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ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify and analyze the factors that contribute to safety incident occurrence in the processes of prescribing, preparing and dispensing antineoplastic medications in pediatric oncology patients. Methods: a quality improvement study focused on oncopediatric pharmaceutical care processes that identified and analyzed incidents between 2019-2020. A multidisciplinary group performed root cause analysis (RCA), identifying main contributing factors. Results: in 2019, seven incidents were recorded, 57% of which were prescription-related. In 2020, through active search, 34 incidents were identified, 65% relating to prescription, 29% to preparation and 6% to dispensing. The main contributing factors were interruptions, lack of electronic alert, work overload, training and staff shortages. Conclusions: the results showed that adequate recording and application of RCA to identified incidents can provide improvements in the quality of pediatric oncology care, mapping contributing factors and enabling managers to develop an effective action plan to mitigate risks associated with the process.
RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar y analizar los factores que contribuyen a la ocurrencia de incidentes de seguridad en los procesos de prescripción, preparación y dispensación de medicamentos antineoplásicos en pacientes pediátricos con cáncer. Métodos: estudio de mejora de la calidad centrado en los procesos de atención farmacéutica oncopediátrica que identificó y analizó incidencias entre 2019-2020. Un grupo multidisciplinario realizó un análisis de causa raíz (ACR), identificando los factores contribuyentes clave. Resultados: en 2019 se registraron siete incidentes, el 57% relacionados con la prescripción. En 2020, mediante búsqueda activa se identificaron 34 incidencias, el 65% relacionadas con la prescripción, el 29% con la preparación y el 6% con la dispensación. Los principales factores contribuyentes fueron las interrupciones, la falta de alerta electrónica, la sobrecarga de trabajo, la capacitación y la escasez de personal. Conclusiones: los resultados mostraron que el registro adecuado y la aplicación del ACR a los incidentes identificados pueden proporcionar mejora de la calidad de la atención del cáncer pediátrico mediante el mapeo de los factores contribuyentes y permitiendo a los administradores desarrollar un plan de acción eficaz para mitigar los riesgos asociados con el proceso.
RESUMO Objetivos: identificar e analisar os fatores contribuintes para ocorrência de incidentes de segurança nos processos de prescrição, preparo e dispensação de medicamentos antineoplásicos em pacientes oncopediátricos. Métodos: estudo de melhoria da qualidade focado nos processos de assistência farmacêutica oncopediátrica que identificou e analisou incidentes entre 2019-2020. Um grupo multidisciplinar realizou análise de causa raiz (ACR), identificando principais fatores contribuintes. Resultados: em 2019, registraram-se sete incidentes, sendo 57% relacionados à prescrição. Em 2020, através de busca ativa, identificaram-se 34 incidentes, sendo 65% relativos à prescrição, 29% ao preparo e 6% à dispensação. Os principais fatores contribuintes foram interrupções, ausência de alerta eletrônico, sobrecarga de trabalho, treinamento e déficit de funcionários. Conclusões: os resultados mostraram que registro adequado e aplicação da ACR aos incidentes identificados podem proporcionar melhoria na qualidade do cuidado oncopediátrico mapeando os fatores contribuintes e possibilitando aos gestores desenvolverem plano de ação efetivo para mitigar riscos associados ao processo.
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RESUMEN La seguridad del paciente es un elemento imprescindible de la calidad asistencial. Al menos la mitad de los eventos adversos en pacientes hospitalizados están en relación con la práctica quirúrgica. El Análisis Causa-Raíz es un estudio sistemático de estos eventos mediante una revisión paso a paso de la cronología de los hechos, para identificar las causas que podrían haber llevado a la producción del evento. El Diagrama de Ishikawa o "espina de pescado" es una herramienta gráfica es una herramienta útil. El éxito radica en lograr responder qué sucedió, por qué sucedió, y qué puede hacerse para evitar que suceda nuevamente algún evento que vulnera la seguridad del paciente. El propósito último es la mejora de los procesos asistenciales impidiendo la repetición del evento adverso y priorizando el aprendizaje y mejora a partir de su análisis. La comunicación institucional de los hallazgos del análisis y las medidas para implementar, la discusión de casos en ateneos de morbimortalidad y la educación continua del personal son pilares para el cambio en la cultura hacia una centrada en la seguridad y calidad, sustituyendo la cultura "reactiva" por una "proactiva", que toma los eventos como instrumento para el aprendizaje y la mejora continua.
ABSTRACT At least half of the adverse events on hospitalized patients are associated with surgery. Root cause analysis (RCA) is a systematic way of analyzing these events to find their causes through a step-by-step review of the chronology of facts, identifying those that could have caused the event. An Ishikawa diagram (also called fishbone diagram) is a visual method for root cause analysis that allows the identification and categorization of all possible causes of an event. The goal is to answer what happened, why did it happen, and what can be done to prevent it from happening again. The ultimate goal is to improve healthcare processes by preventing the recurrence of the adverse event and prioritizing learning and improvement based on its analysis. Communicating the findings of the analysis and the measures to be implemented, discussing cases in morbidity and mortality meetings and continuous education of staff are the cornerstones for changing the culture towards one centered on safety and quality, replacing the "reactive" culture with a "proactive" culture, which considers events as an instrument for learning and continuous improvement.
