Analysis of micropolar elastic multi-laminated composite and its application to bioceramic materials for bone reconstruction.

The asymptotic homogenization method is applied to characterize the effective behaviour of periodic multi-laminated micropolar elastic heterogeneous composites under perfect contact conditions. The local problem formulations and the analytical expressions for the effective stiffness and torque coefficients are derived for the centrosymmetric case. One of the main findings in this work is the analysis of the rotations effect of the layers' constitutive properties on the mechanical response of bi-laminated composites. The effects of microstructure and interfacial interactions on the composite's mechanical behaviour are captured through the independent effective moduli. Comparisons with the classical elastic case show the approach validation. Some numerical examples are shown. Furthermore, considering the micropolar media's prevalence in bio-inspired systems, the model's applicability is evaluated for reconstructing bone fractures using multi-laminated biocomposites. An important finding in this bio-inspired simulation is related to the analysis of a periodic bi-laminated micropolar composite whose isotropic constituents are a bioceramic material and a compact bone. This artificial bio-inspired material should integrate with host tissue to support cell growth and be stable and compatible. These characteristics are crucial in the enhancement of the fractured bone.

Novel eco-friendly and easily recoverable bismuth-based materials for capturing and removing polyphenols from water.

Olive oil production is one of the most developed Europe's sectors, producing olive oil and undesirable by-products, such as olive mill wastewater (OMWW) and organic waste. OMWW, containing large amounts of compounds (mainly polyphenols, phenols, and tannins), represents a problem. In fact, polyphenols have dual nature: i) antioxidant beneficial properties, useful in many industrial fields, ii) biorefractory character making them harmful in high concentrations. If not properly treated, polyphenols can harm biodiversity, disrupt ecological balance, and degrade water quality, posing risks to both environment and human health. From a circular economy viewpoint, capturing large quantities of polyphenols to reuse and removing their residuals from water is an open challenge. This study proposes, for the first time, a new path beyond the state-of-the-art, combining adsorption and degradation technologies by novel, eco-friendly and easily recoverable bismuth-based materials to capture large amounts of two model polyphenols (gallic acid and 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid), which are difficult to remove by traditional processes, and photodegrade them under solar light. The coupled process gave rise to collect 98% polyphenols, and to rapidly and effectively photodegrade the remaining portion from water.

Biomimetic Remineralization of Artificial Caries Lesions with a Calcium Coacervate, Its Components and Self-Assembling Peptide P11-4 In Vitro.

The application of calcium coacervates (CCs) may hold promise for dental hard tissue remineralization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the infiltration of artificial enamel lesions with a CC and its single components including polyacrylic acid (PAA) compared to that of the self-assembling peptide P11-4 in a pH-cycling (pHC) model. Enamel specimens were prepared from bovine incisors, partly varnished, and stored in demineralizing solution (DS; pH 4.95; 17 d) to create two enamel lesions per sample. The specimens were randomly allocated to six groups (n = 15). While one lesion per specimen served as the no-treatment control (NTC), another lesion (treatment, T) was etched (H3PO4, 5 s), air-dried and subsequently infiltrated for 10 min with either a CC (10 mg/mL PAA, 50 mM CaCl2 (Ca) and 1 M K2HPO4 (PO4)) (groups CC and CC + DS) or its components PAA, Ca or PO4. As a commercial control, the self-assembling peptide P11-4 (CurodontTM Repair, Credentis, Switzerland) was tested. The specimens were cut perpendicularly to the lesions, with half serving as the baseline (BL) while the other half was exposed to either a demineralization solution for 20 d (pH 4.95; group CC + DS) or pHC for 28 d (pH 4.95, 3 h; pH 7, 21 h; all five of the other groups). The difference in integrated mineral loss between the lesions at BL and after the DS or pHC, respectively, was analyzed using transversal microradiography (ΔΔZ = ΔZpHC - ΔZbaseline). Compared to the NTC, the mineral gain in the T group was significantly higher in the CC + DS, CC and PAA (p < 0.05, Wilcoxon). In all of the other groups, no significant differences between treated and untreated lesions were detected (p > 0.05). Infiltration with the CC and PAA resulted in a consistent mineral gain throughout the lesion body. The CC as well as its component PAA alone promoted the remineralization of artificial caries lesions in the tested pHC model. Infiltration with PAA further resulted in mineral gain in deeper areas of the lesion body.

