Inhibitors of apolipoprotein C3, triglyceride levels, and risk of pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

In recent years, novel apoC3 inhibitor therapies for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia have been developed and assessed through phase II and III clinical trials. The objective of this study was to perform an updated meta-analysis on the impact of new apoC3 inhibitor drugs on triglyceride and apoC3 levels, as well as on the incidence of pancreatitis. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled studies assessing the effects of apoC3 inhibitors therapy (antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNA) on triglyceride levels, apoC3 levels, and the occurrence of acute pancreatitis. This meta-analysis was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. The random-effects model was performed. Nine randomized clinical trials (n = 717 patients) were considered eligible for this systematic review. ApoC3 inhibitor drugs were consistently associated with decreased triglyceride levels (MD -57.0%; 95% CI -61.9 to -52.1, I2 82%) and lowered apoC3 values (MD -76; 95% CI -80.1 to -71.8, I2 77%) when compared to placebo. Furthermore, the use of apoC3 inhibitor drugs demonstrated a reduction in the risk of acute pancreatitis (OR 0.11; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.27, I2 0%). The present updated meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials demonstrated that the utilization of apoC3 inhibitors in patients with hypertriglyceridemia correlated with reduced apoC3 and triglyceride levels, along with a decreased risk of acute pancreatitis compared to the placebo.

Interaction of periodontal clinical indicators in metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Implications for preventive interventions.

Introduction: The behavior of periodontal clinical indicators in metabolic syndrome (MetS) and fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are not clearly defined. It's even considered that high-risk cases for NAFLD are currently underreported or not identified in a timely manner. The aim of the study is to elucidate the interaction of periodontal clinical indicators in MetS and NAFLD. Materials and methods: 336 patients were eligible because they met the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syn-drome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Those selected were randomly selected for a cross-sectional study. Metabolic status and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease were measured using the MetS Metabolic Syndrome Diagnostic Criteria (NCEP/ATP-III) and laboratory tests, respectively. In addition, periodontal clinical indicators were evaluated: probing depth, clinical attachment, plaque index and gingival bleeding. Results: The association for NAFLD and probing depth was p = 0.736. The association for MetS and probing depth was p = 0.598. For NAFLD and clinical attachment loss, the association was p = 0.751. For MetS and clinical attachment loss, the association was p = 0.435. The plaque index for MetS was p = 0.238. The plaque index for NAFLD was p = 0.269. The gingival bleeding association for NAFLD was p = 0.673 and for MetS was p = 0.522. Conclusions: Periodontal clinical indicators of metabolic syndrome were as-sociated with elevated serum levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides. However, when comparing the values in NAFLD and MetS, a greater significance is evident in the first study group.

Is FSH combined with equine chorionic gonadotropin able to modify lipid metabolism in bovine superstimulated antral follicles?

Lipid metabolism is essential for ensuring oocyte maturation and embryo development. ß-Oxidized fatty acids (FA) are a potent source of energy for cells, particularly for bovine somatic follicular cells. Superstimulatory protocols using follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or FSH combined with equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) are capable of stimulating the follicular microenvironment and drive the expression of biomarker genes associated with lipid metabolism in the cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) for better embryo development. In this study, we assesed the effects of FSH and FSH/eCG protocols on the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in bovine granulosa cells (GCs). Further, we measured triglyceride levels in follicular fluid (FF) obtained from both superstimulatd and non-superstimulated cows (synchronized cows). In summary, superstimulation with gonadotropins maintained the TG levels in bovine FF and ensured GCs mRNA abundance of ACSL1, ACSL3, ACSL6, SCD, ELOVL5, ELOVL6, FASN, FADS2, and SREBP1. We, however, found the abundance of CPTIB mRNA to be lower in GCs obtained from cows subjected to FSH/eCG protocols than synchronized cows. In conclusion, the findings of this study showed that ovarian superstimulation around the preovulatory phase has a mild impact on the lipid metabolism in GCs.

Metabolic Changes Induced by Bariatric Surgery May be Mediated by PAI-1 and PCSK9 Crosstalk.

