Tratamientos y bioterapias para COVID-19 / Therapeutics and biotherapies for covid-19

INTRODUCCIÓN: Un nuevo brote de coronavirus surgió en 2019 en Wuhan, China, causando conmoción en el sistema sanitario de todo el mundo; el Comité Internacional de Taxonomía de Virus lo denominó SARS-CoV-2, agente causante de la enfermedad COVID-19.El espectro de gravedad de la enfermedad es muy amplio: la mayoría de los pacientes no presentan gravedad, pero otros pueden desarrollar neumonías, y la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda es la causa más frecuente de mortalidad. Objetivo: analizar y desarrollar las distintas alternativas terapéuticas aportadas por la Biotecnología para tratar los síntomas de aquellos pacientes con COVID-19. Metodología: se realizó una revisión de la bibliografía disponible, a partir de enero de 2020 en PubMed, acerca de los tratamientos que se encuentran aún en ensayos clínicos y aquellos que cuentan con aprobación bajo uso de emergencia para la enfermedad COVID-19. También se realizaron búsquedas a través de Google y Google Académico para publicaciones de organismos de Salud en referencia a políticas de salud establecidas para la terapéutica durante dicha pandemia. Resultados: este trabajo aborda las nuevas alternativas terapéuticas para COVID-19 derivadas de la Biotecnología, que se encuentran tanto en uso como en etapas de ensayos clínicos comprendidos dentro del segmento de los biofármacos y las bioterapias. Se incluye un breve resumen del estatus regulatorio de entidades de salud, el mecanismo de acción de dichas terapias y características generales de cada uno. Se incluyen novedosas bioterapias que se empezaron a implementar para afrontar la pandemia. Conclusiones: la pandemia de coronavirus está poniendo a prueba el sistema sanitario internacional, para brindar soluciones tanto desde el diagnóstico y prevención como para el tratamiento de la población a fin de disminuir la mortalidad. Esto incluyó, obviamente también, al área de la Biotecnología aplicada a la salud, que ha aportado en los tres aspectos mencionados; el presente trabajo se centra en las respuestas de tipo terapéutico que ha brindado y que están comercializadas o en fases clínicas. (AU)

INTRODUCTION: A new coronavirus outbreak emerged in 2019 in Wuhan, China, causing a shock to the healthcare system around the world; the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses named it SARS-CoV- 2, the infectious agent of the COVID-19 disease. The spectrum of severity of the disease is very wide, most patients are not serious, but others can develop pneumonia, with acute respiratory failure being the most frequent cause of mortality. Objective: to analyze and develop the different therapeutic alternatives provided by Biotechnology dedicated to Health, to treat the symptoms of those COVID-19 patients who require it, and thus reduce mortality.Methodology: a review of the available literature from January 2020 in PubMed of the treatments that are still in clinical trials and those that have been approved under emergency use for the disease COVID-19 was performed. Searches were also carried out through Google and Google Scholar for publications of Health organizations in reference to health policies established for therapeutics during the mentioned pandemic. Results: this work addresses the new therapeutic alternatives derived from Biotechnology, which are both in use and in stages of clinical trials, to treat patients who developed COVID-19 included within the segment of biopharmaceuticals and biotherapies. A brief summary of the regulatory status of health entities, the mechanism of action of said therapies and general characteristics of each one is included. Innovative biotherapies that began to be implemented to face the pandemic are included. Conclusions: The coronavirus pandemic has driven the international health system to the test, to provide solutions both from the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of the population to reduce the mortality of patients. This obviously also included the area of Biotechnology applied to health, which has contributed in the three aspects mentioned. The present work focuses on the therapeutic responses that it has provided and that are commercialized or in clinical phases. (AU)

Aportes de la biotecnología al diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad renal crónica y comorbilidades frecuentes / Biotechnology contribution to the diagnosis and treatment of chronic kidney disease and frequent comorbidities