Nacre-like block lattice metamaterials with targeted phononic band gap and mechanical properties.

The extraordinary quasi-static mechanical properties of nacre-like composite metamaterials, such as high specific strength, stiffness, and toughness, are due to the periodic arrangement of two distinct phases in a "brick and mortar" structure. It is also theorized that the hierarchical periodic structure of nacre structures can provide wider band gaps at different frequency scales. However, the function of hierarchy in the dynamic behavior of metamaterials is largely unknown, and most current investigations are focused on a single objective and specialized applications. Nature, on the other hand, appears to develop systems that represent a trade-off between multiple objectives, such as stiffness, fatigue resistance, and wave attenuation. Given the wide range of design options available to these systems, a multidisciplinary strategy combining diverse objectives may be a useful opportunity provided by bioinspired artificial systems. This paper describes a class of hierarchically-architected block lattice metamaterials with simultaneous wave filtering and enhanced mechanical properties, using deep learning based on artificial neural networks (ANN), to overcome the shortcomings of traditional design methods for forward prediction, parameter design, and topology design of block lattice metamaterial. Our approach uses ANN to efficiently describe the complicated interactions between nacre geometry and its attributes, and then use the Bayesian optimization technique to determine the optimal geometry constants that match the given fitness requirements. We numerically demonstrate that complete band gaps, that is attributed to the coupling effects of local resonances and Bragg scattering, exist. The coupling effects are naturally influenced by the topological arrangements of the continuous structures and the mechanical characteristics of the component phases. We also demonstrate how we can tune the frequency of the complete band gap by modifying the geometrical configurations and volume fraction distribution of the metamaterials. This research contributes to the development of mechanically robust block lattice metamaterials and lenses capable of controlling acoustic and elastic waves in hostile settings.

3D Printing of Flow-Inspired Anisotropic Patterns with Liquid Crystalline Polymers.

Anisotropic materials formed by living organisms possess remarkable mechanical properties due to their intricate microstructure and directional freedom. In contrast, human-made materials face challenges in achieving similar levels of directionality due to material and manufacturability constraints. To overcome these limitations, an approach using 3D printing of self-assembling thermotropic liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) is presented. Their high stiffness and strength is granted by nematic domains aligning during the extrusion process. Here, a remarkably wide range of Young's modulus from 3 to 40 GPa is obtained by utilizing directionality of the nematic flow the printing process.   By determining a relationship between stiffness, nozzle diameter, and line width, a design space where shaping and mechanical performance can be combined is identified. The ability to print LCPs with on-the-fly width changes to accommodate arbitrary spatially varying directions is demonstrated. This unlocks the possibility to manufacture exquisite patterns inspired by fluid dynamics with steep curvature variations. Utilizing the synergy between this path-planning method and LCPs, functional objects with stiffness and curvature gradients can be 3D-printed, offering potential applications in lightweight sustainable structures embedding crack-mitigation strategies. This method also opens avenues for studying and replicating intricate patterns observed in nature, such as wood or turbulent flow using 3D printing.

Designing artificial ion channels with strict K+/Na+ selectivity toward next-generation electric-eel-mimetic ionic power generation.

A biological potassium channel is >1000 times more permeable to K+ than to Na+ and exhibits a giant permeation rate of ∼108 ions/s. It is a great challenge to construct artificial potassium channels with such high selectivity and ion conduction rate. Herein, we unveil a long-overlooked structural feature that underpins the ultra-high K+/Na+ selectivity. By carrying out massive molecular dynamics simulation for ion transport through carbonyl-oxygen-modified bi-layer graphene nanopores, we find that the twisted carbonyl rings enable strict potassium selectivity with a dynamic K+/Na+ selectivity ratio of 1295 and a K+ conduction rate of 3.5 × 107 ions/s, approaching those of the biological counterparts. Intriguingly, atomic trajectories of K+ permeation events suggest a dual-ion transport mode, i.e. two like-charged potassium ions are successively captured by the nanopores in the graphene bi-layer and are interconnected by sharing one or two interlayer water molecules. The dual-ion behavior allows rapid release of the exiting potassium ion via a soft knock-on mechanism, which has previously been found only in biological ion channels. As a proof-of-concept utilization of this discovery, we propose a novel way for ionic power generation by mixing KCl and NaCl solutions through the bi-layer graphene nanopores, termed potassium-permselectivity enabled osmotic power generation (PoPee-OPG). Theoretically, the biomimetic device achieves a very high power density of >1000 W/m2 with graphene sheets of <1% porosity. This study provides a blueprint for artificial potassium channels and thus paves the way toward next-generation electric-eel-mimetic ionic power generation.