BACKGROUND: Adiposity favors several metabolic disorders with an exacerbated chronic pro-inflammatory status and tissue damage, with high levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the influence of bariatric surgery on the crosstalk between PAI-1 and PCSK9 to regulate metabolic markers. METHODS: Observational and longitudinal study of 190 patients with obesity and obesity-related comorbidities who underwent bariatric surgery. We measured, before and after bariatric surgery, the anthropometric variables and we performed biochemical analysis by standard methods (glucose, insulin, triglycerides [TG], total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C] and TG/HDL-C ratio, PAI-1 and PCSK9 were measured by ELISA). RESULTS: PAI-1 levels decreased significantly after bariatric surgery, and were positively correlated with lipids, glucose, and TG, with significance on PCSK9 and TG/HDL-C alleviating the insulin resistance (IR) and inducing a state reversal of type 2 diabetes (T2D) with a significant decrease in body weight and BMI (p <0.0001). Multivariate regression analysis predicted a functional model in which PAI-1 acts as a regulator of PCSK9 (p <0.002), TG (p <0.05), and BMI; at the same time, PCSK9 modulates LDL-C HDL-C and PAI-1. CONCLUSIONS: After bariatric surgery, we found a positive association and crosstalk between PAI-1 and PCSK9, which modulates the delicate balance of cholesterol, favoring the decrease of circulating lipids, TG, and PAI-1, which influences the glucose levels with amelioration of IR and T2D, demonstrating the crosstalk between fibrinolysis and lipid metabolism, the two main factors involved in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in human obesity.

Circulating zinc levels and cardiometabolic risk-related variables in adults / Niveles de zinc circulante y variables relacionadas con el riesgo cardiometabólico en adultos

Introduction. Altered serum zinc levels, lower and higher than values in healthy controls, have been observed in individuals affected by non-communicable chronic diseases. However, to date, studies describing potential determinants of zinc levels in general populations free of chronic diseases appear to be limited. Objective. To evaluate whether nutrient intake, biochemical and clinical measures, lifestyle, and family history of cardio-metabolic diseases are independently associated with zinc levels in apparently healthy individuals. Materials and methods. We evaluated 239 healthy subjects. Serum zinc was measured via flame atomic absorption spectrometry, and the remaining biochemical markers were assessed using enzymatic colorimetric methods. Standard techniques were employed to quantify waist circumference, height, and weight. Body fat was measured via bioimpedance, and blood pressure was measured using digital sphygmomanometers. We applied a survey to record the personal and family history of non-communicable chronic diseases, and nutrient intake was estimated using the 24-hour recall method. Results. Women had lower serum zinc levels than men. In multivariate analyzes, total fat intake (ß = -0.15; standard error = 0.03; p < 0.001), plasma log-triglycerides (ß = -10.18; standard error = 3.9; p = 0.010), and female gender (ß = -6.81; standard error = 3.3; p = 0.043) were significant predictors for serum zinc levels. Zinc intake was not significantly related to serum zinc in univariate and multivariate analyses. Conclusions. Variables related to cardiometabolic risk, such as plasma triglyceride levels and total fat intake, were associated with serum zinc levels in individuals without a diagnosis of chronic or infectious/inflammatory diseases. Further studies are required to confirm our findings and to evaluate possible biological mechanisms for these relationships.

Introducción: Se han observado niveles séricos alterados de zinc, más altos o más bajos, en personas afectadas por enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Sin embargo, la información sobre determinantes de zinc sérico en poblaciones sin enfermedad crónica es muy limitada. OBJETIVO: Evaluar si la ingestión de nutrientes, las medidas bioquímicas y clínicas, el estilo de vida y los antecedentes familiares de las enfermedades cardiometabólicas están asociados de forma independiente con los niveles de zinc en individuos aparentemente sanos. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron 239 sujetos sanos. El zinc sérico se midió por espectrometría de absorción atómica de llama y el resto de los marcadores bioquímicos por métodos enzimáticos-colorimétricos. Se utilizaron técnicas estándar para medir la antropometría. Se aplicó una encuesta para registrar antecedentes personales y familiares, y se estimó el consumo de nutrientes por recordatorio de 24 horas. RESULTADOS: Las mujeres tenían niveles séricos de zinc más bajos que los hombres. En los análisis multivariados, la ingestión total de grasas (ß = -0,15; error estándar = 0,03; p <0,001), los triglicéridos plasmáticos (ß = -10,18; error estándar = 3,9; p = 0,010), y el sexo femenino (ß = -6,81; error estándar = 3.3; p = 0,043) fueron predictores significativos de los niveles séricos de zinc. La ingestión de zinc no estuvo significativamente relacionada con el zinc sérico en los análisis univariados y multivariados. CONCLUSIONES: Las variables relacionadas con el riesgo cardiometabólico como los niveles de triglicéridos y la ingestión total de grasas se asociaron con los niveles de zinc en individuos sin diagnóstico de enfermedades crónicas o infecciosas-inflamatorias. Se requieren más estudios para confirmar estos hallazgos, así como la evaluación de los posibles mecanismos biológicos de estas relaciones.

