ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to characterize and determine how days in milk (DIM) affect the milk fatty acid (FA) profile of grazing donkeys. Donkey milk is very similar to human milk, containing bioactive molecules such as FA and proteins. However, there is a lack of scientific and technical information on the changes in the FA profile of asinine milk in pasture-feeding systems. Seven multiparous Pega donkeys, maintained in an exclusively extensive system, were used. Milking was undertaken twice a day, once a week for 16 weeks. Milk samples were composed according to the average lactating days as follows: 55, 110, 165, 220 and 275 DIM. A descriptive analysis of the milk fat composition was performed, and the linear and quadratic effects of DIM on the milk FA profile were tested. The milk FA profile of grazing donkeys is influenced by lactation days and is characterized by high concentrations of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) with a low n-6 to n-3 ratio (0.66 g/100 g), mainly due to the high level of linolenic acid (16.8 g/100 g). Most of the individual FAs did not change during lactation, but stearic and oleic acid linearly decreased (p < .05), and total polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) and n-3 FA increased (p < .05) with DIM. The milk profile of grazing donkeys is influenced by the day of lactation and is characterized by a high concentration of n-3 PUFA (mainly α-linolenic acid) and a lower n-6 to n-3 ratio. As the number of days of lactation increased, the concentration of n-3 PUFA also increased. Therefore, higher milk quality may be associated with higher days in milk.
Subject(s)
Lactation , Milk , Animal Feed/analysis , Animals , Diet/veterinary , Equidae , Fatty Acids , FemaleABSTRACT
This study aimed to determine the fatty acid composition and nutritional quality indexes of total lipids in adipose tissue from the orbital cavity of Nile tilapia from continental aquaculture in Paraiba State, Brazil. The tilapias were captured in six fish farms, and after slaughtering and bleeding, the adipose tissue from the orbital cavity was reserved, frozen and lyophilized for analysis of fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. By decreasing order, oleic, palmitic, linoleic, stearic, and palmitoleic acids were the most abundant ones. Monounsaturated fatty acids were the most prominent group in orbital cavity adipose tissue, where as polyunsaturated fatty acids were most abundant in the diet, with a percentage of linolenic acid ranging from 32.99 to 37.57%. Nutritional quality indexes of lipids varied from 0.491 to 0.575 for Atherogenicity Index, 0.543 to 0.741 for Thrombogenicity Index, and from 1.918 to 2.176 regarding the ratio of hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic. According to the composition of fatty acids and the nutritional quality of total lipids, the use of this byproduct can be recommended for human consumption or to elaborate products for animal intake.(AU)
O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a composição dos ácidos graxos e os índices de qualidade nutricional dos lipídios totais no tecido adiposo da tilápia do Nilo da aquicultura continental do Estado da Paraíba, Brasil. As tilápias foram capturadas em seis pisciculturas. Após o abate e sangria, o tecido adiposo da cavidade ocular foi reservado, congelado e liofilizado para análise da composição de ácidos graxos por cromatografia gasosa. Os ácidos graxos majoritários detectados em ordem decrescente foram: ácido oleico, ácido palmítico, ácido linoleico, ácido esteárico e ácido palmitoleico. O grupo mais abundante no tecido adiposo da cavidade ocular foi o dos ácidos graxos monoinsaturados, enquanto que na ração o grupo mais abundante foi o grupo dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, com percentual do ácido linolênico variando entre 32,99 e 37,57%. Os índices de qualidade nutricional dos lipídios variaram de 0,491 a 0,575 para o Índice de Aterogenicidade, 0,543 a 0,741 para o Índice de Trombogenicidade; e 1,918 até 2,176 para a razão entre hipocolesterolêmicos / hipercolesterolêmicos. De acordo com a composição dos ácidos graxos e a qualidade nutricional dos lipídios totais, é possível recomendar o uso deste subproduto para o consumo humano ou elaborar produtos para consumo animal.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Aquaculture , Nutritive Value , Cichlids/anatomy & histology , Cichlids/growth & development , Lipids/chemistryABSTRACT
This study aimed to determine the fatty acid composition and nutritional quality indexes of total lipids in adipose tissue from the orbital cavity of Nile tilapia from continental aquaculture in Paraiba State, Brazil. The tilapias were captured in six fish farms, and after slaughtering and bleeding, the adipose tissue from the orbital cavity was reserved, frozen and lyophilized for analysis of fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. By decreasing order, oleic, palmitic, linoleic, stearic, and palmitoleic acids were the most abundant ones. Monounsaturated fatty acids were the most prominent group in orbital cavity adipose tissue, where as polyunsaturated fatty acids were most abundant in the diet, with a percentage of linolenic acid ranging from 32.99 to 37.57%. Nutritional quality indexes of lipids varied from 0.491 to 0.575 for Atherogenicity Index, 0.543 to 0.741 for Thrombogenicity Index, and from 1.918 to 2.176 regarding the ratio of hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic. According to the composition of fatty acids and the nutritional quality of total lipids, the use of this byproduct can be recommended for human consumption or to elaborate products for animal intake.