The Relationship between Nanostructured Bio-Inspired Material Surfaces and the Free Energy Barrier Using Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics.

Bio-inspired (biomimetic) materials, which are inspired by living organisms, offer exciting opportunities for the development of advanced functionalities. Among them, bio-inspired superhydrophobic surfaces have attracted considerable interest due to their potential applications in self-cleaning surfaces and reducing fluid resistance. Although the mechanism of superhydrophobicity is understood to be the free energy barrier between the Cassie and Wenzel states, the solid-surface technology to control the free energy barrier is still unclear. Therefore, previous studies have fabricated solid surfaces with desired properties through trial and error by measuring contact angles. In contrast, our study directly evaluates the free energy barrier using molecular simulations and attempts to relate it to solid-surface parameters. Through a series of simulations, we explore the behavior of water droplets on surfaces with varying values of surface pillar spacing and surface pillar height. The results show that the free energy barrier increases significantly as the pillar spacing decreases and/or as the pillar height increases. Our study goes beyond traditional approaches by exploring the relationship between free energy barriers, surface parameters, and hydrophobicity, providing a more direct and quantified method to evaluate surface hydrophobicity. This knowledge contributes significantly to material design by providing valuable insights into the relationship between surface parameters, free energy barriers, and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity.

Biodegradable Mineral Plastics.

Mineral plastics are a promising class of bio-inspired materials that offer exceptional properties, like self-heal ability, stretchability in the hydrogel state, and high hardness, toughness, transparency, and non-flammability in the dry state along with reversible transformation into the hydrogel by addition of water. This enables easy reshape-ability and recycling like the solubility in mild acids to subsequently form mineral plastics again by base addition. However, current mineral plastics rely on petrochemistry, are hardly biodegradable, and thus persistent in nature. This work presents the next generation of mineral plastics, which are bio-based and biodegradable, making them a promising, new class of polymers for the development of environmentally friendly materials. Physically cross-linked (poly)glutamic-acid (PGlu)-based mineral plastics are synthesized using various alcohol-water mixtures, metal ion ratios and molecular weights. The rheological properties are easily adjusted using these parameters. The general procedure involves addition of equimolar solution of CaCl2 to PGlu in equal volumes followed by addition of iPrOH (iPrOH:H2 O = 1:1) under vigorous stirring conditions. The ready biodegradability of PGlu/CaFe mineral plastic is confirmed in this study where the elements N, Ca, and Fe present in it tend to act as additional nutrients, supporting the growth of microorganisms and consequently, promoting the biodegradation process.

3D Printing of Ionogels with Complementary Functionalities Enabled by Self-Regulating Ink.

Shaping soft and conductive materials into sophisticated architectures through 3D printing is driving innovation in myriad applications, such as robotic counterparts that emulate the synergic functions of biological systems. Although recently developed multi-material 3D printing has enabled on-demand creation of intricate artificial counterparts from a wide range of functional viscoelastic materials. However, directly achieving complementary functionalities in one ink design remains largely unexplored, given the issues of printability and synergy among ink components. In this study, an easily accessible and self-regulating tricomponent ionogel-based ink design to address these challenges is reported. The resultant 3D printed objects, based on the same component but with varying ratios of ink formulations, exhibit distinct yet complementary properties. For example, their Young's modulus can differ by three orders of magnitude, and some structures are rigid while others are ductile and viscous. A theoretical model is also employed for predicting and controlling the printing resolution. By integrating complementary functionalities, one further demonstrates a representative bioinspired prototype of spiderweb, which mimics the sophisticated structure and multiple functions of a natural spiderweb, even working and camouflaging underwater. This ink design strategy greatly extends the material choice and can provide valuable guidance in constructing diverse artificial systems by 3D printing.

