alignment. RESULTS: High-resolution myelograms were obtained with contrast-enhanced digital subtraction protocols. After qualitative and quantitative (contrast-to-noise ratio) analyses, we found that the SE acquisition protocol with Iomeron® 400 provides the best images. 3D contour renderings allowed visualization of SSAS and identification of some anatomical structures within it. CONCLUSION: This in vivo study shows the potential of SE contrast-enhanced myelography for imaging SSAS in rat. This approach yields high-resolution 3D images without interference from adjacent anatomical structures, providing an innovative tool for further assessment of studies involving rat SSAS.

Thecaloscopy: a novel method in spine surgery / Tecaloscopia: um novo método na cirurgia de coluna / Tecaloscopia: un nuevo método en la cirugía de la columna vertebral

ABSTRACT Objetive: Thecaloscopy is a less invasive method of exploration of the spinal subarachnoid space, using an ultra-thin, flexible endoscope and endoscopic fenestration of scars and adhesions. Thecalopscopy was used in Russian neurosurgery for the first time. Methods: Since 2009, we have operated on 32 patients with the following diagnoses: 17 - spinal adhesive arachnoiditis (8 - local forms, 9 - diffuse forms), 12 - spinal arachnoid cysts (7 - post-traumatic cysts, 5 - idiopathic cysts), and 3 - extramedullary tumors (thecaloscopic videoassistance and biopsy). In all cases, we performed exploration of subarachnoid space and pathologic lesion with endoscopic perforation of the cyst or dissection of adhesions using special instrumentation. The mean follow-up time in our group was 11.4 months. Results: Neurological improvement (mean 1.4 by the modified Frankel scale, 1.8 by the Ashworth spasticity scale) was seen in 87% of patients operated for spinal arachnopathies. Temporary neurological deterioration (mild disturbances of deep sensitivity) was seen in 9% of patients and managed successfully with conservative treatment. One patient (3.1%) was operated three times due to relapse of adhesions. There were no serious intraoperative complications (e.g. severe bleeding or dura perforation). Postoperative complications included one CSF leakage and one case of postoperative neuralgic pain. The mean hospitalization time was 7.6 days. Conclusion: According to our data, we conclude that thecaloscopy is efficient and safe method, and should be widely used for spinal arachnopathies, adhesive arachnoiditis and arachnoid cysts. Taking into account that adhesive spinal arachnoiditis is a systemic process, and that spinal arachnoid cysts may also be extended, thecaloscopy may be regarded as the most radical and less-invasive form of surgical treatment that currently exists in neurosurgery.

RESUMO Objetivo: A tecaloscopia é um método menos invasivo de exploração do espaço subaracnóideo, com um endoscópio flexível ultrafino e fenestração endoscópica de cicatrizes e aderências. A tecaloscopia foi usada pela primeira vez na neurocirurgia russa. Métodos: Desde 2009, operamos 32 pacientes com os seguintes diagnósticos: 17 aracnoidites adesivas espinais (8 formas locais e 9 formas difusas), 12 cistos aracnóideos espinais (7 cistos pós-traumáticos e 5 cistos idiopáticos) e 3 tumores extramedulares (vídeo-assistida por tecaloscopia e biópsia). Em todos os casos, realizamos a exploração do espaço subaracnóideo e da lesão com perfuração endoscópica do cisto ou dissecção de aderências usando instrumentação especial. O acompanhamento médio em nosso grupo foi de 11,4 meses. Resultados: A melhora neurológica (média 1,4 pela escala de Frankel modificada e 1,8 pela escala de espasticidade de Ashworth) foi observada em 87% dos pacientes operados devido a aracnopatias da coluna vertebral. A deterioração neurológica temporária (distúrbios leves da sensibilidade profunda) foi observada em 9% dos pacientes que foi tratada com sucesso pelo método conservador. Um paciente (3,1%) foi operado três vezes devido à recorrência de aderências. Não houve complicações intraoperatórias graves (por exemplo, sangramento grave ou perfuração da dura-máter, etc.). As complicações pós-operatórias incluíram um extravasamento de LCE e um caso de neuralgia pós-operatória. O período médio de hospitalização foi de 7,6 dias. Conclusão : De acordo com nossos dados, concluímos que a tecaloscopia é um método eficiente e seguro, e deve ser amplamente utilizado para aracnopatias espinais, aracnoidites adesivas e cistos aracnóideos. Considerando que a aracnoidite adesiva é um processo sistêmico e que os cistos aracnóideos da coluna vertebral também podem ser extensos, a tecaloscopia pode ser considerada como a forma mais radical e menos invasiva de tratamento cirúrgico existente atualmente em neurocirurgia.

