Influence of coping with stressful situations on changes in aerobic capacity and post-workout restitution coefficient in the period of immediate preparation for the European men's cadet wrestling championship.

Aim of the study: The research goal of the study was to determine the relationship between coping with stressful situations and the level of aerobic capacity and post-workout restitution, as well as the changes that occur between these variables through the period of training camp preceding international men's championship competitions in age cadet. Two research hypotheses were verified. The athletes will maintain or improve the results obtained in the performance test and the post-workout restitution coefficient during the immediate preparation period for the European Championships (H1), and the style of coping with stressful situations significantly affects changes in aerobic capacity and the post-workout restitution coefficient during the immediate preparation period for the European Championships (H2). Materials and methods: The athletes of the National Men's Team of Poland in classical style wrestling (n = 16). Coping with stressful situations was examined using the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS). Aerobic capacity was analyzed using the Maximal Multistage 20-m Shuttle Run Test. The level of post-exercise restitution was calculated using the Klonowicz coefficient of restitution. Results: There was a significant increase in aerobic capacity levels (p < 0.001), a decrease in resting HR (p < 0.002), HR 1' after the test (p < 0.0031), and HR 5' after the test (p < 0.007). There was a significant correlation between emotional coping style and avoidant style focused on looking for social contacts vs. HR 3' after the test and (r = 0.60; p < 0.015) and HR 5' after the test (r = 0.57; p < 0.020). In addition, a correlation was noted between avoidant style and maximum aerobic speed (r = -0.64; p < 0.008), and avoidant style focused on substitute activities vs. distance and maximum aerobic speed (r = -0.72; p < 0.002). Conclusion: It is reasonable to implement psychological training and regular monitoring of mental preparation in the national men's team training program for athletes competing in wrestling.

Striking a balance: Exploring attention, attack accuracy and speed in fencing performance.

In fencing, it remains unclear whether practice enhances visual-spatial attention allocation. We explored whether this ability is improved in fencers and if it is related to attack speed and accuracy. Twelve novices (<1 year of experience) and 12 trained epee fencers (18 ± 10 years of experience) visited the laboratory twice (familiarization and testing session). They performed a covert orienting of visuospatial attention test (COVAT) on a computer and an epee test, involving 30 trials of 3 shuttles followed by fast attack phases where the fencers quickly hit a target (randomly proposed out of 8). We measured COVAT reaction time, number of successful target hits, and execution time to hit in the fencing test. We found shorter COVAT reaction time for trained fencers (332 ± 24 ms) versus novices (367 ± 32 ms; p < 0.001). The number of hits was greater for trained fencers (22 ± 3) versus novices (16 ± 3; p < 0.001). ANCOVA showed a difference in execution time at the test (823 ± 73 ms vs. 913 ± 141 ms, p = 0.035). A relationship was found between hits and execution time and between execution time and COVAT reaction time for the trained group (r = 0.62, p = 0.03 and r = 0.70, p = 0.01, respectively) but not in the novice group (r = 0.11, p = 0.72 and r = 0.45, p = 0.14, respectively). Mediation analysis showed that the relationship between execution time and number of hits (ADE: p = 0.008) was not mediated by COVAT reaction time (ACME: p = 0.17). These results evidence the importance of visual-spatial attention allocation in fencing and evidence differences between novices and trained fencers with important implications for talent development in the early career stage.

The validity of utilizing karate in youth safety education.

This article aims to present a new argument on the validity of utilizing karate in youth safety education. First, the important role of safety education and the need to seek new means of influencing young people is presented and the significant role of sport in this area. The field of Far Eastern combat sports was underlined here as being particularly important because they contain internal codes of moral conduct. Therefore, the new argument is to take the perspective of karate as a combat sport, martial art, and self defence system in one. Karate as a combat sport refers to fighting skills in the following directions: traditional, sport and Olympic; and in the following systems: semi contact, knockdown, full contact, mix fighting. Karate as a martial art has a health-promoting character and emphasises the psycho-physical development of practitioners and the recognition of ethical codes. And karate as a self defence system is concerned with proficiency in out-of-sport confrontations, but also in risk assessment. Karate has been found to be an effective means in educating young people to safety, but in order for it to be effective, it needs to be adopted in its entirety. Because the combat sport perspective activates youth in physical culture, the martial art perspective educates according to norms and rules; and the self defence system perspective teaches how to act in difficult situations.