Non-equilibrium-Growing Aesthetic Ionic Skin for Fingertip-Like Strain-Undisturbed Tactile Sensation and Texture Recognition.

Humans use periodically ridged fingertips to precisely perceive the characteristics of objects via ion-based fast- and slow-adaptive mechanotransduction. However, designing artificial ionic skins with fingertip-like tactile capabilities remains challenging because of the contradiction between structural compliance and pressure sensing accuracy (e.g., anti-interference from stretch and texture recognition). Inspired by the formation and modulus-contrast hierarchical structure of fingertips, an aesthetic ionic skin grown from a non-equilibrium Liesegang patterning process is introduced. This ionic skin with periodic stiff ridges embedded in a soft hydrogel matrix enables strain-undisturbed triboelectric dynamic pressure sensing as well as vibrotactile texture recognition. By coupling with another piezoresistive ionogel, an artificial tactile sensory system is further fabricated as a soft robotic skin to mimic the simultaneous fast- and slow-adaptive multimodal sensations of fingers in grasping actions. This approach may inspire the future design of high-performance ionic tactile sensors for intelligent applications in soft robotics and prosthetics.

New Quinoid Bio-Inspired Materials Using Para-Azaquinodimethane Moiety.

Quinoid single molecules are regarded as promising materials for electronic applications due to their tunable chemical structure-driven properties. A series of three single bio-inspired quinoid materials containing para-azaquinodimethane (p-AQM) moiety were designed, synthesized and characterized. AQM1, AQM2 and AQM3, prepared using aldehydes derived from almonds, corncobs and cinnamon, respectively, were studied as promising quinoid materials for optoelectronic applications. The significance of facile synthetic procedures is highlighted through a straightforward two-step synthesis, using Knoevenagel condensation. The synthesized molecules showed molar extinction coefficients of 22,000, 32,000 and 61,000 L mol-1 cm-1, respectively, for AQM1, AQM2 and AQM3. The HOMO-LUMO energy gaps were calculated experimentally, theoretically showing the same trends: AQM3 < AQM2 < AQM1. The role of the aryl substituent was studied and showed an impact on the electronic properties. DFT calculations show planar structures with quinoidal bond length alternation, in agreement with the experimental results. Finally, these bio-based materials showed high thermal stabilities between 290 °C and 340 °C and a glassy behavior after the first heating-cooling scan. These results highlight these bio-based single molecules as potential candidates for electronic or biomedical applications.

Bio-inspired ionic skins for smart medicine.

Ionic skins are developed to mimic the mechanical properties and functions of natural skins. They have demonstrated substantial advantages to serve as the crucial interface to bridge the gap between humans and machines. The first-generation ionic skin is a stretchable capacitor comprising hydrogels as the ionic conductors and elastomers as the dielectrics, and realizes pressure and strain sensing through the measurement of the capacitance. Subsequent advances have been made to improve the mechanical properties of ionic skins and import diverse functions. For example, ultrahigh stretchability, strong interfacial adhesion, self-healing, moisturizing ability, and various sensing capabilities have been achieved separately or simultaneously. Most ionic skins are attached to natural skins to monitor bio-electrical signals continuously. Ionic skins have also been found with significant potential to serve as a smart drug-containing reservoir, which can release drugs spatially, temporally, and in a controllable way. Herein, this review focuses on the design and fabrication of ionic skins, and their applications related to smart medicine. Moreover, challenges and opportunities are also discussed. It is hoped that the development of bio-inspired ionic skins will provide a paradigm shift for self-diagnosis and healthcare.

Bio-inspired materials to control and minimise insect attachment.

More than three quarters of all animal species on Earth are insects, successfully inhabiting most ecosystems on the planet. Due to their opulence, insects provide the backbone of many biological processes, but also inflict adverse impacts on agricultural and stored products, buildings and human health. To countermeasure insect pests, the interactions of these animals with their surroundings have to be fully understood. This review focuses on the various forms of insect attachment, natural surfaces that have evolved to counter insect adhesion, and particularly features recently developed synthetic bio-inspired solutions. These bio-inspired solutions often enhance the variety of applicable mechanisms observed in nature and open paths for improved technological solutions that are needed in a changing global society.