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo revisar las contribuciones de la biotecnología, en relación con el tratamiento, diagnóstico y la monitorización de la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) y sus comorbilidades más frecuentes, especialmente la anemia. En relación con los tratamientos, enfocamos el desarrollo de productos biofarmacéuticos como los agentes estimulantes de la eritropoyesis (ESA), que fueron los primeros biofármacos utilizados para el tratamiento de la anemia asociada a la ERC; analizamos sus características y utilización actual después de varios años de experiencia clínica, así como también otras alternativas en desarrollo. Revisamos distintos tipos de bioterapias, la utilización de las células estromales mesenquimales de médula ósea (MSC) y tratamientos alternativos con modificaciones dietarias, que se basan en la asociación entre la microbiota intestinal de los pacientes renales crónicos y sus condiciones fisiopatológicas. Finalmente, en relación con el diagnóstico y monitorización, nos referimos al estudio y validación de biomarcadores diagnósticos, predictivos y terapéuticos que han permitido optimizar los resultados clínicos en este tipo de pacientes. (AU)

The aim of this work is to review the contributions of biotechnology, in relation to the treatment, diagnosis and monitoring of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its most frequent comorbidities, especially anemia. Regarding the treatment, we focus on the development of biopharmaceutical products such as erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA), which were the first biopharmaceuticals used to treat anemia associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We analyzed their characteristics and their current use after several years of clinical experience, as well as other alternatives in development. We also review different types of biotherapies, the use of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) and alternative treatments with dietary modifications, which are based on the association between the intestinal microbiota of chronic kidney patients and their pathophysiological conditions. Finally, in relation to diagnosis and monitoring, we refer to the study and validation of diagnostic, predictive and therapeutic biomarkers that have made clinical results possible to be optimized in this type of patient. (AU)

Avaliação do efeito de bioterápicos 15x,16x, 17x e acorde de potências de T. cruzi sobre a infeção experimental pelo Trypanosoma cruzi / Evaluation of biotherapies T. cruzi 15x, 16x, 17x and ?potency chords? in experimental infection by Trypanosoma cruzi

Background: The biotherapies are drugs widely utilized against infectious diseases. Biotherapies? profylatic and therapeutic action against Chagas Disease is currently being investigated, but it is needed to develop further controlled experiments ?in vivo?, which could define more clearly: dilution, dose, time of use and, if possible, the action mechanisms of these ultradiluted medicaments [1,2].Conclusions: Superior effect was obtained with biotherapies 17x and ?Potency Chords?, both for clinical and parasitological parameters. ?Potency chords? has proper effect which distinguishes it from the individual effects of the dilutions that compound it.(AU)

Introdução: Os bioterápicos são medicamentos amplamente utilizados contra doenças infecciosas. A ação profilática e terapêutica dos bioterápicos contra a doença de Chagas está atualmente sendo investigada, havendo ainda a necessidade do desenvolvimento de novos experimentos controlados ?in vivo?, que definam mais claramente: diluição, dose, tempo de utilização e se possível mecanismos de ação destes ultradiluídos [1,2].Conclusão: O melhor efeito foi obtido com bioterápico 17x e Acorde de potências, para parâmetros clínicos e parasitológicos. O Acorde de potências apresenta efeito próprio que o diferencia dos efeitos individuais das diluições que o compõem.(AU)

Efeito de bioterápico T. cruzi 7x em diferentes esquemas terapêuticos sobre a infeção experimental pelo Trypanosoma cruzi. / Effect of biotherapy T. cruzi 7x in several therapeutic schemes on experimental infection by Trypanosoma cruzi.

Background: Biotherapy is used against infectious diseases treatment and prophylaxis and has been investigated by many researchers [1,2]. Aim: Assess the effect of biotherapy 7x T. cruzi on several treatment schemes, upon experimental infection by T. cruzi.Conclusions: Best effect was obtained TBBA7x3days, both for clinical and parasitological parameters. It?s possible to speculate that in this regimen, biotherapy was able to modulate, more effectively, the host?s immune system, decreasing the number of parasites.(AU)

Introdução: A utilização de bioterápicos para o tratamento e profilaxia de doenças infecciosas, como doença de Chagas, tem sido investigado por diversos pesquisadores [1,2]. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do bioterápico 7x de T. cruzi em diferentes esquemas de tratamento, na infecção experimental pelo T. cruzi.Conclusões: O melhor efeito foi obtido com o grupo TBAD7x3dias, para parâmetros clínicos e parasitológicos, sendo possível especular que neste esquema o bioterápico foi capaz de modular, de forma mais eficaz, o sistema imunológico do hospedeiro, diminuindo o número de parasitos.(AU)