RESUMEN Objetivo: La tecaloscopia es un método de exploración menos invasivo del espacio subaracnoideo con un endoscopio flexible ultrafino y fenestración endoscópica de cicatrices y adherencias. La tecaloscopia se utilizó en neurocirugía rusa por primera vez. Métodos: Desde 2009 operamos 32 pacientes con los siguientes diagnósticos: 17 aracnoiditis adhesivas espinales (8 formas locales y 9 formas difusas), 12 quistes aracnoideos espinales (7 quistes postraumáticos y 5 quistes idiopáticos) y 3 tumores extramedulares (asistida por video tecaloscópico y biopsia). En todos los casos se realizó la exploración del espacio subaracnoideo y lesión con perforación endoscópica del quiste o disección de adherencias mediante instrumentación especial. El seguimiento medio en nuestro grupo fue de 11,4 meses. Resultados: La mejoría neurológica (media 1,4 por la escala de Frankel modificada y 1,8 por la escala de espasticidad de Ashworth) se observó en el 87% de los pacientes operados debido a aracnopatías de la columna vertebral. Se observó deterioro neurológico temporal (alteraciones leves de la sensibilidad profunda) en el 9% de los pacientes, que fue tratada con éxito por el método conservador. Un paciente (3,1%) fue operado tres veces debido a la recurrencia de las adherencias. No hubo complicaciones intraoperatorias graves (por ejemplo, sangrado grave o perforación de la duramadre, etc.). Las complicaciones postoperatorias incluyeron una extravasación del LCR y un caso de neuralgia postoperatoria. El período promedio de hospitalización fue de 7,6 días. Conclusiones : De acuerdo con nuestros datos, concluimos que la tecaloscopia es un método eficiente y seguro, que debe ser ampliamente utilizado para aracnopatías espinales, aracnoiditis adhesivas y quistes aracnoideos. Teniendo en cuenta que la aracnoiditis adhesiva es un proceso sistémico y que los quistes aracnoideos de la columna vertebral también pueden ser extensos, la tecaloscopia puede ser considerada como la forma más radical y menos invasiva de tratamiento quirúrgico existente actualmente en neurocirugía.

Temporal changes of spinal subarachnoid space patency after graded spinal cord injury in rats.

INTRODUCTION: Disturbances in spinal subarachnoid space (SSAS) patency after SCI have been reported as an incidental finding, but there is a lack of information on its in vivo extent and time course. For substances and cells carried in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to reach damaged neural tissue and promote reparative processes, CSF must be able to flow freely in SASS. OBJECTIVE: To characterise the extent and time course of SSAS patency disruption in vivo in a rat model after graded SCI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anaesthetised rats were subjected to mild or severe cord contusion at T9. Estimation of SSAS patency was carried out at 1h and 1, 3, 7, 15, 30 and 90 days postinjury, as well as in naïve rats, by quantifying the passage of superparamagnetic beads injected into the CSF at the cisterna magna and recovered at spinal level L2. CSF volume recovery was measured simultaneously. Data were analysed by the two-way ANOVA test. RESULTS: Estimation of SSAS patency revealed nearly complete blockage early after contusion that was unevenly restored entering the chronic stages. Volume of CSF recovered was also significantly decreased early after injury compared to naïve rats, but was fully restored by 1 month postinjury. Overall, although modestly different from each other, changes in both parameters were more pronounced after severe rather than mild injuries for each time point examined. CONCLUSIONS: SCI alters SSAS patency. Its extent is a function primarily of time elapsed after lesion and secondly of injury severity. It is reasonable to expect that disturbances in SASS patency might alter CSF dynamics and impair self-reparative mechanisms and intrathecal therapeutics, making SSAS patency blockage a key target for SCI management.