The association between the size of adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles and fasting serum triglyceride-glucose index as proxy measures of adipose tissue insulin resistance in a rat model of early-stage obesity.

Introduction: Obesity is a complex disease that predisposes individuals to cardiometabolic alterations. It leads to adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction, which triggers insulin resistance (IR). This suggests that people with obesity develop local IR first and systemic IR later. AT secretes extracellular vesicles, which may be physiopathologically associated with the development of IR. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of a high-fat diet on different parameters of adiposity in a rat model of early-stage obesity and to determine if these parameters are associated with markers of systemic IR. In addition, we sought to explore the relationship between fasting blood measures of IR (Triglycerides/High Density Lipoprotein-cholesterol [TAG/HDL-c] and Triglycerides-Glucose Index [TyG Index]) with the size of adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (adEV). Methods: We used a model of diet-induced obesity for ten weeks in Wistar rats exposed to a high-fat diet. Final weight gain was analyzed by Dual X-ray absorptiometry. Visceral obesity was measured as epididymal AT weight. IR was evaluated with fasting TyG Index & TAG/HDL-c, and adEV were isolated from mature adipocytes on ceiling culture. Results: In the high-fat diet group, glucose and triglyceride blood concentrations were higher in comparison to the control group (Log2FC, 0.5 and 1.5 times higher, respectively). The values for TyG Index and adEV size were different between the control animals and the high-fat diet group. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that adEV size can be significantly associated with the TyG Index value, when controlling for epididymal AT weight. Conclusion: Our results show that lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as the size and zeta potential of adEV are already altered in early-stage obesity and that adEV size can be significantly associated with liver and systemic IR, estimated by TyG Index.

Germline variant analysis from a cohort of patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia in Brazil.

Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is a common dyslipidemia associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and pancreatitis. It is well stablished that the severe cases of disease often present with an underlying genetic cause. In this study, we determined the frequency and variation spectrum of genes involved in the triglyceride metabolism in a series of Brazilian patients with severe HTG. A total of 212 patients with very high HTG, defined with fasting triglycerides (TG) ≥ 880 mg/ dL, that underwent a multi-gene panel testing were included in this research. Germline deleterious variants (i.e. Pathogenic/Likely Pathogenic (P/LP) variants) were identified in 28 out of 212 patients, reflecting an overall diagnostic yield of 13% in our cohort. Variants of unknown significance (VUS) were identified in 87 patients, and represent 80% of detected variants in this dataset. We confirm the LPL as the most frequently mutated gene in patients with severe HTG, and we had only one suspected case of familial chylomicronemia syndrome, caused by a homozygous variant in LMF1, in our cohort. Notably, we report 16 distinct and novel variants (P/LP and VUS), each of them representing a single case, not previously reported in any public databases or other studies. Our data expand our knowledge of genetic variation spectrum in patients with severe HTG in the Brazilian population, often underrepresented in public genomic databases, being also a valuable clinical resource for genetic counseling and healthcare programs in the country.

The Impact of a Nutritional Intervention on Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Risk Markers in Type 2 Diabetes.

INTRODUCTION: Nutritional management plays a crucial role in treating patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), working to prevent and control the progression of chronic non-communicable diseases. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of individualized nutritional interventions on weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), fasting blood glucose (FBG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TGs), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR)} over 12 months and subsequently at follow-up (15 months). METHODS: This longitudinal experimental study (without randomization and blinding) enrolled 84 sedentary participants with T2D (both sexes, aged 18-80 years). They were divided into a control group of 40 participants who received only medical consultations, and an intervention group of 44 participants who received the same medical care along with a nutritional assessment. Consultations occurred quarterly from August 2020 to November 2022 (first-twelfth month), with six to nine patients per session. Subsequently, a follow-up was conducted from December 2022 to November 2023, during which the intervention group had only medical care (during the 12th-15th months). Personalized dietary planning was inspired by the Mediterranean/DASH diets adapted to Brazilian foods and socioeconomic cultures. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Normal variables were compared between groups for each time point and also within each group across different time points using a two-way ANOVA (repeated measures for intragroup) followed by the Sídák post hoc test. Non-normal variables were compared between groups for each time point using Kruskal-Wallis followed by the Dunn post hoc test, and within each group across different time points using Friedman followed by the Dunn post hoc test. Data with a Gaussian distribution were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), and data with a non-Gaussian distribution were presented as median ± interquartile range (IQR). For all cases, α < 0.05 and p < 0.05 were adopted. RESULTS: In the intervention group, significant reductions were observed between the first and twelfth month for all parameters (p < 0.05), (except for TC), along with an increase in HDL-C (p = 0.0105). Conversely, in the control group, there was a significant increase in HbA1c, weight, BMI, FBG, and WHR (p < 0.05) between the first and twelfth months. Regarding the comparison between groups, there was a significant difference for all analyzed parameters (p < 0.05) from the first to the twelfth month. In the follow-up, differences were also observed (p < 0.05), except for BMI (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The individualized nutritional intervention improved eating habits, anthropometric, biochemical, and cardiovascular markers in T2D over 12 months, with sustained results during follow-up. The dietary plan inspired by the Mediterranean and DASH diets demonstrated good adaptation to the Brazilian food culture and the patients' socioeconomic contexts. Consistent monitoring and personalized nutritional management are essential for optimizing long-term outcomes. However, more clinical trials are necessary in order to optimize the level of evidence for longitudinal interventions.