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Introducción: El análisis causal de los eventos adversos amerita metodologías validadas para establecer la dinámica de cómo se originan los incidentes que afectan la seguridad del paciente en los ambientes de prestación de servicios de salud. Objetivo: Describir las bases conceptuales y metodológicas de los sistemas de análisis causal de eventos adversos de trascendencia clínica en la biomedicina. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión documental empleando la bibliografía nacional e internacional actualizada. Se utilizó el motor de búsqueda Google Académico, se consultaron artículos de libre acceso en las bases de datos Pubmed y SciELO, desde marzo 2019 hasta igual mes de 2020. Se emplearon como palabras clave: eventos adversos, análisis de causas raíz, seguridad del paciente, según los Descriptores en ciencias de la salud (DeCS). Fueron seleccionados 25 artículos (20 en idioma español, 5 en inglés), de ellos, 18 (72,0 por ciento) corresponden a los últimos 5 años. Análisis e integración de la información: Las metodologías del análisis causa-raíz, el método ANCLA, el análisis modal de fallos y efectos (AMFE) y el protocolo de Londres, comparten como propósito su función de usar el evento o error para revelar las brechas que vulneran la seguridad del paciente y los aspectos inadecuados en el proceso de atención de la salud. Conclusiones: Los sistemas de análisis causal de eventos adversos constituyen herramientas para incrementar la cultura de seguridad del paciente, pues detectan fallas y errores latentes en el sistema, cuya corrección es esencial para implementar estrategias de prevención(AU)
Introduction: Causal analysis of adverse events requires validated methodologies to determine the origin of incidents affecting patient safety in health care settings. Objective: Describe the conceptual and methodological bases of the systems for the causal analysis of adverse events of clinical relevance in biomedicine. Methods: A document review was conducted of updated national and international bibliography. The search was carried out in the search engine Google Scholar, and open access papers were consulted in the databases PubMed and SciELO from March 2019 to March 2020. The key words used were adverse events, root cause analysis and patient safety, obtained from Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS). A total 25 papers were selected (20 in Spanish and 5 in English), of which 18 (72.0 percent had been published in the last five years. Data analysis and integration: Root-cause analysis methodologies, the ANCLA score, the failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) and the London Protocol share the common purpose of using events or errors to reveal gaps that weaken patient safety and inappropriate aspects of the health care process. Conclusions: Systems for the causal analysis of adverse events are tools to enhance patient safety culture, for they detect failures and errors latent in the system whose correction is essential to implement prevention strategies(AU).
Subject(s)
Root Cause Analysis , Patient Safety , Health Services , /methodsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objectives to characterize accidents/falls and medication errors in the care process in a teaching hospital and to determine their root causes and variable direct costs. Method cross-sectional study implemented in two stages: the first, was based on the analysis of secondary sources (notifications, medical records and cost reports) and the second, on the application of root-cause analysis for incidents with moderate/severe harm. The study was carried out in a teaching hospital in Paraná, which exclusively serves the Brazilian Unified Health System and composes the Network of Sentinel Hospitals. Thirty reports of accidents/falls and 37 reports of medication errors were investigated. Descriptive statistical analysis and the methodology proposed by The Joint Commission International were applied. Results among the accidents/falls, 33.3% occurred in the emergency room; 40.0% were related to the bed, in similar proportions in the morning and night periods; 51.4% of medication errors occurred in the hospitalization unit, the majority in the night time (32.4%), with an emphasis on dose omissions (27.0%) and dispensing errors (21.6%). Most incidents did not cause additional harm or cost. The average cost was R$ 158.55 for the management of falls. Additional costs for medication errors ranged from R$ 31.16 to R$ 21,534.61. The contributing factors and root causes of the incidents were mainly related to the team, the professional and the execution of care. Conclusion accidents/falls and medication errors presented a low frequency of harm to the patient, but impacted costs to the hospital. Regarding root causes, aspects of the health work process related to direct patient care were highlighted.
RESUMEN Objetivos caracterizar accidentes/caídas y errores de medicación en el proceso asistencial en un hospital universitario y; determinar sus causas fundamentales y los costos directos variables. Método estudio transversal implementado en dos etapas: la primera, basada en el análisis de fuentes secundarias (notificaciones, historias clínicas e informes de costos) y; el segundo, en la aplicación del análisis raíz-raíz para incidentes con daños moderados / severos. Realizado en un hospital docente de Paraná, que atiende exclusivamente al Sistema Único de Salud y forma parte de la Red de Hospitales Centinelas. Se investigaron 30 notificaciones de accidentes / caídas y 37 de errores de medicación. Se aplicó el análisis estadístico descriptivo y la metodología propuesta por The Joint Commission International. Resultados entre los accidentes / caídas, el 33,3% ocurrió en urgencias; 40,0% estaban relacionados con la cama, en proporciones similares en los periodos de mañana y noche; El 51,4% de los errores de medicación ocurrieron en la unidad de internación, la mayoría durante la noche (32,4%), con énfasis en omisiones de dosis (27,0%) y errores de dispensación (21,6%). La mayoría de los incidentes no resultaron en daños o costos adicionales. El costo promedio fue de R$ 158,55 para el manejo de caídas. Los costos adicionales por errores de medicación oscilaron entre R$ 31,16 y R$ 21.534,61. Los factores contribuyentes y las causas fundamentales de los incidentes se relacionaron principalmente con el equipo, el profesional y la ejecución de la atención. Conclusión los accidentes / caídas y los errores de medicación tuvieron una baja frecuencia de daño al paciente, pero impactaron los costos hospitalarios. En relación a las causas raíz, se destacaron aspectos del proceso de trabajo en salud, relacionados con la atención directa al paciente.