Association of lipophilic opioids and hyperbaric bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Randomized controlled study

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and side-effects of fentanyl and sufentanil combined with hyperbaric spinal bupivacaine in elective cesarean section. METHODS: A prospective, randomized, double-blind study with 64 term parturients, distributed into 2 groups according to the opioid combined with hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% (10mg): GF - fentanyl (25µg) and GS - sufentanil (5.0µg). The latency and maximum sensory block level; degree and duration of motor block; duration and quality of analgesia; maternal-fetal repercussions were evaluated. This was an intention-to-treat analysis with a 5% significance level. RESULTS: The latency period, maximum sensory block level, motor block degree and perioperative analgesia were similar in both groups. Motor block and analgesia had a longer duration in the sufentanil group. Maternal adverse effects and neonatal repercussions were similar. The incidence of hypotension was higher in the fentanyl group. In both groups, there was a predominance of patients who were awake and either calm or sleepy. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of fentanyl and sufentanil to hyperbaric subarachnoid bupivacaine was shown to be effective for the performance of cesarean section, and safe for the mother and fetus. Analgesia was more prolonged with sufentanil. .

Association of lipophilic opioids and hyperbaric bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Randomized controlled study

PURPOSE:To evaluate the efficacy and side-effects of fentanyl and sufentanil combined with hyperbaric spinal bupivacaine in elective cesarean section.METHODS:A prospective, randomized, double-blind study with 64 term parturients, distributed into 2 groups according to the opioid combined with hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% (10mg): GF - fentanyl (25µg) and GS - sufentanil (5.0µg). The latency and maximum sensory block level; degree and duration of motor block; duration and quality of analgesia; maternal-fetal repercussions were evaluated. This was an intention-to-treat analysis with a 5% significance level.RESULTS:The latency period, maximum sensory block level, motor block degree and perioperative analgesia were similar in both groups. Motor block and analgesia had a longer duration in the sufentanil group. Maternal adverse effects and neonatal repercussions were similar. The incidence of hypotension was higher in the fentanyl group. In both groups, there was a predominance of patients who were awake and either calm or sleepy.CONCLUSIONS:The addition of fentanyl and sufentanil to hyperbaric subarachnoid bupivacaine was shown to be effective for the performance of cesarean section, and safe for the mother and fetus. Analgesia was more prolonged with sufentanil.(AU)

Antagonistas serotoninérgico e noradrenérgico por via subaracnoidea aumentam a resposta álgica em ratos / Subarachnoid serotonergic and noradrenergic antagonists increase the pain response in rats

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Há evidências de que a passagem de informações nociceptivas pelo corno posterior da medula espinhal (CPME) seguindo para níveis rostrais do sistema nervoso central sofre profundas influências excitatórias e inibitórias. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo comparar os efeitos da metissergida, da fentolamina e da fentolamina associada à metissergida, administrados por via subaracnoidea, sobre as fases I, intermediária e II do teste da formalina modificado em ratos. MÉTODO: Foram utilizados 28 ratos Wistar machos, distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos (n = 7) para receber solução salina (GC), fentolamina (GF), metissergida (GM) ou fentolamina associada à metissergida (GFM) por via subaracnoidea. A dor foi induzida pela administração de formalina na região dorsal da pata posterior direita. O teste foi dividido em três fases; fase I, intermediária e fase II. A análise estatística dos resultados foi realizada utilizando o programa SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences), adotando o nível de significância de 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: Na fase intermediária, o número de elevações da pata foi significativamente maior nos grupos GF, GM e GFM quando comparados com o grupo GC. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados sugerem a existência de efeito noradrenérgico e serotoninérgico no sistema inibitório descendente da dor aguda, com a possibilidade de emprego de agonistas serotoninérgicos e α1-adrenérgicos para controle da dor aguda.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There is evidence that the passage of nociceptive information through the posterior horn of the spinal cord (PHSC) on its way to rostral levels of the central nervous system undergoes profound excitatory and inhibitory influences. The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of the subarachnoid administration of methysergide, phentolamine, and phentolamine associated with methysergide on phases I, intermediate, and II of the modified phormaline test in rats. METHODS: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats distributed randomly in four groups (n = 7) to received subarachnoid saline solution (GC), phentolamine (GF), methysergide (GM), or phentolamine associated with methysergide (GFM). Pain was induced by the administration of phormaline in the dorsal region of the right hind paw. The test was divided in three phases: phase I, intermediate, and phase II. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using the software SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences), adopting a level of significance of 5 percent. RESULTS: In the intermediate phase the number of paw elevations was significantly higher in GF, GM, and GFM groups when compared to the GC group. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest the existence of a noradrenergic and serotonergic effect in the inhibitory descending system of acute pain, with the possibility of using serotonergic and α1-adrenergic antagonists to control acute pain.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Existen evidencias de que el paso de informaciones nociceptivas por el cuerno posterior de la médula espinal (CPME), y que continúa hacia niveles rostrales del sistema nervioso central, sufre profundas influencias excitatorias e inhibitorias. La presente investigación quiso comparar los efectos de la metisergida, de la fentolamina y de la fentolamina asociada a la metisergida, administrados por vía subaracnoidea, sobre las fases I, intermedia y II del test de la formalina modificado en ratones. MÉTODO: Fueron utilizados en el experimento, 28 ratones Wistar machos, distribuidos aleatoriamente en cuatro grupos (n = 7), para recibir una solución salina (GC), fentolamina (GF), metisergida (GM) o fentolamina asociada a la metisergida ((GFM). El dolor fue inducido por la administración de formalina en la región dorsal de la pata posterior derecha. El test fue dividido en tres fases: fase I, intermedia y fase II. El análisis estadístico de los resultados fue hecho utilizando el programa SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences), [Paquete Estadístico para las Ciencias Sociales], adoptando el nivel de significancia de un 5 por ciento. RESULTADOS: En la fase intermedia, el número de elevaciones de la pata fue significativamente mayor en los grupos GF, GM y GFM cuando se comparó con el grupo GC. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados nos sugieren la existencia de un efecto noradrenérgico y serotoninérgico en el sistema inhibitorio descendiente del dolor agudo, con la posibilidad del uso de agonistas serotoninérgicos y α1-adrenérgicos para el control del dolor agudo.