Diagnostic Accuracy of the Triglyceride-Glucose Index (TyG), TyG Body Mass Index, and TyG Waist Circumference Index for Liver Steatosis Detection.

BACKGROUND: The triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) and a combination of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) have been proposed as predictive scores for liver steatosis (LS). The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of these indices compared with controlled attenuation parameters (CAPs) and other predictive scores of LS. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of patients who attended a check-up unit in 2021 was performed. LS was determined by CAP. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters for calculating TyG, TyG-BMI, TyG-WC, fatty liver index, and hepatic steatosis index were obtained. ROC curve was used to establish the best cut-off point of each TyG index for LS detection. The accuracy was determined for all patients, as well as for overweight and diabetic patients. RESULTS: Medical records of 855 patients with a median age of 48 [IQR, 44-54] years and a BMI of 25.7 [IQR 23.4-28.1] kg/m2 were included. According to CAP, LS prevalence was 31.8% (n = 272). TyG-BMI and TyG-WC show better AUCs compared with CAP (0.82, 0.81), FLI (0.96, both), and HSI (0.93, 0.85). For diabetic patients, TyG-WC shows an AUC of 0.70. Meanwhile, TyG-BMI shows better accuracy (0.75) compared with CAP. CONCLUSIONS: TyG-BMI and TyG-WC showed a superior predictive accuracy for detecting LS compared with the TyG index.

Association between intuitive eating and health outcomes in outpatients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the association between intuitive eating and health outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes in a cross-sectional study. METHODS: Consecutively, outpatients attending at university hospital underwent clinical, laboratory, lifestyle, and eating behavior evaluations. Intuitive eating was assessed using the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2), and the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire-21 was adopted as a confirmatory tool for disordered eating behavior. Optimized health outcomes were considered according to the American Diabetes Association criteria for BMI, HbA1c, lipid profile, and blood pressure values, and the International Diabetes Federation criteria for waist circumference. Considering the answers of the IES-2 items, patients were grouped by latent class analysis, and their characteristics were compared by appropriate tests. RESULTS: In total, 267 patients were evaluated: 62.2% women, with 60 (53-65) years, BMI 31.9 ± 5.4 kg/m², diabetes duration of 16 ± 9 years, HbA1c 8.5 ± 1.5%, and an IES-2 total score of 58 (50-67)%. Three intuitive eating groups were identified: higher intuitive eating, nonemotional-oriented coping, and lower intuitive eating. Patients with higher intuitive eating have higher chances of having optimized BMI and serum triglycerides values compared to patients with lower intuitive eating. Also, the 10-point increase on IES-2 was associated with a 0.62 kg/m² reduction on BMI values (95%CI -1.18;-0.06), 1.90 cm on waist circumference (95%CI -3.26;-0.54), and 23 mg/dL in serum triglycerides values (95%CI -38.27;-7.40) after adjustment for age, sex, psychotropic drug use, medication effect score, smoking, and BMI. CONCLUSION: Intuitive eating seems to be associated with optimized health outcomes and may contribute to better personalized interventions in nutritional treatment that promote adaptive behaviors in diabetes management, but should be tested.