RESUMO Objetivos caracterizar os acidentes/quedas e erros de medicação no processo de cuidado em um hospital de ensino e; determinar suas causas-raízes e os custos diretos variáveis. Método estudo transversal implementado em duas etapas: a primeira se pautou na análise de fontes secundárias (notificações, prontuários e relatórios de custos) e; a segunda, na aplicação de análise de cauza-raíz para incidentes com danos moderados/graves de julho a dezembro de 2019. Realizado em hospital de ensino do Paraná, que atende exclusivamente o Sistema Único de Saúde e compõe a Rede de Hospitais Sentinelas. Foram investigadas 30 notificações de acidentes/quedas e 37 de erros de medicação. Aplicaram-se a análise estatística descritiva e a metodologia proposta pela The Joint Comission International. Resultados dentre os acidentes/quedas, 33,3% ocorreram no pronto socorro; 40,0% tiveram relação com o leito, em proporções semelhantes nos períodos matutino e noturno; 51,4% dos erros de medicação ocorreram em unidade de internação, a maioria no período noturno (32,4%), com destaque para omissões de dose (27,0%) e erros de dispensação (21,6%). A maioria dos incidentes não ocasionou danos ou custo adicional. O custo médio foi R$ 158,55 para manejo das quedas. Os custos adicionais para erros de medicação variaram entre R$ 31,16 e R$ 21.534,61. Os fatores contribuintes e causas-raízes dos incidentes se relacionaram, principalmente, à equipe, ao profissional e à execução do cuidado. Conclusão os acidentes/quedas e erros de medicação apresentaram baixa frequência de danos ao paciente, porém impactaram no custo hospitalar. Em relação às causas-raízes, destacaram- se os aspectos do processo de trabalho em saúde, relacionados ao cuidado direto ao paciente.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Accidental Falls , Medical Errors , Costs and Cost Analysis , Root Cause Analysis , Patient Safety , Medication ErrorsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the applicability of Root Cause Analysis and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis tools, aiming to improve care in pediatric units. Methods: this is a scoping review carried out according to the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes extension for Scoping Reviews. Search took place in May 2018 on 15 data sources. Results: search totaled 8,254 studies. After using the relevant inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 articles were included in the review. Of these, nine were published between 2013 and 2018, 12 used Failure Mode and Effect Analysis and 11 carried out interventions to improve the quality of the processes addressed, showing good post-intervention results. Final Considerations: the application of the tools indicated significant changes and improvements in the services that implemented them, proving to be satisfactory for detecting opportunities for improvement, employing specific methodologies for harm reduction in pediatrics.
RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar la aplicabilidad de las herramientas Análisis de Causa Raiz y Análisis de Fallas Modales y Efectos, con el objetivo de mejorar la atención en las unidades pediátricas. Métodos: revisión de alcance, realizada de acuerdo con las directrices del Instituto Joanna Briggs, siguiendo la lista de verificación de los Ítems Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. La búsqueda se realizó en mayo de 2018 en 15 fuentes de datos. Resultados: la búsqueda totalizó 8.254 estudios. Después de utilizar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión relevantes, se incluyeron 15 artículos en la revisión. De estos, nueve fueron publicados entre 2013 y 2018, 12 utilizaron; Análisis de Fallas Modales y Efectos y 11 realizaron intervenciones para mejorar la calidad de los procesos abordados, mostrando buenos resultados post-intervención. Consideraciones Finales: la aplicación de las herramientas indicó cambios y mejoras significativas en los servicios que las implementaron, resultando satisfactorias para detectar oportunidades de mejora, empleando metodologías específicas para la reducción de daños en pediatría.
RESUMO Objetivos: analisar a aplicabilidade das ferramentas Análise de Causa Raiz e Análise Modal de Falhas e Efeitos, visando à melhoria da assistência em unidades pediátricas. Métodos: scoping review, realizada conforme orientações do Instituto Joanna Briggs, seguindo o checklist do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. A busca ocorreu em maio de 2018 em 15 fontes de dados. Resultados: busca totalizou 8.254 estudos. Após a utilização dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão pertinentes, incluíram-se 15 artigos na revisão. Desses, nove foram publicados entre 2013 e 2018, 12 utilizaram Análise Modal de Falhas e Efeitos e 11 realizaram intervenções para melhoria da qualidade nos processos abordados, mostrando bons resultados pós-intervenções. Considerações Finais: a aplicação das ferramentas indicou mudanças e melhorias significativas nos serviços que as implementaram, mostrando-se satisfatórias para detectar oportunidades de melhorias, empregando metodologias específicas para a redução de danos em pediatria.