The Effect of Post-Activation Potentiation Enhancement Alone or in Combination with Caffeine on Anaerobic Performance in Boxers: A Double-Blind, Randomized Crossover Study.

Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) is a physiological phenomenon that refers to an acute excitation of the neuromuscular system following intense exercise that ends in enhanced physical performance in a subsequent bout of exercise. The scientific literature has primarily examined the effectiveness of PAPE alone or combined with caffeine (CAF) intake in all-out tests lasting ≤10 s, as the effect of PAPE is transitory. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of a protocol to induce PAPE alone or in combination with caffeine intake on the 30 s Wingate Anaerobic Test in highly trained boxers. Twenty-five male and highly trained boxers (mean age: 20 ± 1 years) participated in a double-blind, randomized crossover study consisting of three different experimental conditions: (i) control (CON), with no substance intake and no PAPE protocol before the Wingate Anaerobic Test; (ii) PAPE + PLA, involving the intake of a placebo 60 min before and a PAPE protocol comprising a 10 s cycling sprint overloaded with 8.5% of the participants' body weight 10 min before the Wingate Anaerobic Test; and (iii) PAPE + CAF, involving the intake of 3 mg/kg of caffeine 60 min before and the same PAPE protocol used in the (ii) protocol before the Wingate Anaerobic Test. In all conditions, the participants performed the 30 s version of the Wingate Anaerobic Test with a load equivalent to 7.5% of their body weight, while the cycle ergometer setting was replicated. Immediately following the Wingate test, heart rate (HR), the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and blood lactate concentration (Bla) were measured. In comparison to CON, PAPE + PLA enhanced mean power (p = 0.024; Effect size [ES] = 0.37) and total work (p = 0.022; ES = 0.38) during the Wingate test, accompanied by an increase in post-test blood lactate concentration (p < 0.01; ES = 0.83). In comparison to CON, PAPE + CAF enhanced mean power (p = 0.001; ES = 0.57), peak power (p = 0.013; ES = 0.57), total work (p = 0.001; ES = 0.53), post-test blood lactate concentration (p < 0.001; ES = 1.43) and participants' subjective perception of power (p = 0.041). There were no differences in any variable between PAPE + PLA and PAPE + CAF. In summary, a PAPE protocol that involves a 10 s all-out sprint 10 min before the Wingate Anaerobic Test was effective in enhancing Wingate mean power in highly trained boxers. The addition of 3 mg/kg of caffeine to the PAPE protocol produced an effect on mean power of a higher magnitude than PAPE alone, and it enhanced peak power along with participants' subjective perception of power. From a practical point of view, PAPE before exercise seems to be an effective approach for increasing Wingate performance in highly trained boxers, while the addition of caffeine can increase some benefits, especially peak power.

The effects of pre-task music on choice visual reaction time in elite taekwondo athletes.

OBJECTIVES: The effects of music on sport performance mainly involved endurance or resistance exercises overlooking possible effects on reaction time, which is deemed essential in martial arts for a proficient performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the exposure to pre-task music on choice visual reaction time in elite taekwondo athletes. DESIGN: Repeated measure study design. METHODS: Reaction time and mean Heart Rate (HRmean) were recorded in twenty young taekwondo athletes (17.5 ±â€¯2.5 years old) while performing a roundhouse kick in response to different visual stimuli after three warmup conditions: listening to self-selected music (SM), research-selected music (RM) or no music (CC). Moreover, Feeling Scale (FS), Felt Arousal Scale (FAS) were recorded before (T0) and after warmup (T1) in each testing session. RESULTS: SM and RM elicited significantly faster reaction times compared to CC (-3.3 % and -5.2 %, respectively). No significant difference in reaction time was observed between SM and RM. The FS and FAS scores were significantly higher at T1 compared to T0 in the SM and RM conditions, whereas no difference between T0 and T1 was observed in the CC condition. No difference was observed for HRmean between SM, RM and CC conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Listening to SM and RM during the warmup improved choice visual reaction times in elite taekwondo athletes. These results suggest the use of music as a performance-enhancing strategy prior to combat competition or training in martial arts.

