Evaluation of sulfadimidine, amprolium and triquen to treat coccidiosis in wild pigeons / Avaliação da sulfadimidina, amprólio e triquenho no tratamento da coccidiose em pombos selvagens de Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

Coccidiosis remains one of the major problems in poultry all over the world. Very limited data on anticoccidial drugs in wild pigeons is available. The current study was aimed to understand the comparative efficacy of sulfadimidine, amprolium and triquen in wild pigeons of Dir district, Pakistan suffering from coccidiosis. The faecal matter of wild pigeons were purchased from the local market for coccidian infection. Results revealed that 88.8% (16/18) were found infected with Eimeria spp. Three positive groups were treated with sulfadimidine (0.2mg/L), amprolium (25mg/L) and triquen. Sulfadimidine was most effective (45%) followed by amprolium (44.6%) while triquen (24.0%) showed less effectiveness against coccidiosis in pigeons. Number of oocysts were 79, 81 and 80 before treatment and 60, 44 and 44 after treatment with sulfadimidine, amprolium and triquen respectively. This study showed that sulphadimidine, amprolium and triquen could not significantly reduce the coccidiosis in pigeons. Further studies are required to clear the mechanism of anti-coccidial drugs in wild pigeons.

A coccidiose continua sendo um dos maiores problemas em aves de todo o mundo. Dados muito limitados sobre drogas anticoccidiais em pombos selvagens estão disponíveis. O presente estudo teve como objetivo compreender a eficácia comparativa da sulfadimidina, amprólio e triquenho em pombos selvagens do distrito de Dir, no Paquistão, que sofrem de coccidiose. A matéria fecal dos pombos selvagens foi comprada no mercado local para infecção por coccídios. Os resultados revelaram que 88,8% (16/18) foram encontrados infectados com Eimeria spp. Três grupos positivos foram tratados com sulfadimidina (0,2mg / L), amprólio (25mg / L) e triquenho. A sulfadimidina foi mais eficaz (45%), seguida pelo amprólio (44,6%), enquanto o triquenho (24,0%) apresentou menor efetividade contra a coccidiose em pombos. O número de oocistos foram 79, 81 e 80 antes do tratamento e 60, 44 e 44 após o tratamento com sulfadimidina, amprólio e triquenho, respectivamente. Este estudo mostrou que sulphadimidine, amprolium e triquen não poderiam reduzir significativamente a coccidiose em pombos. Mais estudos são necessários para limpar o mecanismo de drogas anticoccidiais em pombos selvagens.

Evaluation of different transmission routes of Cystoisospora suis in a farm using prophylactic toltrazuril / Avaliação de diferentes vias de transmissão de Cystoisospora suis em uma granja utilizando toltrazuril profilático

Coccidiosis is an enteric disease caused by protozoa, especially Cystoisospora suis which can lead to large losses in production. Its transmission occurs through different routes, mainly affecting piglets in the first weeks of life and normally progressing with diarrhea unresponsive to antibiotic therapy. The objective of this work was to evaluate, in two seasons of the year, the occurrence of C. suis in piglets and sows, the transmission routes and source of infection and the influence of the preventive use of toltrazuril on these epidemiological parameters. Two experiments were carried out, the first being in winter; under the influence of prophylactic use of toltrazuril; and the second in the summer, six months after the suspension of the prophylactic use of toltrazuril. The study included 36 sows (18 controls, 18 treated toltrazuril). The following samples were collected: rest of the sows, water from the individual drinkers in each cage, organic swabs present in the keepers' shoes, environmental swabs pre and housing, present in the cages in the rooms and accumulations of the maternity cage. As were disclosed to coproparaological and PCR exams. The presence of C. bebe ocysts is the winter and summer control following samples: sow feces (2.84%) of the winter and summer control groups (7.60%) of the winter and summer treated groups and the treated group winter and summer, rectal swabs from litters (9.03%) in the control and treated groups in winter, collected from the environment (20.22%) from all groups. Like others, they were negative for the presence of the parasite. There was no difference between the control and toltrazuril groups and no positive samples were observed in the summer. The possible route of transmission of the agent in the present work was the water from the douros. Preventive therapy with toltrazuril in farms with low infection pressure is not necessary to control C. suis.(AU)