Neurocisticercosis espinal: diagnóstico por imagen, a propósito de un caso clínico / Spinal neurocysticercosis: imaging diagnosis, report of a clinical case

Se presenta el caso de un paciente adulto que fue tratado durante 3 años con el diagnóstico de lumbalgia crónica, tiene el antecedente quirúrgico de Laminectomía más Fijación Transpedicular L5-S1. Sin embargo los síntomas persisten por lo cual se solicita TC de la región lumbar, que evidencia deformación de cuerpo vertebral L4 con ampliación del canal a dicho nivel, la RM informa hallazgos compatibles con secuelas de aracnoiditis con formación de quiste en canal medular óseo lumbar. Es intervenido quirúrgicamente para biopsia de lesión intradural, con buena evolución postoperatoria; el informe de anatomía patológica concluye: extirpación de lesión intradural lumbar, cisticercosis intradural. Enfatizamos los datos de diagnóstico por imagen, que incluyen varios hallazgos que se clasifican de acuerdo a la fase en que se encuentre la enfermedad. Desde el punto de vista radiológico la técnica de elección en la práctica clínica es la RM, aunque la TC nos sirve para el diagnóstico de neurocisticercosis en el estadio nodular calcificado.

The case of an adult patient who was treated for 3 years with a diagnosis of chronic low back pain, has a history of laminectomy surgery plus transpedicular fixation L5-S1, however the symptoms persists for which TC is requested from the lumbar region, and shows the deformation of vertebral body L4 with cord duct expansion to that level, MRI shows compatible findings with remaining arachnoiditis with cyst formation in lumbar spinal duct bone.frecuency, etiology, diagnosis and médical management of this condition will be reviewed. The patient went to surgery for spinal lesion biopsy, has a good postoperative evolution and the anatomical pathology report concludes: The removal of lumbar spinal injury, spinal cysticercosis. We emphasize in the diagnostic imaging data, which includes several findings that are classified according to the stage where the disease is. From the radiological point of view the technique of choice in clinical practice is MRI, although CT serves for the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis in nodular calcified stage.

Contribuição das projeções oblíquas em mielografias de pequenos animais para a localização de lesões medulares causadas por processo degenerativo do disco intervertebral / Contribution of oblique projections in small animals myelography to the localization of spinal lesions caused by intervertebral disc degeneration

Mielografia é uma técnica radiográfica na qual se administra meio de contraste no espaço subaracnóideo para avaliar a medula espinhal. Múltiplas projeções radiográficas fornecem uma exploração circunferencial da medula, auxiliando na localização mais precisa de compressões nesta região. Objetivou-se demonstrar a contribuição das projeções oblíquas, pouco exploradas em exames de mielografia, para a localização de lesões medulares extradurais em cães e gatos causadas por processo degenerativo do disco intervertebral. Foram avaliadas 116 mielografias e observou-se que em 36,2 por cento dos casos as projeções oblíquas foram imprescindíveis para a localização exata das lesões. A associação entre as projeções ventrodorsal e oblíquas se mostraram mais úteis para a localização da lesão do que quando avaliadas isoladamente e as projeções oblíquas esquerda e direita foram igualmente importantes.