Nacre-like composites with superior specific damping performance.

Biological materials such as nacre have evolved microstructural design principles that result in outstanding mechanical properties. While nacre's design concepts have led to bio-inspired materials with enhanced fracture toughness, the microstructural features underlying the remarkable damping properties of this biological material have not yet been fully explored in synthetic composites. Here, we study the damping behavior of nacre-like composites containing mineral bridges and platelet asperities as nanoscale structural features within its brick-and-mortar architecture. Dynamic mechanical analysis was performed to experimentally elucidate the role of these features on the damping response of the nacre-like composites. By enhancing stress transfer between platelets and at the brick/mortar interface, mineral bridges and nano-asperities were found to improve the damping performance of the composite to levels that surpass many biological and man-made materials. Surprisingly, the improved properties are achieved without reaching the perfect organization of the biological counterparts. Our nacre-like composites display a loss modulus 2.4-fold higher than natural nacre and 1.4-fold more than highly dissipative natural fiber composites. These findings shed light on the role of nanoscale structural features on the dynamic mechanical properties of nacre and offer design concepts for the manufacturing of bio-inspired composites for high-performance damping applications.

Hierarchical structure and mechanical properties of fish scales from Lutjanidae with different habitat depths.

In recent days, many researchers are focusing on emerging a new class of bio-inspired architectured materials. The primary strategy of these architecture designs is directly dependent on the types of available literature based on higher-ordered species such as nacre and fish scales. In this study, the authors have investigated the microstructural features and mechanical properties of five different ray-finned fish scales from Lutjanidae family collected in Iran. It was found that habitat depth and habits may result in significant changes in scale's surface morphology and mechanical properties. Interestingly, the variations in cross-sectional microstructural features such as fibre orientation and layer thickness ratios in scales did not show noticeable differences. It has also been proved that the mechanical performance of fish scales is influenced by the shape, array pattern and compactness of strips on posterior edges in a scale. Moreover, the radii count at anterior positions is higher in fishes living in wide-ranging depth; it supports in achieving higher scale stiffness and flexibility during movement. Consideration of these factors may help in optimising the performance of newly designed architectured materials subjected to mechanical loadings.

Uniaxial Hydroxyapatite Growth on a Self-Assembled Protein Scaffold.

Biomineralization is a crucial process whereby organisms produce mineralized tissues such as teeth for mastication, bones for support, and shells for protection. Mineralized tissues are composed of hierarchically organized hydroxyapatite crystals, with a limited capacity to regenerate when demineralized or damaged past a critical size. Thus, the development of protein-based materials that act as artificial scaffolds to guide hydroxyapatite growth is an attractive goal both for the design of ordered nanomaterials and for tissue regeneration. In particular, amelogenin, which is the main protein that scaffolds the hierarchical organization of hydroxyapatite crystals in enamel, amelogenin recombinamers, and amelogenin-derived peptide scaffolds have all been investigated for in vitro mineral growth. Here, we describe uniaxial hydroxyapatite growth on a nanoengineered amelogenin scaffold in combination with amelotin, a mineral promoting protein present during enamel formation. This bio-inspired approach for hydroxyapatite growth may inform the molecular mechanism of hydroxyapatite formation in vitro as well as possible mechanisms at play during mineralized tissue formation.

Gifts from Nature: Bio-Inspired Materials for Rechargeable Secondary Batteries.

Materials in nature have evolved to the most efficient forms and have adapted to various environmental conditions over tens of thousands of years. Because of their versatile functionalities and environmental friendliness, numerous attempts have been made to use bio-inspired materials for industrial applications, establishing the importance of biomimetics. Biomimetics have become pivotal to the search for technological breakthroughs in the area of rechargeable secondary batteries. Here, the characteristics of bio-inspired materials that are useful for secondary batteries as well as their benefits for application as the main components of batteries (e.g., electrodes, separators, and binders) are discussed. The use of bio-inspired materials for the synthesis of nanomaterials with complex structures, low-cost electrode materials prepared from biomass, and biomolecular organic electrodes for lithium-ion batteries are also introduced. In addition, nature-derived separators and binders are discussed, including their effects on enhancing battery performance and safety. Recent developments toward next-generation secondary batteries including sodium-ion batteries, zinc-ion batteries, and flexible batteries are also mentioned to understand the feasibility of using bio-inspired materials in these new battery systems. Finally, current research trends are covered and future directions are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of biomimetics technologies for secondary batteries.