Physicochemical properties, metabolomic analysis, antioxidant and lipid - lowering activity of a functional beverage based on cocona (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal) / Propiedades fisicoquímicas, análisis metabolómico, actividad antioxidante e hipolipemiante de una bebida funcional a base de cocona (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal)

The physicochemical, microbiological and metabolomics analysis, antioxidant and lipid - lowering effect, and shelf life prediction of a functional beverage based on cocona pul p of SRN9 ecotype was to carry out. According to the results obtained, the beverage complies with all the characteristics of the Peruvian technical standard for juices, nectars and fruit beverages NTP 203.110:2009 and is within the limits established by th e sanitary technical standard NTS N° 071 - MINSA/DIGESA - V.01, with a shelf - life period of 4 months and 1 day. The metabolome regarding bioactive compounds showed the presence of 30 compounds, including several glycosylated flavonols, two flavanols, and two s permidines. Likewise, showed a lipid - lowering effect statistically significant (p < 0.05) about the serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides, with a mean reduction of 41.52 mg/dL for total cholesterol levels and 130.80 mg/dL for triglyceride lev els. This beverage could be an alternative for the treatment of atherosclerosis and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

Se rea lizó el análisis fisicoquímico, microbiológico y metabolómico, efecto antioxidante e hipolipemiante, y vida útil de una bebida funcional a base de cocona ecotipo SRN9. De acuerdo a los resultados, la bebida cumple con las características de la norma técnic a peruana para jugos, néctares y bebidas de frutas NTP 203.110:2009 y se encuentra dentro de los límites establecidos por la norma técnica sanitaria NTS N° 071 - MINSA/DIGESA - V.01, con una vida útil de 4 meses y 1 día. Del perfil metabolómico se identificaro n 30 compuestos, entre ellos varios flavonoles glicosilados, dos flavanoles y dos espermidinas. Asimismo, mostró un efecto hipolipemiante estadísticamente significativo (p < 0,05) sobre los niveles séricos de colesterol total y triglicéridos, con una reduc ción media de 41,52 mg/dL y de 130,80 mg/dL para los niveles de colesterol total y de triglicéridos, respectivamente. Esta bebida podría ser una alternativa para el tratamiento de la aterosclerosis y prevención de enfermedades cardiovasculares.

Modulación por Passiflora edulis de triglicéridos y colesterol intracelulares en líneas celulares de cáncer colorrectal SW480 y sus derivadas metastásicas (SW620) / Modulation by Passiflora edulis of intracellular triglycerides and cholesterol in SW480 col orectal cancer cell lines and their metastatic derivatives (SW620)

Cancer cells modify lipid metabolism to proliferate, Passiflora edulis ( P. edulis ) fruit juice (ZuFru) has antitumor activity, but whether a mechanism is through modulation of cell lipids is unknown. T o establish if ZuFru modifies cholesterol and triglycerides in SW480 and SW620. ZuFru composition was studied by phytochemical march; antiproliferative activity by sulforhodamine B, cholesterol , and triglycerides by Folch method. Z ufru contains anthocyanins, flavonoids, alkaloids , and tannins. Cell lines showed differences in their growth rate ( p =0.049). At 39.6 µg/m L of ZuFru, cell viability was decreased: SW480 (45.6%) and SW620 (45.1%). In SW480, cholesterol (44.6%) and triglycerides (46.5%) decreased; In SW620, cholesterol decreased 14.8% and triglycerides increased 7%, with significant differences for both lines. A ntiproliferative activity of ZuFru could be associated with the inhibition of intracellular biosynthesis of cholesterol and triglycerides in SW480. Action mechanisms need to be further investigated.

Las células cancerosas modifican el metabolismo lipídico para proliferar; el zumo de fruta (ZuFru) de Passiflora edulis ( P. edulis ) tiene activida d antitumoral, sin embargo, se desconoce si se involucran los lípidos celulares. E stablecer si ZuFru modifica colesterol y triglicéridos en células SW480 y SW620. C omposición del ZuFru, actividad antiproliferativa, colesterol y triglicéridos. Se encontraro n antocianinas, flavonoides, alcaloides y taninos. Las líneas celulares mostraron diferencias en su tasa de crecimiento ( p =0 . 049); ZuFru 39,6 µg/ml se disminuyó la viabilidad celular; SW480 (45,6%) y SW620 (45,1%); en SW480 colesterol (44,6%) y triglicérid os (46,5%) en SW620, colesterol (14,8%) y los triglicéridos aumentaron 7%, con diferencias significativas para ambas líneas. La actividad antiproliferativa del ZuFru podría estar asociada a la inhibición de la biosíntesis intracelular de colesterol y de tr iglicéridos en SW480, pero no en SW620. Estos mecanismos de acción deben ser fuertemente investigados.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of serum lipid concentrations in people with Down syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Down syndrome (DS) is the most prevalent chromosomal disorder, being the leading cause of intellectual disability. The increased life expectancy of individuals with DS has led to a shift in the incidence of non-communicable chronic diseases, resulting in new concerns, particularly cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Alzheimer's disease. This study aimed to analyse the blood lipid profile of a large DS cohort to establish a baseline for evaluating health risk parameters. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed and Virtual Health Library databases to identify original articles published before July 2022. Selected studies were included in the meta-analysis. RESULTS: Fifteen studies reporting serum lipid levels in individuals with DS were incorporated into the analysis. The meta-analysis used the means and standard deviations extracted from the selected studies. The analysis encompassed 671 participants in the DS group and 898 euploid controls. The results indicated significant differences in total cholesterol [C] (mean difference [MD]: -3.34; CI: 95%: -4.94 to -1.73; P < 0.0001), HDL-C (MD: -3.39; CI: 95%: -6.72 to -0.06; P = 0.05) and triglycerides (MD: 21.48; CI: 95%: 9.32 to 33.65; P = 0.0005) levels between individuals with DS and their control counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with DS have less favourable blood lipid concentrations than their controls, particularly HDL-C, triglycerides, and total-C, even when grouped by age. These findings underscore the importance of closer monitoring of lipid profiles in people with DS and the necessity for specific cut-offs for this population, considering the risk for ischemic heart and Alzheimer's diseases.