A coccidiose é uma doença entérica, causada por protozoários, destacando o Cystoisospora suis que pode levar a grandes perdas na produção. Sua transmissão ocorre por diferentes rotas, afetando principalmente leitões nas primeiras semanas de vida e cursando normalmente com quadros de diarreia não responsivos à antibioticoterapia. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar, em duas estações do ano, a ocorrência de C. suis em leitões e matrizes, as vias de transmissão e fonte de infecção e a influência do uso preventivo do toltrazuril sobre estes parâmetros epidemiológicos, Dois experimentos foram realizados, sendo o primeiro no inverno; sob efeito do uso profilático do toltrazuril; e o segundo no verão, seis meses após a suspensão do uso profilático do toltrazuril. O estudo incluiu 36 porcas (18 controles, 18 tratadas com toltrazuril). As seguintes amostras foram coletadas: fezes das porcas, água dos bebedouros individuais de cada gaiola, suabes retais de cada leitegada, resíduos orgânicos presentes no calçado dos tratadores, suabes ambientais pré e pós alojamento, insetos presentes nas salas analisadas e fezes acumuladas nas gaiolas da maternidade. As amostras foram submetidas a exames coproparasitológicos e PCR. A presença de oocistos de C. suis foi detectada nas seguintes amostras: fezes das porcas (2,84%) dos grupos controle do inverno e verão, água dos bebedouros (7,60%) dos grupos tratado do inverno e verão e do grupo controle do verão, suabes retais das leitegadas (9,03%) nos grupos controle e tratado no inverno, fezes coletadas do ambiente (20,22%) de todos os grupos. As outras amostras foram negativas para a presença do parasita. Não houve diferença entre o grupo controle e tratado e não foram observadas amostras positivas no verão. A possível via de transmissão do agente no presente trabalho foi a água dos bebedouros. A terapia preventiva com toltrazuril em granjas com baixa pressão de infecção não é necessária para o controle de C. suis.(AU)

Evaluation of sulfadimidine, amprolium and triquen to treat coccidiosis in wild pigeons / Avaliação da sulfadimidina, amprólio e triquenho no tratamento da coccidiose em pombos selvagens de Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

Coccidiosis remains one of the major problems in poultry all over the world. Very limited data on anticoccidial drugs in wild pigeons is available. The current study was aimed to understand the comparative efficacy of sulfadimidine, amprolium and triquen in wild pigeons of Dir district, Pakistan suffering from coccidiosis. The faecal matter of wild pigeons were purchased from the local market for coccidian infection. Results revealed that 88.8% (16/18) were found infected with Eimeria spp. Three positive groups were treated with sulfadimidine (0.2mg/L), amprolium (25mg/L) and triquen. Sulfadimidine was most effective (45%) followed by amprolium (44.6%) while triquen (24.0%) showed less effectiveness against coccidiosis in pigeons. Number of oocysts were 79, 81 and 80 before treatment and 60, 44 and 44 after treatment with sulfadimidine, amprolium and triquen respectively. This study showed that sulphadimidine, amprolium and triquen could not significantly reduce the coccidiosis in pigeons. Further studies are required to clear the mechanism of anti-coccidial drugs in wild pigeons.(AU)

A coccidiose continua sendo um dos maiores problemas em aves de todo o mundo. Dados muito limitados sobre drogas anticoccidiais em pombos selvagens estão disponíveis. O presente estudo teve como objetivo compreender a eficácia comparativa da sulfadimidina, amprólio e triquenho em pombos selvagens do distrito de Dir, no Paquistão, que sofrem de coccidiose. A matéria fecal dos pombos selvagens foi comprada no mercado local para infecção por coccídios. Os resultados revelaram que 88,8% (16/18) foram encontrados infectados com Eimeria spp. Três grupos positivos foram tratados com sulfadimidina (0,2mg / L), amprólio (25mg / L) e triquenho. A sulfadimidina foi mais eficaz (45%), seguida pelo amprólio (44,6%), enquanto o triquenho (24,0%) apresentou menor efetividade contra a coccidiose em pombos. O número de oocistos foram 79, 81 e 80 antes do tratamento e 60, 44 e 44 após o tratamento com sulfadimidina, amprólio e triquenho, respectivamente. Este estudo mostrou que sulphadimidine, amprolium e triquen não poderiam reduzir significativamente a coccidiose em pombos. Mais estudos são necessários para limpar o mecanismo de drogas anticoccidiais em pombos selvagens.(AU)

Evaluation of sulfadimidine, amprolium and triquen to treat coccidiosis in wild pigeons / Avaliação da sulfadimidina, amprólio e triquenho no tratamento da coccidiose em pombos selvagens de Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

Coccidiosis remains one of the major problems in poultry all over the world. Very limited data on anticoccidial drugs in wild pigeons is available. The current study was aimed to understand the comparative efficacy of sulfadimidine, amprolium and triquen in wild pigeons of Dir district, Pakistan suffering from coccidiosis. The faecal matter of wild pigeons were purchased from the local market for coccidian infection. Results revealed that 88.8% (16/18) were found infected with Eimeria spp. Three positive groups were treated with sulfadimidine (0.2mg/L), amprolium (25mg/L) and triquen. Sulfadimidine was most effective (45%) followed by amprolium (44.6%) while triquen (24.0%) showed less effectiveness against coccidiosis in pigeons. Number of oocysts were 79, 81 and 80 before treatment and 60, 44 and 44 after treatment with sulfadimidine, amprolium and triquen respectively. This study showed that sulphadimidine, amprolium and triquen could not significantly reduce the coccidiosis in pigeons. Further studies are required to clear the mechanism of anti-coccidial drugs in wild pigeons.