O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a composição dos ácidos graxos e os índices de qualidade nutricional dos lipídios totais no tecido adiposo da tilápia do Nilo da aquicultura continental do Estado da Paraíba, Brasil. As tilápias foram capturadas em seis pisciculturas. Após o abate e sangria, o tecido adiposo da cavidade ocular foi reservado, congelado e liofilizado para análise da composição de ácidos graxos por cromatografia gasosa. Os ácidos graxos majoritários detectados em ordem decrescente foram: ácido oleico, ácido palmítico, ácido linoleico, ácido esteárico e ácido palmitoleico. O grupo mais abundante no tecido adiposo da cavidade ocular foi o dos ácidos graxos monoinsaturados, enquanto que na ração o grupo mais abundante foi o grupo dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, com percentual do ácido linolênico variando entre 32,99 e 37,57%. Os índices de qualidade nutricional dos lipídios variaram de 0,491 a 0,575 para o Índice de Aterogenicidade, 0,543 a 0,741 para o Índice de Trombogenicidade; e 1,918 até 2,176 para a razão entre hipocolesterolêmicos / hipercolesterolêmicos. De acordo com a composição dos ácidos graxos e a qualidade nutricional dos lipídios totais, é possível recomendar o uso deste subproduto para o consumo humano ou elaborar produtos para consumo animal.
Subject(s)
Animals , Aquaculture , Cichlids/anatomy & histology , Cichlids/growth & development , Nutritive Value , Lipids/chemistryABSTRACT
Objetivou-se caracterizar a qualidade da carne de aves da raça Rodhe Island Red em função da diferença do tipo de corte e sexo. Foram utilizadas 30 aves em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (2 x 2), sendo dois cortes (peito e coxa) e dois sexos, com cinco repetições por tratamento. As aves foram abatidas aos 105 dias para realização das análises físico-químicas, composição centesimal e perfil lipídico do peito e coxa. A coxa apresentou maior média de pH final, teor de vermelho (a*) e força de cisalhamento (FC). Para luminosidade (L*), o peito obteve a maior média e as fêmeas maior média de FC. A coxa apresentou maior teor de extrato etéreo (EE) e umidade. O peito apresentou maior média de ácidos graxos saturados. As fêmeas obtiveram maior quantidade de ω3 e menor relação ω6/ω3. Foi observado maior índice de trombogenicidade no peito. A coxa mostrou menor conteúdo de ácidos graxos saturados e menor índice de trombogenicidade. As fêmeas apresentaram maior teor de ω3. O tipo de corte demonstrou maior influência que o sexo sobre os parâmetros estudados e a coxa apresentou melhores aspectos físico-químicos e de perfil lipídico para carne de aves neste sistema de produção relacionados à qualidade de carne desejável pelos consumidores.(AU)
This study aimed to characterize the quality of the meat from Rodhe Island Red poultry, considering the type of cut and sex. We used 30 birds in a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement (2 x 2), two cuts (breast and thigh) and both sexes, with five replicates per treatment. The birds were slaughtered at 105 days to carry out the physical and chemical analysis, chemical composition and lipid profile of breast and thigh. The thigh showed the highest mean final pH, redness (a*) and shear force (SF). For brightness (L*), the breast had the highest average as well as females presented the highest SF average. The thigh presented the highest amount of ether extract (EE) and humidity. The breast presented the highest amount of saturated fatty acids. Females showed the highest amount of ω3 and the lowest ω6 / ω3 relation. There was a higher thrombogenicity index in breast meat. The thigh showed the lowest content of saturated fatty acids and a lower thrombogenicity index. Females had higher content of ω3. The cut showed greater influence then sex on the studied parameters and the thigh showed better physical and chemical aspects and lipid profile for poultry meat in such production system regarding the meat quality as desirable by the consumers.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Meat/analysis , Meat/classification , Chickens , Fatty AcidsABSTRACT
Abstract This study aimed to characterize the quality of the meat from Rodhe Island Red poultry, considering the type of cut and sex. We used 30 birds in a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement (2 x 2), two cuts (breast and thigh) and both sexes, with five replicates per treatment. The birds were slaughtered at 105 days to carry out the physical and chemical analysis, chemical composition and lipid profile of breast and thigh. The thigh showed the highest mean final pH, redness (a*) and shear force (SF). For brightness (L*), the breast had the highest average as well as females presented the highest SF average. The thigh presented the highest amount of ether extract (EE) and humidity. The breast presented the highest amount of saturated fatty acids. Females showed the highest amount of 3 and the lowest 6 / 3 relation. There was a higher thrombogenicity index in breast meat. The thigh showed the lowest content of saturated fatty acids and a lower thrombogenicity index. Females had higher content of 3. The cut showed greater influence then sex on the studied parameters and the thigh showed better physical and chemical aspects and lipid profile for poultry meat in such production system regarding the meat quality as desirable by the consumers.