Ketogenic diets: A systematic review of current scientific evidence and possible applicability in dogs and cats.

Ketogenic diets (KD) have been used in the treatment of epilepsy in humans for around a century and, more recently, they have been implanted for cancer patients, as well as in the treatment of obesity. This type of diet consists of high-fat levels, an adequate amount of protein and restricted carbohydrates, or high medium-chain triglycerides. Recently, the ketogenic diet has gained attention in veterinary medicine and studies were published evaluating the effects of KD in dogs with epilepsy. The objective of this review was to highlight recent studies about the application of KD in dogs and cats, to describe the neurobiochemical mechanisms through which KD improves epilepsy crisis, and their adverse effects. Studies were identified by a systematic review of literature available on PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. All cohort and case-control studies were included, and all articles were exported to Mendeley® citation manager, and duplicates were automatically removed. Seven articles and three conference abstracts conducted with dogs were included in the present study. There is evidence that the consumption of diets with medium-chain triglycerides increases the concentration of circulating ketone bodies and improves epilepsy signs, although these diets have higher carbohydrate and lower fat content when compared to the classic KD.

Rendimiento diagnóstico de once indicadores para resistencia a la insulina en una muestra de pobladores peruanos

Introducción: La resistencia a la insulina (RI) es una de las principales causas del desarrollo de patologías crónicas. Es indispensable su detección temprana, por ello es importante estudiar métodos más asequibles y menos costosos como los biomarcadores. Objetivo: Determinar la precisión diagnóstica de once biomarcadores para RI en una muestra de pobladores peruanos. Metodología: Estudio de pruebas diagnósticas. Análisis de base de datos secundario del estudio PERU MIGRANT. Para medir RI se utilizó como referencia la evaluación del modelo homeostático (HOMA-IR) ≥ 2,8. Los biomarcadores se basaron en la ratio de lípidos, los indicadores de lípido visceral, los indicadores con triglicéridos y glucosa (TyG), y los indicadores con cintura abdominal. Para la precisión se utilizó el análisis de la curva de características operativas del receptor y el área bajo la curva (AUC) con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Se estudió a 938 participantes. La prevalencia de RI fue del 9,91%. En relación con el análisis ROC, el índice TyG - índice de masa corporal (TyG - IMC) tuvo el mayor AUC, tanto en hombres: AUC=0,85 (0,81 - 0,90), corte=241,55; sens=92,5 (79,6 - 98,4) y esp=78,3 (73,9 - 82,2); como en mujeres: AUC=0,81 (0,76 - 0,85), corte=258,77; sens=79,2 (70,3 - 86,5) y esp= 82,1 (78,0 - 85,8). Discusión: Según los datos analizados, el índice TyG-IMC es el mejor indicador para medir RI. Es un índice simple que se puede tomar de manera rutinaria en la práctica clínica diaria. Es conveniente añadir futuros estudios prospectivos que confirmen su capacidad predictiva.