Myelography is a radiographic technique in which is administered contrast in the subarachnoid space to assess the spinal cord. Multiple radiographic projections provide a circumferential view of the spinal cord, aiding in more precise localization of compression in this region. This paper aimed to demonstrate the contribution of oblique projections, little explored in myelography, for the location of extradural spinal cord injuries in dogs and cats caused by degeneration of the intervertebral disc. It was evaluated 116 myelography and it was observed that in 36.2 percent of cases, oblique views were essential to the exact localization of lesions. The association between the oblique and ventrodorsal projections was more effective to find the lesion´s lateralization than when taken separately, and the left and right oblique view was equally important.

Contribuição das projeções oblíquas em mielografias de pequenos animais para a localização de lesões medulares causadas por processo degenerativo do disco intervertebral

Myelography is a radiographic technique in which is administered contrast in the subarachnoid space to assess the spinal cord. Multiple radiographic projections provide a circumferential view of the spinal cord, aiding in more precise localization of compression in this region. This paper aimed to demonstrate the contribution of oblique projections, little explored in myelography, for the location of extradural spinal cord injuries in dogs and cats caused by degeneration of the intervertebral disc. It was evaluated 116 myelography and it was observed that in 36.2% of cases, oblique views were essential to the exact localization of lesions. The association between the oblique and ventrodorsal projections was more effective to find the lesion´s lateralization than when taken separately, and the left and right oblique view was equally important.

Mielografia é uma técnica radiográfica na qual se administra meio de contraste no espaço subaracnóideo para avaliar a medula espinhal. Múltiplas projeções radiográficas fornecem uma exploração circunferencial da medula, auxiliando na localização mais precisa de compressões nesta região. Objetivou-se demonstrar a contribuição das projeções oblíquas, pouco exploradas em exames de mielografia, para a localização de lesões medulares extradurais em cães e gatos causadas por processo degenerativo do disco intervertebral. Foram avaliadas 116 mielografias e observou-se que em 36,2% dos casos as projeções oblíquas foram imprescindíveis para a localização exata das lesões. A associação entre as projeções ventrodorsal e oblíquas se mostraram mais úteis para a localização da lesão do que quando avaliadas isoladamente e as projeções oblíquas esquerda e direita foram igualmente importantes.

Contribuição das projeções oblíquas em mielografias de pequenos animais para a localização de lesões medulares causadas por processo degenerativo do disco intervertebral

Myelography is a radiographic technique in which is administered contrast in the subarachnoid space to assess the spinal cord. Multiple radiographic projections provide a circumferential view of the spinal cord, aiding in more precise localization of compression in this region. This paper aimed to demonstrate the contribution of oblique projections, little explored in myelography, for the location of extradural spinal cord injuries in dogs and cats caused by degeneration of the intervertebral disc. It was evaluated 116 myelography and it was observed that in 36.2% of cases, oblique views were essential to the exact localization of lesions. The association between the oblique and ventrodorsal projections was more effective to find the lesion´s lateralization than when taken separately, and the left and right oblique view was equally important.

Mielografia é uma técnica radiográfica na qual se administra meio de contraste no espaço subaracnóideo para avaliar a medula espinhal. Múltiplas projeções radiográficas fornecem uma exploração circunferencial da medula, auxiliando na localização mais precisa de compressões nesta região. Objetivou-se demonstrar a contribuição das projeções oblíquas, pouco exploradas em exames de mielografia, para a localização de lesões medulares extradurais em cães e gatos causadas por processo degenerativo do disco intervertebral. Foram avaliadas 116 mielografias e observou-se que em 36,2% dos casos as projeções oblíquas foram imprescindíveis para a localização exata das lesões. A associação entre as projeções ventrodorsal e oblíquas se mostraram mais úteis para a localização da lesão do que quando avaliadas isoladamente e as projeções oblíquas esquerda e direita foram igualmente importantes.