A coccidiose continua sendo um dos maiores problemas em aves de todo o mundo. Dados muito limitados sobre drogas anticoccidiais em pombos selvagens estão disponíveis. O presente estudo teve como objetivo compreender a eficácia comparativa da sulfadimidina, amprólio e triquenho em pombos selvagens do distrito de Dir, no Paquistão, que sofrem de coccidiose. A matéria fecal dos pombos selvagens foi comprada no mercado local para infecção por coccídios. Os resultados revelaram que 88,8% (16/18) foram encontrados infectados com Eimeria spp. Três grupos positivos foram tratados com sulfadimidina (0,2mg / L), amprólio (25mg / L) e triquenho. A sulfadimidina foi mais eficaz (45%), seguida pelo amprólio (44,6%), enquanto o triquenho (24,0%) apresentou menor efetividade contra a coccidiose em pombos. O número de oocistos foram 79, 81 e 80 antes do tratamento e 60, 44 e 44 após o tratamento com sulfadimidina, amprólio e triquenho, respectivamente. Este estudo mostrou que sulphadimidine, amprolium e triquen não poderiam reduzir significativamente a coccidiose em pombos. Mais estudos são necessários para limpar o mecanismo de drogas anticoccidiais em pombos selvagens.

Evaluation of sulfadimidine, amprolium and triquen to treat coccidiosis in wild pigeons

Abstract Coccidiosis remains one of the major problems in poultry all over the world. Very limited data on anticoccidial drugs in wild pigeons is available. The current study was aimed to understand the comparative efficacy of sulfadimidine, amprolium and triquen in wild pigeons of Dir district, Pakistan suffering from coccidiosis. The faecal matter of wild pigeons were purchased from the local market for coccidian infection. Results revealed that 88.8% (16/18) were found infected with Eimeria spp. Three positive groups were treated with sulfadimidine (0.2mg/L), amprolium (25mg/L) and triquen. Sulfadimidine was most effective (45%) followed by amprolium (44.6%) while triquen (24.0%) showed less effectiveness against coccidiosis in pigeons. Number of oocysts were 79, 81 and 80 before treatment and 60, 44 and 44 after treatment with sulfadimidine, amprolium and triquen respectively. This study showed that sulphadimidine, amprolium and triquen could not significantly reduce the coccidiosis in pigeons. Further studies are required to clear the mechanism of anti-coccidial drugs in wild pigeons.

Resumo A coccidiose continua sendo um dos maiores problemas em aves de todo o mundo. Dados muito limitados sobre drogas anticoccidiais em pombos selvagens estão disponíveis. O presente estudo teve como objetivo compreender a eficácia comparativa da sulfadimidina, amprólio e triquenho em pombos selvagens do distrito de Dir, no Paquistão, que sofrem de coccidiose. A matéria fecal dos pombos selvagens foi comprada no mercado local para infecção por coccídios. Os resultados revelaram que 88,8% (16/18) foram encontrados infectados com Eimeria spp. Três grupos positivos foram tratados com sulfadimidina (0,2mg / L), amprólio (25mg / L) e triquenho. A sulfadimidina foi mais eficaz (45%), seguida pelo amprólio (44,6%), enquanto o triquenho (24,0%) apresentou menor efetividade contra a coccidiose em pombos. O número de oocistos foram 79, 81 e 80 antes do tratamento e 60, 44 e 44 após o tratamento com sulfadimidina, amprólio e triquenho, respectivamente. Este estudo mostrou que sulphadimidine, amprolium e triquen não poderiam reduzir significativamente a coccidiose em pombos. Mais estudos são necessários para limpar o mecanismo de drogas anticoccidiais em pombos selvagens.

Survey of coccidia on commercial broiler farms in Colombia: frequency of Eimeria species, anticoccidial sensitivity, and histopathology.

Avian coccidiosis continues to be one of the costliest diseases of commercial poultry. Understanding the epidemiology of Eimeria species in poultry flocks and the resistance profile to common anticoccidials is important to design effective disease prevention and control strategies. This study examined litter samples to estimate the prevalence and distribution of Eimeria species among broiler farms in 4 geographic regions of Colombia. A total of 245 litter samples were collected from 194 broiler farms across representative regions of poultry production between March and August 2019. The litter samples were processed for oocysts enumeration and speciation after sporulation. End-point polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was conducted to confirm the presence of Eimeria species. Anticoccidial sensitivity was determined with 160 Ross AP males in 5 treatment groups: noninfected, nonmedicated control (NNC), infected, nonmedicated control (INC), infected salinomycin treated (SAL, dose: 66 ppm), infected diclazuril treated (DIC, dose: 1 ppm), and infected methylbenzocuate-Clopidol treated (MET.CLO, dose: 100 ppm), All birds were orally inoculated with 1 × 106 sporulated oocysts using a 1 mL syringe, except for the NNC- group who received 1ml of water.Eimeria spp. were found in 236 (96.3%) out of 245 individual houses, representing 180 (92.8%) out of 194 farms. Eimeria acervulina was the most prevalent species (35.0%) followed by Eimeria tenella (30.9%), Eimeria maxima (20.4%), and other Eimeria spp. (13.6%). However, mixed species infections were common, with the most prevalent combination being mixtures of E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, and other species in 31.4% of the Eimeria-positive samples. PCR analysis identified E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria mitis, and Eimeria praecox with variable prevalence across farms and regions. Anticoccidial sensitivity testing of strains of Eimeria isolated from 1 region, no treatment difference (P > 0.05) was observed in final weight (BW), weight gain (BWG) or feed conversion (FCR). For the global resistance index (GI) classified SAL and MET.CLO as good efficacy (85.79 and 85.49, respectively) and DIC as limited efficacy (74.52%). These results demonstrate the ubiquitous nature of Eimeria spp. and identifies the current state of sensitivity to commonly used anticoccidials in a region of poultry importance for Colombia.