Introduction: Insulin resistance (IR) is one of the main causes of chronic disease. Early detection is essential, which is why it is important to study more affordable and less expensive methods, such as biomarkers. Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of 11 biomarkers of IR in a sample of Peruvian residents. Method: diagnostic tests. Secondary Database Analysis of the PERU-MIGRANT Study. To measure RI, a homeostatic model evaluation (HOMA-IR) ≥ 2.8 was used as a reference. Biomarkers were based on the lipid ratio, visceral lipid indicators, indicators of triglycerides and glucose (TyG), and indicators of abdominal waist. For precision, the receiver operating characteristic curve and area under the curve (AUC) with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were used. Results: A total of 938 participants were studied. The prevalence of IR was 9.91%. In relation to the ROC analysis, the TyG index - body mass index (TyG - BMI) had the highest AUC, both in men: AUC=0.85 (0.81 - 0.90), cut-off=241.55; sens=92.5 (79.6 - 98.4) and sp=78.3 (73.9 - 82.2); as in women: AUC=0.81 (0.76 - 0.85), cut-off=258.77; sens=79.2 (70.3 - 86.5) and esp= 82.1 (78.0 - 85.8). Discussion: According to the data analyzed, the TyG-IMC index is the best indicator for measuring IR. It is a simple index that can be routinely used in clinical practice. Future prospective studies are needed to confirm its predictive capacity.

Association between biomarkers of redox status and cytokines with different patterns of habitual physical activity in eutrophic and overweight/obese preschoolers: multivariate analysis of a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Although it is well known that obesity is frequently associated with reduced levels of habitual physical activity (HPA), which contributes to determining severe oxidative stress and inflammatory state, this association is however unknown in preschoolers so far. This study aimed to investigate the association between biomarkers of redox status and cytokines with different patterns of HPA according to the adiposity of preschoolers. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 50 preschoolers (25 overweight/obese, OW/OB and 25 eutrophic, EU), matched for age, sex, economic level, and maternal education. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, substances reactive to thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors (sTNFRs), and leptin levels were evaluated. HPA levels were evaluated by accelerometry (ActiGraph GT9X accelerometer). Correlation, multiple linear regression, and partial least squares regression analysis were used to determine the association between redox status biomarkers and cytokines with different patterns of HPA (HPA level, bouts of moderate to vigorous physical activity [MVPA], and multivariate pattern of HPA) in EU and OW/OB preschoolers. RESULTS: OW/OB preschoolers had lower CAT activity, higher levels of TAC, TBARS, and cytokines, and similar levels of HPA to EU preschoolers. In EU preschoolers, SOD activity exhibited a stronger negative association with moderate intensity ranges of HPA (R2 = 0.18), and negative correlation with sTNFRs (r = -0.40 to -0.46). TBARS had a stronger positive association with ranges of light intensity in the multivariate pattern of HPA (R2 = 0.10). In OW/OB preschoolers, the HPA multivariate associative pattern was predominantly from vigorous intensity ranges. Thus, SOD activity had a positive association with the multivariate pattern of HPA (R2 = 0.38) and MVPA bouts (ß [95% CI] = 0.457 [0.0026. 0.0576]). TAC had a negative association with the multivariate pattern of HPA (R2 = 0.38) and MVPA bouts (ß [95% CI] = -0.718 [-0.0025. -0.0003]). Additionally, leptin levels were lower in OW/OB preschoolers engaged in vigorous physical activity (VPA) (8000-9999 counts/min) for longer periods of time. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that OW/OB preschoolers have higher levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to EU preschoolers. Moreover, VPA may exert antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in OW/OB preschoolers.

Lipid Production from Native Oleaginous Yeasts Isolated from Southern Chilean Soil Cultivated in Industrial Vinasse Residues.

In this research, six strains of oleaginous yeasts native to southern Chile were analyzed for their biotechnological potential in lipid accumulation. For this purpose, the six strains, named PP1, PP4, PR4, PR10, PR27 and PR29, were cultivated in a nitrogen-deficient synthetic mineral medium (SMM). Then, two strains were selected and cultivated in an industrial residual "vinasse", under different conditions of temperature (°C), pH and carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio. Finally, under optimized conditions, the growth kinetics and determination of the lipid profile were evaluated. The results of growth in the SMM indicate that yeasts PP1 and PR27 presented biomass concentrations and lipid accumulation percentages of 2.73 and 4.3 g/L of biomass and 36.6% and 45.3% lipids, respectively. Subsequently, for both strains, when cultured in the residual vinasse under optimized environmental conditions, biomass concentrations of 14.8 ± 1.51 g/L (C/N 80) and 15.83 ± 0.57 g/L (C/N 50) and lipid accumulations of 28% and 30% were obtained for PP1 and PR27, respectively. The composition of the triglycerides (TGs), obtained in the culture of the yeasts in a 2 L reactor, presented 64.25% of saturated fatty acids for strain PR27 and 47.18% for strain PP1. The saturated fatty acid compositions in both strains are mainly constituted of fatty acids, myristic C 14:0, heptadecanoic C 17:0, palmitic C 16:0 and stearic C 18:0, and the monounsaturated fatty acids constituted of oleic acid C 18:1 (cis 9) (28-46%), and in smaller amounts, palmitoleic acid and heptadecenoic acid. This work demonstrates that the native yeast strains PP1 and PR27 are promising strains for the production of microbial oils similar to conventional vegetable oils. The potential applications in the energy or food industries, such as aquaculture, are conceivable.

