Species-specific patterns of shelter exploitation in Chagas disease vectors of the genus Rhodnius.

Triatomines are insect vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi¸ the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Several species belonging to the genus Rhodnius (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) have been reported inhabiting domestic and peridomestic environments in different regions of Latin America. However, behavioral and sensory ecology aspects related to their use of shelters have been poorly studied. The objective of the present study was to characterize how bug density, illumination and thigmotactic information affect the use of shelters by three species belonging to the Rhodnius prolixus species complex. We evaluated whether exposure to different insect densities affects the proportion of R. prolixus, Rhodnius robustus and Rhodnius neglectus that choose to stay inside a refuge. Besides, we evaluated whether absence of an illumination regime affects their tendency to hide in shelters. Our results showed that the proportion of individuals that remained outside the shelter increased with rising insect densities. Nevertheless, while R. prolixus only reacted by augmenting this proportion with the highest density tested, the other species showed significant increases already at lower densities. On the other hand, a significantly higher number of R. robustus stayed outside the shelter in the absence of a light cycle, while no change was induced for the other species. Thus, this study determined species-specific profiles of refuge exploitation defined by factors such as thigmotaxis and negative phototaxis. The differences observed among these Rhodnius species may impact their house colonization abilities, which seem to be critically affected by bug hiding performance during health service detection processes.

Aversion in the elevated plus-maze: role of visual and tactile cues.

Thigmotaxis, a tendency to be close to vertical surfaces, leads rats to avoid open arms in the elevated plus-maze. Evidences support a role in thigmotaxis for the vibrissal sense as well as for vision. In this study, sensory inputs for both senses were manipulated in order to identify which of them mainly contributes to thigmotaxis. This was achieved by manipulating the length of rats' mystacial vibrissae, the presence of walls in the "open" arms and their transparency. As expected, rats avoided arms which lacked walls. On the other hand, rats did not avoid "open" arms surrounded by transparent walls as one could expect if they were using mainly vision while exploring the maze. Furthermore, these "open" arms were explored similarly to arms surrounded by opaque walls. Acute vibrissotomy resulted in minor effects in rats tested in a conventional elevated plus-maze. These findings suggest that vibrissotomized rats seemed to be able to compensate the absence of mystacial vibrissae by means of other sensory pathways (tactile or non-tactile) and by adjusting some exploratory aspects. Thus, the current results indicate that rats rely more on other sensory cues than on vision in avoiding open arms in the elevated plus-maze.

Thigmotactic responses in an open-field

The goal of the present study was to investigate the role of thigmotaxis (the tendency to remain close to vertical surfaces) in rat exploratory behavior in an open-field. Thigmotaxis was investigated in a parametric way, using 24 experimentally adult naive male Wistar rats (210-230 g). Exploratory behavior was studied in an open-field (N = 12) in 5-min sessions and behavior was analyzed in terms of where it occurred: in areas surrounded by two, one, or no walls. Another group of rats (N = 12) was studied in an open-field with blocks placed near two of the corners so as to make these corner areas surrounded by three walls. The floor of the open-fields was divided into 20-cm squares in order to locate the exact place of occurrence of each behavior. The following behaviors were recorded: entries into the squares, rearings, and groomings. In both types of open-field the rats chose to remain longer in the squares surrounded by the largest possible number of walls. In one of the open-fields, the mean time (seconds) spent in squares surrounded by two walls was longer than the time spent in squares surrounded by one or no walls (37.2, 7.7, and 1.8 s, respectively). In the other open-field, the mean time spent in squares surrounded by three walls was longer than the time spent in squares surrounded by two, one or no walls (41.7, 20.4, 7.0, and 2.6 s, respectively). Other measures presented a similar profile. These results indicate that rats are sensitive to the number of walls in an environment and prefer to remain close to them.