Sensitivity of field isolates of Eimeria acervulina and E. maxima from three regions in Brazil to eight anticoccidial drugs.

Rotation with different active ingredients is among the most effective and recommended strategies to preserve the efficacy of anticoccidial drugs and reduce the emergence of resistance. Tools such as anticoccidial sensitivity tests (ASTs) are ideally used to make rational rotation programs and bring benefits to production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of E. acervulina (EA) and E. maxima (EM) from 3 different regions in Brazil, by using four ASTs. Feces samples weighing 6 to 7 kg were collected in the regions of São Paulo, Paraná, and Minas Gerais. Prevalent oocysts from feces were filtered, identified, and quantified to conduct 2 ASTs with EA and 2 with EM. The same experimental design was used in every AST (4 replicates per treatment, with 6 birds each, for a total of 240 birds). Treatment groups were a nonchallenged and nonmedicated control group (T1), a challenged and nonmedicated control group (T2), and the other groups challenged and treated with the following compounds: lasalocid (90 ppm - T3), maduramycin (6 ppm - T4), decoquinate (30 ppm - T5), nicarbazin+semduramicin (66 ppm - T6), monensin (110 ppm - T7), salinomycin (66 ppm - T8), narasin+nicarbazin (100 ppm - T9), and nicarbazin (125 ppm - T10). At the end of each AST (20 d), the percent change (delta value) between the treated group (T3 to T10) and the control group (T2) was calculated for the following variables: body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, lesion score, and an indicator of percentage of optimal anticoccidial activity (POAA) that included T2. Different sensitivity levels of EA and EM isolates could be identified. As a whole, drugs from T5 and T3 groups showed higher delta values when compared to other compounds, whereas the lowest sensitivity levels of these isolates were observed in groups T4 and T7. Despite some limiting factors, ASTs can be a good tool for strategic selection of anticoccidial drugs in order to maintain efficacy and extend the lifespan of these molecules.

Effects of glutamine on performance and intestinal mucosa morphometry of broiler chickens vaccinated against coccidiosis

This study aimed to assess the effects of glutamine as feed additive on performance and intestinal mucosa morphometry of broiler chickens vaccinated against coccidiosis. A total of 400 day-old male chicks were randomly assigned to four treatments (NVNG no vaccination, no glutamine supplementation; NVG no vaccination, glutamine supplementation (10 g kg1); VNG vaccination, no glutamine supplementation; VG vaccination, glutamine supplementation) replicated four times with 25 birds per replicate. A commercial sprayed-on vaccine against coccidiosis containing Eimeria acervulina, E. maxima, E. mivati, and E. tenella was administered at the hatchery. Broiler performance was evaluated from 1-28 days, and morphometric parameters were analyzed at 14, 21, and 28 days of age. Body weight gain and feed intake were negatively affected by vaccination, but not by glutamine. Vaccination increased crypt depth in the duodenum and jejunum at 21 and 28 days. In conclusion, this study showed that glutamine was not able to increase weight gain of broiler chickens, irrespective of whether the animals were vaccinated or not against coccidiosis. Glutamine supplementation was able to improve feed conversion in vaccinated birds suggesting trophic effect on intestinal epithelium improving.

Effects of glutamine on performance and intestinal mucosa morphometry of broiler chickens vaccinated against coccidiosis

This study aimed to assess the effects of glutamine as feed additive on performance and intestinal mucosa morphometry of broiler chickens vaccinated against coccidiosis. A total of 400 day-old male chicks were randomly assigned to four treatments (NVNG no vaccination, no glutamine supplementation; NVG no vaccination, glutamine supplementation (10 g kg1); VNG vaccination, no glutamine supplementation; VG vaccination, glutamine supplementation) replicated four times with 25 birds per replicate. A commercial sprayed-on vaccine against coccidiosis containing Eimeria acervulina, E. maxima, E. mivati, and E. tenella was administered at the hatchery. Broiler performance was evaluated from 1-28 days, and morphometric parameters were analyzed at 14, 21, and 28 days of age. Body weight gain and feed intake were negatively affected by vaccination, but not by glutamine. Vaccination increased crypt depth in the duodenum and jejunum at 21 and 28 days. In conclusion, this study showed that glutamine was not able to increase weight gain of broiler chickens, irrespective of whether the animals were vaccinated or not against coccidiosis. Glutamine supplementation was able to improve feed conversion in vaccinated birds suggesting trophic effect on intestinal epithelium improving.(AU)