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Justificativa: em minha atuação como enfermeira de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS), me deparei, com frequência, com as dúvidas dos profissionais de enfermagem sobre o manejo seguro das vacinas, incluindo dose correta segundo faixa etária, intervalo entre doses e faixa etária alvo da vacina. Tais dúvidas tinham potencial para resultar em danos aos usuários e, por este motivo, o presente estudo foi proposto. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto de um programa de melhoria da qualidade na redução de erro relacionado à administração de vacina. Método: estudo observacional voltado para a comparação de medidas de resultados antes (Fase I) e após (Fase II) a implementação de um programa de melhoria da qualidade, segundo o referencial teórico e metodológico do Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI). O estudo foi realizado em uma UBS do interior do estado de São Paulo, no período de março a setembro de 2019. O universo em estudo foi constituído por 164 doses de vacinas preparadas e administradas por 15 técnicas de enfermagem. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizado um formulário eletrônico desenvolvido na Plataforma on-line Survey Monkey®. O estudo foi realizado em duas fases: na primeira, realizou-se a observação direta e participante dos profissionais de enfermagem durante o preparo e a administração das doses (linha de base). Em seguida, os resultados foram apresentados para a equipe de enfermagem da UBS e foi estabelecida uma equipe de melhoria da qualidade. Foram utilizadas as seguintes ferramentas da qualidade: análise de causa raiz; diagrama de Ishikawa; diagrama de Pareto e ciclos PDSA (Plan-Do-Study-Act). Foi estabelecida a meta de 100% de orientações realizadas aos usuários da UBS que necessitavam de vacinas e/ou aos responsáveis, sobre potenciais reações adversas em um período de seis meses. O planejamento das ações foi realizado com o auxílio do formulário PDSA do IHI. Na Fase II, quatro ciclos PDSA foram realizados para testar as mudanças que incluíram: capacitação da equipe de enfermagem da UBS sobre os principais eventos adversos relacionados às vacinas e orientações aos familiares/responsáveis sobre o risco do uso do celular na sala de vacina. Resultados: No primeiro Ciclo PDSA, 13 (72,2%) usuários/responsáveis foram orientados sobre potenciais reações adversas relacionadas às vacinas; contudo, cinco (27,7%) usuários/responsáveis não receberam tais orientações. No segundo Ciclo PDSA, das 30 doses administradas, houve orientações sobre possíveis reações adversas para 100% dos usuários/responsáveis. No terceiro e quarto Ciclos PDSA, essa porcentagem se manteve e foi confirmada a melhoria no processo. Conclusão: Os resultados demonstram que a abordagem de melhoria da qualidade, baseada em ciclos PDSA, contribuiram com a redução de erro no processo de administração de vacinas em uma UBS, na medida que houve aumento da porcentagem de orientações realizadas aos usuários e/ou responsáveis sobre potenciais reações adversas e que a mudança foi sustentável, pois se manteve ao longo do tempo. Implicações para a prática clínica: A equipe de enfermagem se mostrou mais segura quanto à realização dos procedimentos relacionados ao preparo e à administração de vacinas após a capacitação e demonstrou maior envolvimento nos processos, a partir da definição e construção deste projeto de melhoria. Ainda que não fosse o objetivo do estudo, o método selecionado também permitiu que os profissionais de enfermagem se atentassem para outras falhas nos processos que poderiam resultar em danos ao usuário; tais como: manutenção de agulhas nos frascos-ampolas após aspiração das doses e não realização da assepsia da pele antes das injeções. Durante as etapas do estudo, esses problemas foram sanados e as mudanças se mantiveram ao longo do tempo. A metodologia de melhoria da qualidade também contribuiu para o envolvimento da equipe médica na tomada de decisão sobre as mudanças a serem testadas. Têm-se como produto técnico deste projeto de melhoria a capacitação da equipe de enfermagem sobre o tema "Reações adversas às vacinas"; capacitação da equipe de enfermagem sobre abordagem ao usuário e/ou responsável sobre as principais reações adversas relacionadas à administração de vacinas; elaboração e disponibilização, para a equipe, de folder contendo os tipos de vacina e suas reações locais e sistêmicas; elaboração e disponibilização, na sala de vacina, de folder de proibição do uso de celular pelos usuários e/ou responsáveis.
Justification: in my work as a nurse at a Basic Health Unit (UBS), I have often come across questions from nursing professionals about the safe management of vaccines, including the correct dosage according to age group, dose interval, and the target age range of the vaccine. Such doubts had the potential to result in harm to users, and for this reason, the present study was proposed. Objective: To evaluate the impact of a quality improvement program in reducing errors related to vaccine administration. Method: observational study aimed at comparing measures of results before (Phase I) and after (Phase II) the implementation of a quality improvement program, according to the theoretical and methodological framework of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI). The study was carried out at a UBS in the São Paulo's interior, from March to September 2019. The universe under study consisted of 164 doses of vaccines prepared and administered by 15 nursing techniques. An electronic form developed at online platform Survey Monkey® was used for data collection. The study was conducted in two phases: In the first, direct observation and participation of nursing professionals during preparation and doses administration was performed (baseline). The results were then presented to the UBS nursing team and a quality improvement team was established. The following quality tools were used: root cause analysis; Ishikawa diagram; Pareto diagram and rapid PDSA (Plan-Do-Study-Act) cycles. A goal of 100% guidance to UBS users who needed vaccines and/or those responsible for potential adverse reactions over a six-month period was established. The actions planning was carried out with PDSA's help form from IHI. In Phase II, four PDSA cycles were conducted to test the changes that included: training of the UBS nursing team on major vaccine related adverse events and guidance to family/guardians about the risk of using cell phones in the vaccine room. Results: In the first PDSA Cycle, 13 (72.2%) users/responsibles were advised on potential adverse reactions related to vaccines; however, five (27.7%) users/responsibles did not receive such guidance. In the second PDSA Cycle, of the 30 doses administered, there was guidance on possible adverse reactions for 100% of the users/responsibles. In the third and fourth PDSA Cycles, this percentage was maintained and improvement in the process was confirmed. Conclusion: The results shows that the quality improvement approach, based on PDSA cycles, has contributed to reducing errors in the vaccine administration process at a UBS, as there has been an increase in the percentage of guidance provided to users and/or guardians about potential adverse reactions and the change has been sustainable because it has been maintained over time. Implications for clinical practice: The nursing team proved to be safer about performing procedures related to vaccine preparation and administration after training and also showed greater involvement in the processes, from the definition and construction of this improvement project. Although it was not the objective of the study, the method selected also allowed nursing professionals to pay attention to other failures in the processes that could result in damage to the user, such as: maintenance of needles in vials after doses aspiration and not performing skin asepsis before injections. During the study's stages, these problems were remedied and the changes were maintained over time. The quality improvement methodology also contributed to the involvement of medical team making the decision about the changes that will be tested. The technical product of this improvement project is about training the nursing team on "Adverse reactions to vaccines"; approaching the nursing team on how to user and/or responsible person on the main adverse reactions related to vaccine administration; preparation and availability for the team of a folder containing the types of vaccine and their local and systemic reactions; preparation and availability folder in the vaccine room prohibiting the use of cell phones by users and/or responsible persons.