Resumo Objetivou-se caracterizar a qualidade da carne de aves da raça Rodhe Island Red em função da diferença do tipo de corte e sexo. Foram utilizadas 30 aves em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (2 x 2), sendo dois cortes (peito e coxa) e dois sexos, com cinco repetições por tratamento. As aves foram abatidas aos 105 dias para realização das análises físico-químicas, composição centesimal e perfil lipídico do peito e coxa. A coxa apresentou maior média de pH final, teor de vermelho (a*) e força de cisalhamento (FC). Para luminosidade (L*), o peito obteve a maior média e as fêmeas maior média de FC. A coxa apresentou maior teor de extrato etéreo (EE) e umidade. O peito apresentou maior média de ácidos graxos saturados. As fêmeas obtiveram maior quantidade de 3 e menor relação 6/3. Foi observado maior índice de trombogenicidade no peito. A coxa mostrou menor conteúdo de ácidos graxos saturados e menor índice de trombogenicidade. As fêmeas apresentaram maior teor de 3. O tipo de corte demonstrou maior influência que o sexo sobre os parâmetros estudados e a coxa apresentou melhores aspectos físico-químicos e de perfil lipídico para carne de aves neste sistema de produção relacionados à qualidade de carne desejável pelos consumidores.
ABSTRACT
Objetivou-se caracterizar a qualidade da carne de aves da raça Rodhe Island Red em função da diferença do tipo de corte e sexo. Foram utilizadas 30 aves em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (2 x 2), sendo dois cortes (peito e coxa) e dois sexos, com cinco repetições por tratamento. As aves foram abatidas aos 105 dias para realização das análises físico-químicas, composição centesimal e perfil lipídico do peito e coxa. A coxa apresentou maior média de pH final, teor de vermelho (a*) e força de cisalhamento (FC). Para luminosidade (L*), o peito obteve a maior média e as fêmeas maior média de FC. A coxa apresentou maior teor de extrato etéreo (EE) e umidade. O peito apresentou maior média de ácidos graxos saturados. As fêmeas obtiveram maior quantidade de ω3 e menor relação ω6/ω3. Foi observado maior índice de trombogenicidade no peito. A coxa mostrou menor conteúdo de ácidos graxos saturados e menor índice de trombogenicidade. As fêmeas apresentaram maior teor de ω3. O tipo de corte demonstrou maior influência que o sexo sobre os parâmetros estudados e a coxa apresentou melhores aspectos físico-químicos e de perfil lipídico para carne de aves neste sistema de produção relacionados à qualidade de carne desejável pelos consumidores.
This study aimed to characterize the quality of the meat from Rodhe Island Red poultry, considering the type of cut and sex. We used 30 birds in a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement (2 x 2), two cuts (breast and thigh) and both sexes, with five replicates per treatment. The birds were slaughtered at 105 days to carry out the physical and chemical analysis, chemical composition and lipid profile of breast and thigh. The thigh showed the highest mean final pH, redness (a*) and shear force (SF). For brightness (L*), the breast had the highest average as well as females presented the highest SF average. The thigh presented the highest amount of ether extract (EE) and humidity. The breast presented the highest amount of saturated fatty acids. Females showed the highest amount of ω3 and the lowest ω6 / ω3 relation. There was a higher thrombogenicity index in breast meat. The thigh showed the lowest content of saturated fatty acids and a lower thrombogenicity index. Females had higher content of ω3. The cut showed greater influence then sex on the studied parameters and the thigh showed better physical and chemical aspects and lipid profile for poultry meat in such production system regarding the meat quality as desirable by the consumers.