Virulência e formação de biofilme microbiano por Enterococcus faecalis isolados de swabs cloacais de frangos de corte infectados com Eimeria spp / Virulence and biofilm formation by Enterococcus faecalis isolates from cloacal swabs of broilers infected with Eimeria spp

A dinâmica da microbiota no trato gastrointestinal (TG) de animais pode ser afetada por patógenos, tais como Eimeria spp. Os enterococos são bactérias saprófitas que colonizam o TG de mamíferos e aves. A influência sobre a microbiota intestinal está relacionada com a capacidade de adaptação das bactérias em se aderir às células hospedeiras e de colonizar as células das mucosas. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a frequência de genes de virulência ace, agg e operon do bopABCD em Enterococcus faecalis isolados de swabs cloacais de frangos de corte desafiados com Eimeria spp e alimentados com dietas padrões suplementadas ou não com anticoccidiano (monesina) e também avaliar a capacidade dessas cepas em formar biofilmes sob condições in vitro. Um total de 70 E. faecalis foram selecionadas e o gene agg foi mais freqüente em cepas isoladas de frangos de corte alimentados com anticoccidiano (92,3%) quando comparado ao grupo que não recebeu anticoccidiano (70,5%). Por outro lado, os genes ace e do operon bopABCD não demostraram nenhuma diferença significativa entre os dois grupos de frangos (P>0,005). Os E. faecalis isolados de frangos de corte alimentados com anticoccidiano demostraram uma maior frequência de fortes aderentes quando crescendo em meio suplementado com glicose (92,3-88,5%) e urina (77%), quando comparado com enterococos isolados de frangos que não receberam anticoccidiano. Observou-se que E. faecalis isolados de frangos tratados com anticoccidiano mostraram uma maior frequêencia dos genes dos fatores de virulência e de perfil de fortes formadores de biofilme, o que indica uma melhor adaptação dos isolados em ambiente intestinal saudável.(AU)

The microbiota dynamics in the gastrointestinal tract (GT) of animals can be disrupted by pathogens, such as Eimeria spp. Enterococci are saprophytic bacteria that colonize the GT of mammals and birds. The influence on the intestinal microbiota is related to the adaptive capacity of bacteria to adhere to host cells and colonize the mucosal cells. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency of virulence genes ace, agg and bopABCD operon in Enterococcus faecalis isolated from cloacal swabs of broilers challenged with Eimeria spp. and fed with a standard diet supplemented or not with anticoccidial (monensin), and, also to evaluate for the ability of these strains to form biofilms under in vitro conditions. A total of 70 E. faecalis were selected and the agg gene was more frequent in strains isolated from the broilers treated with anticoccidial (92.3%) when compared to the group that not received anticoccidial (70.5%). On the other hand, the ace and bopABCD operon genes showed no significant difference between the two groups of broilers (P>0.005). The E. faecalis isolated from the broilers treated with anticoccidial showed a higher frequency of strong biofilm formation when growing in medium supplemented with glucose (92.3-88.5%) and urine (77%) when compared with enterococci isolated from broilers that not received anticoccidial. It was observed that E. faecalis isolated from broilers treated with anticoccidial showed a higher frequency of virulence factors genes and stronger biofilms formation, indicating better adaptation of the isolates in healthy intestinal environment.(AU)

Virulência e formação de biofilme microbiano por Enterococcus faecalis isolados de swabs cloacais de frangos de corte infectados com Eimeria spp / Virulence and biofilm formation by Enterococcus faecalis isolates from cloacal swabs of broilers infected with Eimeria spp

A dinâmica da microbiota no trato gastrointestinal (TG) de animais pode ser afetada por patógenos, tais como Eimeria spp. Os enterococos são bactérias saprófitas que colonizam o TG de mamíferos e aves. A influência sobre a microbiota intestinal está relacionada com a capacidade de adaptação das bactérias em se aderir às células hospedeiras e de colonizar as células das mucosas. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a frequência de genes de virulência ace, agg e operon do bopABCD em Enterococcus faecalis isolados de swabs cloacais de frangos de corte desafiados com Eimeria spp e alimentados com dietas padrões suplementadas ou não com anticoccidiano (monesina) e também avaliar a capacidade dessas cepas em formar biofilmes sob condições in vitro. Um total de 70 E. faecalis foram selecionadas e o gene agg foi mais freqüente em cepas isoladas de frangos de corte alimentados com anticoccidiano (92,3%) quando comparado ao grupo que não recebeu anticoccidiano (70,5%). Por outro lado, os genes ace e do operon bopABCD não demostraram nenhuma diferença significativa entre os dois grupos de frangos (P>0,005). Os E. faecalis isolados de frangos de corte alimentados com anticoccidiano demostraram uma maior frequência de fortes aderentes quando crescendo em meio suplementado com glicose (92,3-88,5%) e urina (77%), quando comparado com enterococos isolados de frangos que não receberam anticoccidiano. Observou-se que E. faecalis isolados de frangos tratados com anticoccidiano mostraram uma maior frequêencia dos genes dos fatores de virulência e de perfil de fortes formadores de biofilme, o que indica uma melhor adaptação dos isolados em ambiente intestinal saudável.