Subject(s)
Humans , Quality of Health Care , Vaccines/administration & dosage , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Root Cause Analysis , Patient Safety , Medication Errors/adverse effects , Nursing, TeamABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Despite the existence of several studies validating the use of narrow diameter implants, most of them are based on pure Ti alloys. There is few clinical evidence of the success of TiZr narrow diameter implants (TiZr NDIs) regarding survival rate (SR) and marginal bone loss (MLB). PURPOSE: The aim of this review was to systematically assess SR, as well as MBL of TiZr NDIs compared to commercially pure titanium narrow diameter implants (cpTi NDIs). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The search was conducted in Medline/PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and Embase databases (year 2000 to November 2016). Cohort studies and randomized trials were included. RESULTS: Six clinical studies from the 3453 articles initially identified met the inclusion criteria. There were no statistically significant differences in SR when TiZr NDIs and cpTi NDIs were compared in the 1-year follow up (P = .5), or when comparing TiZr NDIs placed in posterior and anterior regions. There was no difference between groups regarding 1-year SR: -0.01 (95% CI, -0.05-0.03) and MLB: -0.01 mm (95% CI: -0.14-0.12). CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that TiZr NDIs present similar success rates and peri-implant bone resorption to cpTi NDIs.
Subject(s)
Dental Alloys , Dental Implants , Dental Prosthesis Design , Prosthesis Failure , Titanium , Zirconium , Dental Implantation, Endosseous , Humans , Root Cause Analysis , Survival RateABSTRACT
El Análisis de Causa-Raíz (ACR) es una forma de estudio retrospectivo de eventos adversos destinado a detectar las causas subyacentes de los mismos para proteger a los pacientes mediante la modificación de los factores dentro del sistema de salud que los provocaron y prevenir sus recurrencias. Si bien esta concepción centrada en la seguridad del paciente ha visto un importante auge en la atención médica, la odontología no ha sido llevada de igual manera probablemente por presentar daños más leves, procedimientos ambulatorios (con la consiguiente falta de seguimiento de muchos eventos adversos) y prácticas fundamentalmente privadas (cuyos conflictos afectarían potencialmente los resultados comerciales). Dado que no hay precedentes en Chile, se presenta un evento adverso producido en la Clínica Odontológica Docente Asistencial de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de La Frontera y su ACR, desarrollado como primera intervención del Centro Chileno para la Observación y Gestión del Riesgo Sanitario de esa institución. Se plantean las necesidades de implementar un sistema explícito de categorización de eventos adversos en esa disciplina y de apoyar políticas de cultura en seguridad para el paciente odontológico, y se discute el papel de las instituciones universitarias para reconocer las áreas de vulnerabilidad en sus clínicas y así reforzar y mejorar la calidad de sus prácticas sanitarias.