A Cellulose-Derived Nanofibrous MnO2-TiO2-Carbon Composite as Anodic Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

A bio-inspired nanofibrous MnO2-TiO2-carbon composite was prepared by utilizing natural cellulosic substances (e.g., ordinary quantitative ashless filter paper) as both the carbon source and structural matrix. Mesoporous MnO2 nanosheets were densely immobilized on an ultrathin titania film precoated with cellulose-derived carbon nanofibers, which gave a hierarchical MnO2-TiO2-carbon nanoarchitecture and exhibited excellent electrochemical performances when used as an anodic material for lithium-ion batteries. The MnO2-TiO2-carbon composite with a MnO2 content of 47.28 wt % exhibited a specific discharge capacity of 677 mAh g-1 after 130 repeated charge/discharge cycles at a current rate of 100 mA g-1. The contribution percentage of MnO2 in the composite material is equivalent to 95.1% of the theoretical capacity of MnO2 (1230 mAh g-1). The ultrathin TiO2 precoating layer with a thickness ca. 2 nm acts as a crucial interlayer that facilitates the growth of well-organized MnO2 nanosheets onto the surface of the titania-carbon nanofibers. Due to the interweaved network structures of the carbon nanofibers and the increased content of the immobilized MnO2, the exfoliation and aggregation, as well as the large volume change of the MnO2 nanosheets, are significantly inhibited; thus, the MnO2-TiO2-carbon electrodes displayed outstanding cycling performance and a reversible rate capability during the Li+ insertion/extraction processes.

Bio-Inspired Soft Grippers Based on Impactive Gripping.

Grasping and manipulation are fundamental ways for many creatures to interact with their environments. Different morphologies and grasping methods of "grippers" are highly evolved to adapt to harsh survival conditions. For example, human hands and bird feet are composed of rigid frames and soft joints. Compared with human hands, some plants like Drosera do not have rigid frames, so they can bend at arbitrary points of the body to capture their prey. Furthermore, many muscular hydrostat animals and plant tendrils can implement more complex twisting motions in 3D space. Recently, inspired by the flexible grasping methods present in nature, increasingly more bio-inspired soft grippers have been fabricated with compliant and soft materials. Based on this, the present review focuses on the recent research progress of bio-inspired soft grippers based on impactive gripping. According to their types of movement and a classification model inspired by biological "grippers", soft grippers are classified into three types, namely, non-continuum bending-type grippers, continuum bending-type grippers, and continuum twisting-type grippers. An exhaustive and updated analysis of each type of gripper is provided. Moreover, this review offers an overview of the different stiffness-controllable strategies developed in recent years.

Large-Scale Bio-Inspired Flexible Antireflective Film with Scale-Insensitivity Arrays.

Natural creatures can always provide perfect strategies for excellent antireflection (AR), which is valuable for photovoltaic industry, optical devices, and flexible displays. However, limited by precision, it is still difficult to guarantee the consistency between the artificial structures and the original biological structures. Here, a novel large-scale flexible AR film is inspired by the cicada wings and successfully fabricated with a recycled template. On the one hand, the adjustable structures on porous templates make it possible to optimize the design of AR structure parameters toward the practical demand. On the other hand, it breaks the limitation of the biological organism size, accomplishing the replication of AR nanostructure units in a large scale. Interestingly, even if the film is covered by enlarged dome cone arrays, it still maintains almost perfect AR property, achieving excellent scale-insensitivity AR performance. This work numerically and experimentally investigates its scale-insensitivity AR performance in detail. Compared with subwavelength nanocones, enlarged cones change the original optical behaviors, and the proportion of transmitted light is reduced while scattering and absorption increase. Based on this, these bio-inspired scale-insensitivity AR arrays could be used in flexible displays, photothermic conversion, solar cells, and so on.