The microbiota dynamics in the gastrointestinal tract (GT) of animals can be disrupted by pathogens, such as Eimeria spp. Enterococci are saprophytic bacteria that colonize the GT of mammals and birds. The influence on the intestinal microbiota is related to the adaptive capacity of bacteria to adhere to host cells and colonize the mucosal cells. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency of virulence genes ace, agg and bopABCD operon in Enterococcus faecalis isolated from cloacal swabs of broilers challenged with Eimeria spp. and fed with a standard diet supplemented or not with anticoccidial (monensin), and, also to evaluate for the ability of these strains to form biofilms under in vitro conditions. A total of 70 E. faecalis were selected and the agg gene was more frequent in strains isolated from the broilers treated with anticoccidial (92.3%) when compared to the group that not received anticoccidial (70.5%). On the other hand, the ace and bopABCD operon genes showed no significant difference between the two groups of broilers (P>0.005). The E. faecalis isolated from the broilers treated with anticoccidial showed a higher frequency of strong biofilm formation when growing in medium supplemented with glucose (92.3-88.5%) and urine (77%) when compared with enterococci isolated from broilers that not received anticoccidial. It was observed that E. faecalis isolated from broilers treated with anticoccidial showed a higher frequency of virulence factors genes and stronger biofilms formation, indicating better adaptation of the isolates in healthy intestinal environment.

Anticoccidial activity of hydrochloric acid (HCl) against Eimeria tenella in broiler chickens

The present study was planned to evaluate the anticoccidial activity of the different concentrations of the HCl against Eimeria tenella infection in broiler chickens in comparison with the amprolium anticoccidial. For this purpose, a total of 198 chicks were placed 11 per pen with three pens per treatment. The different concentrations of HCl (1000ppm, 2000ppm and 3000ppm) and amproilum (at the dose rate of 125ppm) were given to the experimental groups in drinking water from 10 to 19th days of age. One group was kept as infected non medicated control and one as non infected non medicated control. At the 12th day of age, all the groups were inoculated orally with 75,000 sporulated oocysts except non infected non medicated control. Anticoccidial activity was evaluated on the basis of performance (weight gain, feed conversion ratio) and pathogenic (oocyst score, lesion score and mortality percentage) parameters. Among HCl medicated groups, the maximum anticoccidial effect was seen in the group medicated with 1000ppm HCl followed by 2000ppm and 3000ppm HCl medicated groups. Amprolium and 1000ppm HCl were almost equivalent in suppressing the negative performance and pathogenic effects associated with coccidiosis (Eimeria tenella) challenge. In summary, the lower doses of HCl have the potential to be used as alternative to chemotherapeutic drugs for Eimeria tenella control. It is therefore suggested that further studies should be carried out to determine the possible minimum safe levels of HCl with least toxic effects to be used as anticoccidial.(AU)

Anticoccidial activity of hydrochloric acid (HCl) against Eimeria tenella in broiler chickens

The present study was planned to evaluate the anticoccidial activity of the different concentrations of the HCl against Eimeria tenella infection in broiler chickens in comparison with the amprolium anticoccidial. For this purpose, a total of 198 chicks were placed 11 per pen with three pens per treatment. The different concentrations of HCl (1000ppm, 2000ppm and 3000ppm) and amproilum (at the dose rate of 125ppm) were given to the experimental groups in drinking water from 10 to 19th days of age. One group was kept as infected non medicated control and one as non infected non medicated control. At the 12th day of age, all the groups were inoculated orally with 75,000 sporulated oocysts except non infected non medicated control. Anticoccidial activity was evaluated on the basis of performance (weight gain, feed conversion ratio) and pathogenic (oocyst score, lesion score and mortality percentage) parameters. Among HCl medicated groups, the maximum anticoccidial effect was seen in the group medicated with 1000ppm HCl followed by 2000ppm and 3000ppm HCl medicated groups. Amprolium and 1000ppm HCl were almost equivalent in suppressing the negative performance and pathogenic effects associated with coccidiosis (Eimeria tenella) challenge. In summary, the lower doses of HCl have the potential to be used as alternative to chemotherapeutic drugs for Eimeria tenella control. It is therefore suggested that further studies should be carried out to determine the possible minimum safe levels of HCl with least toxic effects to be used as anticoccidial.