Root cause analysis (RCA) is a retrospective study of adverse events performed to detect the underlying causes of these events to protect patients by modifying the factors within the health system that caused them and preventing their recurrences. Although this paradigm focused on patient safety has seen a significant increase in medical care, dentistry has not been carried out in the same way, probably because of milder injuries, outpatient procedures (with the consequent lack of follow-up of many adverse events) and basically private practices (whose conflicts would potentially affect commercial outcomes). Since there is no precedent in Chile, we present an adverse event produced at the Dental Clinic of the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of La Frontera and its RCA, performed as the first intervention of the Chilean Center for the Observation and Management of Health Risk of that institution. The needs to implement an explicit system of categorization of adverse events in this discipline and to provide support for cultural safety policies for the dental patient are discussed. The role of university institutions in recognizing areas of vulnerability in their clinics and to strengthen and improve the quality of their health practices is also discussed.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Quality of Health Care , Medical Errors/prevention & control , Education, Dental/methods , Root Cause Analysis/methods , Patient Safety , Risk Management , UniversitiesABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: la tasa de mortalidad infantil (TMI) de Río Negro es menor a la media nacional. En la 4a Zona Sanitaria se registró un aumento en los últimos tres años, con especial impactoen la mortalidad neonatal con causas reducibles. OBJETIVOS: Mediante análisis causa raíz (ACR), estudiar casos seleccionados y proponer estrategias para disminuir las muertes infantiles en la zona. Analizar la mortalidad infantil (MI) en la Zona Sanitaria entre 2011 y 2013. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un análisis de casos seleccionados con un estudio descriptivo transversal. Se utilizó el ACR para el estudio cualitativo de 14 casos entre octubre de 2012 y febrero de 2014. Se clasificaron los factores asociados a las muertes según las siguientes áreas: recursos humanos, institucional, factores externos y ambiente hospitalario, equipamiento e insumos. Se resumió en un diagramade Pareto, y se usó un gráfico causa raíz por caso. Se analizó la MI y sus componentes de acuerdo con variables epidemiológicas en 2011, 2012 y 2013. RESULTADOS: El 80% de los aspectos relacionados con la mortalidad correspondieron a recursos humanos y factores institucionales. Los fallecidos tuvieron edad gestacional, peso al nacery Apgar a los 5 minutos más bajos que la población de recién nacidos del período. No hubo diferencias significativas en la edad y educaciónmaterna. CONCLUSIONES: Una gran proporción de la MI regional es reducible. Las estrategias surgidas del análisis apuntan a mejorar la capacitación y cambiar la cultura organizacional. El ACR permite identificar los errores en los procesos de atención y generar propuestas.
INTRODUCTION: the child mortality rate in Río Negro province is lower than national average. In the 4th Health Area, there was an increase in the last three years, with high impact on neonatal mortality and reducible causes. OBJECTIVES: Through root cause analysis (RCA), to study selected cases and to propose strategies to decrease child mortality in the region. To analyze child mortality in the 4th Health Area from 2011 to 2013. METHODS: An analysis of selected cases was performed, with a descriptivecross-sectional study. The RCA was used for a qualitative study of 14 cases from October 2012 to February 2014. Death-related factors were classified in groups: human resources, institutional factors, external factors, hospital environment, and equipment and supplies. Results were displayed in a Pareto diagram, using a root cause graph in each case. The study analyzed child mortality and its components according to epidemiological variables in 2011, 2012 and 2013. RESULTS: Among death-related aspects, 80% were part of human resources and institutional factors. Gestational age, birth weight and Apgar at 5 minutes were lower in dead children than in general newborn population. There wasno significant difference regarding maternal age and education. CONCLUSIONS: A large proportion of child mortality is reducible. The analysis-based strategies aim at improving training and changing organizational culture. RCA allows to detect health care process problems and to generate proposals.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant Mortality , Root Cause AnalysisABSTRACT
Un evento centinela es un suceso inesperado que implica la muerte, o una lesión física o psicológica grave. En este caso, el evento fue el embarazo adolescente no diagnosticado antes de la indicación de tratamientos o métodos de diagnóstico potencialmente dañinos. El equipo tratante realizó un análisis de causa-raíz en el que se identificaron las siguientes causas: a) sesgo pediátrico: no pensar en el comportamiento sexual adolescente, cuestionarios incompletos, insuficiente formación en entrevistas con adolescentes, b) factores sociales: cuestiones legales, recomendaciones ambiguas con respecto a la sexualidad, c) factores hospitalarios: ausencia de guías clínicas en el tema, d) factores del paciente: historia oculta de abuso sexual, barreras culturales, falta de confianza. Antes de realizar procedimientos potencialmente teratogénicos en pacientes adolescentes, se debería efectuar una prueba diagnóstica de embarazo, con independencia de los resultados negativos de pruebas de embarazo de ciclos menstruales previos
A sentinel event is an unexpected occurrence involving death or serious physical or psychological injury, or the risk thereof.The sentinel event identified was undiagnosed adolescent pregnancy before the indication of potentially harmful treatments or diagnostic methods. The team performed a root -cause analysis where the following causes were identified: a) Paediatrician bias: not thinking about adolescent sexual behaviour, incomplete questionnaires, insufficient training in adolescent interviews. b) Social factors: legal issues, ambiguous contraceptive recommendations. c) Hospital factors: lack of guidelines for counselling adolescents. d) Host risk factors: cultural barriers, lack of confidence. Regardless of any previous negative pregnancy test results, any time that a new potentially harmful procedure is indicated in a fertile female patient, a test of pregnancy diagnosed might be performed.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic/diagnosis , Sentinel Surveillance , Prejudice , Sexual Behavior , Cultural CharacteristicsABSTRACT
The present investigation was a cross-sectional, quantitative research study analyzing incidents associated with nursing care using a root-cause methodological analysis. The study was conducted in a public hospital intensive care unit (ICU) in Santiago de Chile and investigated 18 incidents related to nursing care that occurred from January to March of 2012. The sample was composed of six cases involving medications and the self-removal of therapeutic devices. The contributing factors were related to the tasks and technology, the professional work team, the patients, and the environment. The analysis confirmed that the cases presented with similar contributing factors, thereby indicating that the vulnerable aspects of the system are primarily responsible for the incidence occurrence. We conclude that root-cause analysis facilitates the identification of these vulnerable points. Proactive management in system-error prevention is made possible by recommendations.