Metabolic Responses of the Microalga Neochloris oleoabundans to Extracellular Self- and Nonself-DNA.

Stressed organisms identify intracellular molecules released from damaged cells due to trauma or pathogen infection as components of the innate immune response. These molecules called DAMPs (Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns) are extracellular ATP, sugars, and extracellular DNA, among others. Animals and plants can recognize their own DNA applied externally (self-exDNA) as a DAMP with a high degree of specificity. However, little is known about the microalgae responses to damage when exposed to DAMPs and specifically to self-exDNAs. Here we compared the response of the oilseed microalgae Neochloris oleoabundans to self-exDNA, with the stress responses elicited by nonself-exDNA, methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). We analyzed the peroxidase enzyme activity related to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as the production of polyphenols, lipids, triacylglycerols, and phytohormones. After 5 min of addition, self-exDNA induced peroxidase enzyme activity higher than the other elicitors. Polyphenols and lipids were increased by self-exDNA at 48 and 24 h, respectively. Triacylglycerols were increased with all elicitors from addition and up to 48 h, except with nonself-exDNA. Regarding phytohormones, self-exDNA and MeJA increased gibberellic acid, isopentenyladenine, and benzylaminopurine at 24 h. Results show that Neochloris oleoabundans have self-exDNA specific responses.

The Role of Metabolic Syndrome Components in Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Adolescents: A Case-Control Study

Abstract Introduction Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its associated components were reported as a possible cause of inner ear dysfunction. However, research about the influence of cardiovascular risk factors on hearing thresholds are conducted mainly in adult patients. Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate auditory function in adolescents with MetS compared with healthy controls. Methods One hundred adolescents with metabolic syndrome and 200 sex- and age-matched controls were recruited from a university pediatric endocrine clinic from May 2018 to July 2020. Hearing loss was defined as hearing level ≥ 15 dB at speech frequency (SFHL) or high frequency (HFHL) in one or both ears. A multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis examined the correlation between MetS components and several important demographic characteristics, and hearing loss. Results A total of 165 (55.0%) boys and 135 (45.0%) girls participated in this study. The rates of SFHL and HFHL in adolescents with MetS were 32.0% and 51.0%, respectively. Those values for controls were 5.0% and 15.5%, respectively. The regression analysis showed high triglycerides as a significant predictor for SFHL (odds ratio 10.87; 95% confidence interval: 1.98, 59.74). Neither predictor of interest was significant for HFHL. Conclusion Hypertriglyceridemia may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of SFHL. However, the strength of the association was not significant with a wide confidence interval. Also, we were unable to find an association between predictors and HFHL with the current sample size. Larger and prospective studies are recommended.

The Role of Metabolic Syndrome Components in Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Adolescents: A Case-Control Study.

Introduction Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its associated components were reported as a possible cause of inner ear dysfunction. However, research about the influence of cardiovascular risk factors on hearing thresholds are conducted mainly in adult patients. Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate auditory function in adolescents with MetS compared with healthy controls. Methods One hundred adolescents with metabolic syndrome and 200 sex- and age-matched controls were recruited from a university pediatric endocrine clinic from May 2018 to July 2020. Hearing loss was defined as hearing level ≥ 15 dB at speech frequency (SFHL) or high frequency (HFHL) in one or both ears. A multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis examined the correlation between MetS components and several important demographic characteristics, and hearing loss. Results A total of 165 (55.0%) boys and 135 (45.0%) girls participated in this study. The rates of SFHL and HFHL in adolescents with MetS were 32.0% and 51.0%, respectively. Those values for controls were 5.0% and 15.5%, respectively. The regression analysis showed high triglycerides as a significant predictor for SFHL (odds ratio 10.87; 95% confidence interval: 1.98, 59.74). Neither predictor of interest was significant for HFHL. Conclusion Hypertriglyceridemia may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of SFHL. However, the strength of the association was not significant with a wide confidence interval. Also, we were unable to find an association between predictors and HFHL with the current sample size. Larger and prospective studies are recommended.