Anticoccidial effects of acetic acid on performance and pathogenic parameters in broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria tenella

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the anticoccidial effect of the different concentrations of the acetic acid in the broiler chickens in comparison with the amprolium anticoccidial. A total of 198 chicks were placed 11 per pen with three pens per treatment. The different concentrations (1 percent, 2 percent and 3 percent) of acetic acid and amproilum (at the dose rate of 125ppm) were given to the experimental groups in drinking water from 10-19th days of age. One group was kept as infected non medicated control and one as non infected non medicated control. All the groups were inoculated orally with 75,000 sporulated oocysts at the 12th day of age except non infected non medicated control. Anticoccidial effect was evaluated on the basis of performance (weight gain, feed conversion ratio) and pathogenic (oocyst score, lesion score and mortality percentage) parameters. Among acetic acid medicated groups, the maximum anticoccidial effect was seen in the group medicated with 3 percent acetic acid followed by 2 percent and 1 percent acetic acid medicated groups. Amprolium and 3 percent acetic acid were almost equivalent in suppressing the negative performance and pathogenic effects associated with coccidiosis (Eimeria tenella) challenge. In summary, acetic acid has the potential to be used as alternative to chemotherapeutic drugs for Eimeria tenella control. Concentration-dependent anticoccidial effect of acetic acid suggests that further studies should be carried out to determine the possible maximum safe levels of acetic acid with least toxic effects to be used as anticoccidial.

Anticoccidial effects of acetic acid on performance and pathogenic parameters in broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria tenella

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the anticoccidial effect of the different concentrations of the acetic acid in the broiler chickens in comparison with the amprolium anticoccidial. A total of 198 chicks were placed 11 per pen with three pens per treatment. The different concentrations (1 percent, 2 percent and 3 percent) of acetic acid and amproilum (at the dose rate of 125ppm) were given to the experimental groups in drinking water from 10-19th days of age. One group was kept as infected non medicated control and one as non infected non medicated control. All the groups were inoculated orally with 75,000 sporulated oocysts at the 12th day of age except non infected non medicated control. Anticoccidial effect was evaluated on the basis of performance (weight gain, feed conversion ratio) and pathogenic (oocyst score, lesion score and mortality percentage) parameters. Among acetic acid medicated groups, the maximum anticoccidial effect was seen in the group medicated with 3 percent acetic acid followed by 2 percent and 1 percent acetic acid medicated groups. Amprolium and 3 percent acetic acid were almost equivalent in suppressing the negative performance and pathogenic effects associated with coccidiosis (Eimeria tenella) challenge. In summary, acetic acid has the potential to be used as alternative to chemotherapeutic drugs for Eimeria tenella control. Concentration-dependent anticoccidial effect of acetic acid suggests that further studies should be carried out to determine the possible maximum safe levels of acetic acid with least toxic effects to be used as anticoccidial.(AU)

Identificação de espécies de Emeria sp e avaliação do escore de lesões intestinais entre frangos vacinados e tratados com anticoccidiano, produzidos no sistema colonial/caipira / Identification of Eimeria species and evaluation of intestinal lesion scores in vaccinated chickens and chickens treated with anticoccidial drugs in the free-range chicken systems

Este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar as espécies de Eimeria que acometem os frangos criados no Sistema Colonial/Caipira que utilizam como medidas profiláticas a vacinação e medicação anticoccidiana. E avaliar as lesões intestinais causadas pelas cepas vacinais e de campo. A ocorrência das espécies de Eimeria em frangos tratados e vacinados foram respectivamente de 46 e 49 para a Eimeria maxima, 35 e 28 para a Eimeria tenella, 26 de Eimeria acervulina para frangos vacinados e para os tratados 8 de Eimeria necatrix r 8 de Eimeria praecox. As médias do escore de lesões instestinais foram de 0,28 e 0,80 na porção superior do instestino; 0,07 e 0,03 na porção média; e 0,05 e 0,10 para o ceco, em frangos vacinados e tratados, respectivamente. As aves vacinadas apresentaram pico de eliminação de oocistos na idade de 21 dias de produção sendo a média da contagem de 70.828 oocistos na idade de 37 dias de produção. Embora as aves vacinadas tenham apresentado uma média de eliminação de oocistos superior à das aves tratadas o escore de lesão destas foi inferior conferindo melhor proteção às aves

The purpose of this research was to identify the Eimeria species, in free-range chickens as well as topropose a prophylactic treatment through vaccination and the use of anticoccidial drugs, and to evaluatethe intestinal damages caused by strains of vaccinal and field oocysts. In this system the occurrence ofEimeria species in chickens which were treated and vaccinated were respectively of 46% and 49% forEimeria maxima, 35% and 28% for Eimeria tenella, 26% for Eimeria acervulina for vaccinated chickensand for those which were treated 8% for Eimeria necatrix and E. praecox. The averages of intestinaldamages measured by lesion score were 0.28 and 0.80 respectively in the upper intestine for vaccinatedand treated chickens, 0.07 and 0.03 for the middle intestine, and 0.05 and 0.10 for the ceca. The vaccinatedchickens showed peaks of oocyst elimination in the 21th day with an average of 70,828 oocysts per gramof excretes and the chickens treated with anticoccidial drugs had an average of 7,020 in the 37th day.Although the vaccinated chickens presented an average of oocysts elimination higher than the treatedchickens, the lesion score of these chickens was lower

Identification of Eimeria species and evaluation of intestinal lesion scores in vaccinated chickens and chickens treated with anticoccidial drugs in the free-range chicken systems / Identificação de espécies de Emeria sp e avaliação do escore de lesões intestinais entre frangos vacinados e tratados com anticoccidiano, produzidos no sistema colonial/caipira