Investigação quantitativa do tipo transversal que analisou os incidentes relacionados aos cuidados de enfermagem por meio da metodologia de análise da causa raiz. Foi realizado em uma unidade de cuidados intensivos de um hospital público de Santiago do Chile. O universo foi composto por 18 incidentes relacionados aos cuidados de enfermagem ocorridos de janeiro a março de 2012. A amostra foi composta por seis casos relacionados a medicamentos e retirada não planejada de artefatos terapêuticos. Os fatores relacionados foram: tarefa e tecnologia, equipe de trabalho, profissional, paciente e ambiente. Na análise, constatou-se que os casos apresentaram fatores relacionados semelhantes, concluindo que os pontos vulneráveis do sistema são em sua maioria responsáveis pela ocorrência de incidentes. Conclui-se que a análise da causa raiz permite identificar esses pontos vulneráveis e, por meio de recomendações, possibilita a gestão proativa na prevenção de falhas do sistema.
Investigación cuantitativa de tipo transversal que analizó los incidentes relacionados a los cuidados de enfermería, por medio de la metodología del análisis causa - raíz. Fue realizado en una unidad de cuidados intensivos de un hospital público de Santiago de Chile. El universo fue compuesto por 18 incidentes relacionados a los cuidados de enfermería ocurridos de enero a marzo del 2012. La muestra fue constituida por seis casos relacionados a medicamentos y retiro no planificado de artefactos terapéuticos. Los factores relacionados fueron: tarea y tecnología, equipo de trabajo, profesional, paciente y ambiente. En el análisis se constató que los casos presentaron factores relacionados semejantes, concluyendo que los puntos vulnerables del sistema son en su mayoría, los responsables por la ocurrencia de incidentes. Se concluye que el análisis de causa - raíz permite la identificación de estos puntos vulnerables y, por medio de recomendaciones, posibilita la gestión proactiva en la prevención de fallas del sistema.
Subject(s)
Critical Care , Nursing Care , Patients , Intensive Care UnitsABSTRACT
Introducción. El análisis causa-raíz es una técnica cualitativa caracterizada por un proceso secuencial de preguntas orientadas a la prevención de un evento centinela, al buscar conocer e incidir en los diversos componentes que rodean al acto mismo. La leucemia linfoblástica aguda es el cáncer más común en los niños. Debido a su manejo multidisciplinario, es susceptible de generar diversos errores latentes que ponen en riesgo la vida de los pacientes. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio de análisis causa-raíz a nivel nacional, con la participación de siete hospitales afiliados al Seguro Popular. Un panel de expertos analizó el expediente de un paciente pediátrico con leucemia linfoblástica aguda que hubiera fallecido recientemente en cada uno de los centros participantes. Los resultados se describieron y jerarquizaron para, finalmente, identificar las posibles recomendaciones para mejorar la atención al paciente. Resultados. Se consideró que en cuatro de los siete casos las causas de muerte eran prevenibles. Los problemas en la atención fueron relacionados con el manejo heterogéneo de complicaciones infecciosas y hematológicas. Los distintos centros hospitalarios compartieron la mayor parte de los problemas identificados, especialmente los referentes a la falta de personal capacitado y a la insuficiencia de productos hemáticos. Conclusiones. El estudio sienta la base para conocer las deficiencias en los distintos hospitales y propone el análisis de la información para la creación de comités de mejora. El análisis causa-raíz es una herramienta útil dentro de las unidades médicas, para identificar potenciales deficiencias en los procesos de atención.
Background: Root cause analysis is a qualitative technique characterized by a sequential order of questions to prevent errors by the acknowledgment and management of its diverse components. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most common cancer in children. Due to the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach, it can be the target of diverse latent errors, which jeopardize the life of the patient. Methods: We developed a study including seven national institutions affiliated with the Seguro Popular insurance program. We conducted a summary of the clinical records of the most recent death of a pediatric patient with ALL at each institution. Clinical files were analyzed by an expert panel. Results were described and prioritized in order to recommend improvements for care. Results: We considered that 4/7 deaths were preventable. Problems in patient care are related to mismanagement of infectious and hematological complications. Many of the results obtained in the analysis are shared by the institutions with particular emphasis on lack of personnel and insufficient training as well as deficiency of blood products. Conclusions: This study will become the starting point to acknowledge the deficiencies among the different institutions and invites an analysis of the information to create committees for better care practices and to consider RCA as a useful tool within each medical institution to identify deficiencies in the care process.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: Las tasas de mortalidad infantil y neonatal en Argentina tienen tendencia decreciente y las desigualdades entre regiones son notables. El 60% de las muertes en <1 año ocurre en el periodo neonatal, 57% de esas muertes son evitables. OBJETIVO: analizar un conjunto de muertes neonatales a través de técnicas estandarizadas y Análisis de Causa-Raíz (ACR). MÉTODO: estudio multicéntrico observacional de corte transversal. Se incluyeron los recién nacidos (RN) ≥ 500 grs que fallecieron ≤ 30 días entre 06/08 y 03/09 en 6 maternidades. La recolección de datos fue prospectiva multidimensional, próxima a la muerte, a partir de todos los actores, con marcación cronológica y evaluación de dimensiones institucional, recursos humanos, equipamiento, ambiente físico y factores externos. Se caracterizó al RN fallecido y un grupo asesor clasificó la muerte como inevitable o reducible. RESULTADOS: se analizaron 369 muertes; las causas de internación fueron dificultad respiratoria (67,7%), malformaciones (16,2%), infecciones y asfixia perinatal (12%). La dimensión de recursos humanos fue la más frecuentemente relacionada con la muerte (59%), seguida por la institucional y organizacional (48%). La condición de derivación (OR 1,97; IC95% 1,01-3,83) y la presencia de complicaciones (OR 8,56; IC 95% 5,03-14,5) y edad >6 días (OR 2,04; IC95% 1,06-3,95) resultaron asociadas en forma independiente a la reducibilidad de la muerte neonatal. CONCLUSIONES: la mayor parte de las muertes neonatales fueron reducibles. Resulta fundamental establecer estrategias de capacitación y fortalecimiento del recurso humano que asiste a esta población.