Subject(s)
Animals , Meat/analysis , Meat/classification , Chickens , Fatty AcidsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Instituto Clodomiro Picado has developed an immunoglobulin G (IgG) plasma fractionation process combining a polyethylene glycol/phosphate aqueous two-phase system (ATPS), caprylic acid precipitation and anion-exchange membrane chromatography. We evaluated the purity and in vitro thrombogenicity of such IgG, in line with current international requirements. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Contributions of the different production steps to reduce thrombogenicity were assessed at 0·2 l-scale, and then the methodology was scaled-up to a 10 l-scale and final products (n = 3) were analysed. Purity, immunoglobulin composition, and subclass distribution were determined by electrophoretic and immunochemical methods. The in vitro thrombogenic potential was determined by a thrombin generation assay (TGA) using a Technothrombin fluorogenic substrate. Prekallikrein activator (PKA), plasmin, factor Xa, thrombin and thrombin-like activities were assessed using S-2302, S-2251, S-2222, S-2238 and S-2288 chromogenic substrates, respectively, and FXI by an ELISA. RESULTS: The thrombogenicity markers were reduced mostly during the ATPS step and were found to segregate mostly into the discarded liquid upper phase. The caprylic acid precipitation eliminated the residual procoagulant activity. The IgG preparations made from the 10 l-batches contained 100% gamma proteins, low residual IgA and undetectable IgM. The IgG subclass distribution was not substantially affected by the process. TGA and amidolytic activities revealed an undetectable in vitro thrombogenic risk and the absence of proteolytic enzymes in the final product. CONCLUSIONS: Fractionating human plasma by an ATPS combined with caprylic acid and membrane chromatography resulted in an IgG preparation of high purity and free of a detectable in vitro thrombogenic risk.
Subject(s)
Chemical Fractionation/methods , Chromatography/methods , Immunoglobulin G/isolation & purification , Plasma/chemistry , Caprylates/chemistry , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Factor XIIa/analysis , Humans , Immunoglobulin G/chemistry , Oligopeptides/chemistry , Thrombin/biosynthesisABSTRACT
Con la finalidad de determinar el perfil de ácidos grasos y la composición química de productos lácteos enriquecidos con ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) de manera natural, se elaboraron crema, mantequilla y grasa butírica con leche obtenida de vacas que recibieron una dieta control o suplementación con semilla de girasol en un 11.2%. El análisis químico incluyó el perfil de ácidos grasos,materia grasa, proteína y cenizas; en la leche se determinó además el contenido de lactosa. Se calcularon los índices de aterogenicidad (IA) y trombogenicidad (IT) en la leche y productos elaborados. Los resultados indicaron que los contenidos de grasa, proteína, lactosa y ceniza no fueron afectados por la incorporación de semilla de girasol en la dieta de los animales. El contenido promedio de CLA y ácidotrans vaccénico (TVA) expresados en g/100 g de lípidos totales fue, para los productos control, 0.54 y 1.6; mientras que para los productos ricos en CLA fueron 2 y 6.4, lo cual representa un incremento de cuatro veces. Además, en los productos ricos en CLA los IA e IT disminuyeron considerablemente (38.4 y 25% menos, respectivamente). Se observó que los perfiles de ácidos grasos no se modificaron durante el procesamiento, indicando que el CLA es un componente estable en los productos lácteos analizados. El uso de semilla de girasol en la dieta de las vacas, incrementa el contenido de CLA y TVA en los productos lácteos y disminuye el riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares en humanos sin afectar la proporción de los componentes mayoritarios.
High conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in milk and dairy products using a dietary supplementation of sunflower seed in cows. Thrombogenic/atherogenic risk issues. This studywas undertaken to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of sunflower seed in cows on the chemical composition of milk and dairy products. Cream, butter and butter oil were prepared from milk produced by cows fed a control diet (control products) or diet supplemented with 11.2% sunflour seed (CLA-rich products). Milk samples collected were determined for lactose. A sample of CLArich or control product was determined for fatty acid profile as well as fat, protein and ash contents. The index of atherogenicity (IA) and the index of thrombogenicity (IT) were also calculated. Results revealed that there was no effect of the inclusion of sunflower seed in the diet on the lactose content in milk and total fat, protein and ash contents in the dairy products. Average contents of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and transvaccenic acid (TVA), expressed as g/ 100g total fatty acid were 0.54 and 1.6, respectively in the control products, and 2 and 6.4, respectively in the CLA-rich products. The content of either CLA or TVA was approximately four fold higher in the latter products. Moreover, CLA-rich products showed considerably low IA and IT, which were, respectively, 38.4 and 25.0% less than those from control products. Fatty acid profiles were unaffected during processing, which demonstrates that CLA is a stable component in the dairy products analyzed. It was concluded that dietary supplementation of sunflower seed in cows increases the CLA and TVA contents in milk, which may contribute to the reduction of the risk of cardiovascular diseases in humans.