The purpose of this research was to identify the Eimeria species, in free-range chickens as well as to propose a prophylactic treatment through vaccination and the use of anticoccidial drugs, and to evaluate the intestinal damages caused by strains of vaccinal and field oocysts. In this system the occurrence of Eimeria species in chickens which were treated and vaccinated were respectively of 46% and 49% for Eimeria maxima, 35% and 28% for Eimeria tenella, 26% for Eimeria acervulina for vaccinated chickens and for those which were treated 8% for Eimeria necatrix and E. praecox. The averages of intestinal damages measured by lesion score were 0.28 and 0.80 respectively in the upper intestine for vaccinated and treated chickens, 0.07 and 0.03 for the middle intestine, and 0.05 and 0.10 for the ceca. The vaccinated chickens showed peaks of oocyst elimination in the 21th day with an average of 70,828 oocysts per gram of excretes and the chickens treated with anticoccidial drugs had an average of 7,020 in the 37th day. Although the vaccinated chickens presented an average of oocysts elimination higher than the treated chickens, the lesion score of these chickens was lower.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar as espécies de Eimeria que acometem os frangos criados no Sistema Colonial/Caipira que utilizam como medidas profiláticas a vacinação e medicação anticoccidiana. E avaliar as lesões intestinais causadas pelas cepas vacinais e de campo. A ocorrência das espécies de Eimeria em frangos tratados e vacinados foram respectivamente de 46% e 49% para a Eimeria maxima, 35% e 28% para a Eimeria tenella, 26% de Eimeria acervulina para frangos vacinados e para os tratados 8% de Eimeria necatrix e 8% de Eimeria praecox. As médias do escore de lesões intestinais foram de 0,28 e 0,80 na porção superior do intestino; 0,07 e 0,03 na porção média; e 0,05 e 0,10 para o ceco, em frangos vacinados e tratados, respectivamente. As aves vacinadas apresentaram pico de eliminação de oocistos na idade de 21 dias de produção sendo a média da contagem de 70.828 oocistos por grama de excretas e para aves tratadas com anticoccidiano obteve-se o pico de eliminação de 7.020 oocistos na idade de 37 dias de produção. Embora as aves vacinadas tenham apresentado uma média de eliminação de oocistos superior à das aves tratadas o escore de lesão destas foi inferior conferindo melhor proteção às aves.

Coccidiosis and performance in broilers with anticoccidial medicated feed starting at different ages

The effects of age, litter reutilization, and anticoccidial programs were studied in broilers. The oocyst counts increased with litter reutilization up to third use, and T1 (no anticoccidial drug over the entire 42-day-period) and T4 (anticoccidial medication starting from the first day) showed the highest counts. The scores for Eimeria acervulina increased up to third use of litter and declined by the fourth use. The scores for E. maxima increased from first to second litter use, and from this to third and fourth use. The scores for E. tenella increased from first and second litter use to third litter use, and declined on fourth use. With high coccidial contamination, as in third use litter, the anticoccidial medication starting from the 1st, 7th (T3) and 14th (T2) day of age presented similar results of lesion scores and average weight gain. When coccidial contamination was low or moderate, as in first, second and fourth use litter, the anticoccidial medication starting at 14 days of age tended to result in a better broiler performance. These data suggest that, with low coccidial challenge, as in broilers raised in first use litter and in farms with single bird age, the delayed anticoccidial medication may provide advantages over the full medication starting from the first day of age.

Estudou-se o efeito da idade das aves, da reutilização da cama vegetal e de programas anticoccidianos na coccidiose e desempenho de frangos. Utilizaram-se quatro lotes de 24 pintos cada (um dia de idade) submetidos a quatro tratamentos (T): T1 - aves não tratadas com anticoccidiano, T2 - aves medicadas com anticoccidiano a partir do 14º dia de vida, T3 - aves medicadas com anticoccidiano a partir do sétimo dia de vida, T4 - aves medicadas com anticoccidiano a partir do primeiro dia de vida. As contagens de oocistos aumentaram com a reutilização da cama, no terceiro lote. T1 (sem anticoccidiano) e T4 (anticoccidiano desde o primeiro dia) apresentaram as maiores contagens. Os escores por Eimeria acervulina aumentaram no terceiro lote e baixaram no quarto lote. Os escores por E. maxima aumentaram no segundo lote, e deste para o terceiro e quarto lotes. Os escores por E. tenella aumentaram no terceiro e quarto lotes. Com desafio alto, como ocorrido no terceiro lote, as medicações anticoccidianas a partir do primeiro, sétimo e 14º dias resultaram em desempenhos semelhantes. Com desafios baixos ou moderados, como ocorridos nos lotes 1, 2 e 4, a medicação a partir do 14º dia resultou em melhores desempenhos. Isso sugere que, em condições de baixo desafio, como em frangos criados em cama de primeiro uso e em granjas com aves de uma única idade, a medicação anticoccidiana a partir de 14 dias pode ser vantajosa em relação aos programas de medicação a partir do primeiro dia.