BACKGROUND: The infant and neonatal mortality rate in Argentina is decreasing but disparities between regions are notable and 60 per cent of the newborn deaths (NB) are preventable. OBJECTIVE: to analyze a set of neonatal deaths through standardized techniques and root cause analysis (RCA). The RCA is a reactive tool to identify factors contributing to the occurrence of an unwanted event in search of system failures. Design: multicentric observational cross-sectional study. METHOD: NB ≥ 500grs who died ≤ 30 days in 20082009 in 6 maternity hospitals in Argentina were included. Data collection was multidimensional and close to the death with chronological analysis and assessment of dimension institutional, human resources, equipment, physical environment and external factors. Every NB was epidemiologically characterized and an advisory group classified death as inevitable or reducible. RESULTS: 369 deaths were analyzed; the main hospitalization causes were respiratory distress (67.7%), malformations (16.2%), infections and perinatal asphyxia (12%). The human resources dimension was the most frequently related to the death (59%), followed by the institutional and organizational (48%). 57.7% of deaths were classified as reducible. The neonatal transport condition (OR 1.97CI95% 1, 01-3, 83), the presence of complications (OR 8,56 CI95% 5,03-14,5) and age > 6 days (OR2 CI95% 1,06-3, 95) were associated with neonatal death reducibility independently. CONCLUSIONS: most of neonatal deaths were reducible. It is essential to establish strategies for training and strengthening human resources that assist this population.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Evaluation Studies as Topic/statistics & numerical data , Multivariate Analysis , Health Human Resource Training , Underlying Cause of Death , Cross-Sectional Studies , Infant Mortality , Health Planning , Delivery of Health CareABSTRACT
La seguridad del paciente es un problema grave de salud pública en todo el mundo. El análisis causal con un enfoque sistemático y participativo es una herramienta útil para mejorar la seguridad. OBJETIVOS: Aplicar un análisis causa raíz (ACR) y proponer acciones para corregir estas causas y/o minimizar el riesgo de ocurrencia de eventos similares. MÉTODOS: Análisis Causa Raíz de un evento centinela ocurrido en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales del Hospital Penna de Bahía Blanca, Argentina, en las siguientes etapas: 1) Identificación y selección del evento; 2) Recopilación de la información y descripción del evento; 3) Construcción del mapa de los hechos; 4) Análisis de los factores contribuyentes y estudio de las barreras (físicas, administrativas, organizacionales) que pueden prevenir daños, 5) Desarrollo de soluciones y plan de acción. RESULTADOS: Se seleccionó un brote intra-hospitalario por Staphylococcus aureus meticilino resistente, calificado como catastrófico(muerte de un neonato y de frecuencia ocasional). Con el análisis causal se identificaron los factores humanos proximales y las fallas latentes del sistema relacionadas con aspectos de la organización, la gestión de la información, el manejo del contexto y la cultura corporativa. Como principales barreras de contención se reconocieron la adecuada comunicación entre los profesionales de la salud y la sistematización de los procesos relacionados con la adherencia del personal a las normas de bioseguridad. Luego se diseñó un plan de acción destinado a fortalecer estas barreras. CONCLUSIONES: El ACR es un método factible de implementar para el equipo de salud. Su uso permitiría mejorar la seguridad de los pacientes a través de la identificación y corrección de las fallas latentes del sistema
Patient safety is a serious global public health issue.The causal analysis with a systematic and participatory approachis a useful tool for improving safety. OBJECTIVE: to perform the causal analysis of a sentinel event in order to identify improvement opportunities, propose actions aimed at increasing patient safety and promote a collaborative approach by the health team. METHODS: Root Cause Analysis (RCA) of a sentinel event occurred in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Hospital Penna de Bahía Blanca, Argentina, which included the following steps: 1)identification and selection of the event; 2) information collection and description of the event; 3) construction on the map of the facts; 4) analysis of contributing factors and study of the barriers(physical, administrative, organizational) that may prevent damage, 5) Developing solutions and action plan. RESULTS: an intrahospital methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus out break that affected six new borns and caused one death was selected. The causal analysis permitted the identification of proximal human factors as well as latent system failures associated with organizational factors and factors related to information management, context management and corporative culture. Appropriate communication between health professionals and systematization of processes aimed at guarantying personal adherence to bio-security norms were identified as the main barriers. Interventions oriented to strengthen these barriers were proposed. CONCLUSIONS: ACR is a feasible method to be implemented by the health team. Its use permitted patient safety improvement through the identification and correction of the latent failures of the system