Fatigue in elite fencing: Effects of a simulated competition.

The fatigue induced by fencing remains scarcely investigated. We aimed to investigate both objective (neuromuscular performance fatigability) and subjective (perceived fatigue, effort, and workload) manifestations of fatigue in elite fencers following a five-bout simulated competition. Changes in countermovement jump height, knee extensors maximal isometric torque, rate of torque development, voluntary activation, and contractile response to muscular electrical stimulation were measured in 29 elite fencers [12 epee (6 women), 11 saber (5 women), and 6 foil]. Perceived fatigue and effort were evaluated with visual analog scales, and the perceived workload with the NASA Task Load Index scale. During the competition, maximal torque and rate of torque development decreased by 1.6% (p = 0.017) and 2.4% (p < 0.001) per bout, respectively. Perceived fatigue before each bout increased (12% per bout), with similar values observed at the end of all bouts (bout × period interaction: p < 0.001). Perceived effort increased during the bouts (10% per period, p < 0.001) and during the competition (3% per bout, p = 0.011). Perceived mental demand increased during the competition (2% per bout, p = 0.024). These results suggest that elite fencers needed to increase the allocation of mental rather than physical resources to the task to counterbalance the deleterious effect of fatigue on performance.

The combined effects of napping and self-selected motivation music during warming up on cognitive and physical performance of karate athletes.

Introduction: It has been established that napping or listening to motivational music during warm-up is an effective strategy to enhance cognitive and physical performances. However, which could provide better enhancement warrants further investigation. This study aimed to examine the effect of a 30-min nap opportunity (N30), a warm-up with self-selected motivational music (WUMM), and the combination of N30 with WUMM (WUMM + N30) on cognitive and physical performances in karate athletes. Method: In a randomized order, 14 national-level male karate athletes performed four experimental sessions: control, N30, WUMM, and WUMM + N30. Simple (SRT) and choice (CRT) reaction times, selective attention, subjective sleepiness (ESS), mood state (POMS), countermovement jump (CMJ), and karate agility test (KAT) were evaluated before and after an all-out exhaustive task [i.e., the Karate Specific Test (KST)]. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured immediately after the KST. Results: Compared to the control, all interventions improved cognitive outcomes, mood, and sleepiness. No effects on physical performances (CMJ and KAT) were found after N30. Compared to N30, WUMM + N30 improved SRT pre- and post-exercise (pre: p < 0.05, d = 0.72; post: p < 0.001, d = 0.14), CRT (pre: p < 0.001, d = 0.07; post: p < 0.001, d = 0.10), attention (pre: p < 0.05, d = 0.06; post: p < 0.01, d = 0.06), mood (pre: p < 0.001, d = 2.53; post: p < 0.001, d = 0.23), and decreased ESS scores (pre: p < 0.01, d = 1.41; post: p < 0.05, d = 1.18). However, there was no significant difference between WUMM and N30. KST performance was not affected by the experimental conditions. However, the KST-induced performance deficit in CMJ and KAT was smaller following WUMM + N30 compared to WUMM and N30. RPE scores were lower following WUMM + N30 and WUMM. Conclusion: These findings suggest that a combination of listening to self-selected motivational music during warm-up with a 30-min nap could be an effective strategy to enhance cognitive and physical performance decline caused by fatigue induced by exercise.

Type 1 diabetes management in a competitive athlete: A five-year case report.

Type I diabetes has an incidence of 15 per 100,000 people. Though it is a metabolic disorder, it can be seen in top, even professional athletes. Physical activity is recommended to manage diabetes, but there is a lack of specific knowledge on diabetes management and exercise from dedicated medical staff. This bias leads to suboptimal diabetes management, causing frequent hyper and hypoglycemia, a dysregulation of glycated hemoglobin, blood glucose out of control, and consequent needs to often intervene with extra insulin or carbohydrates. For 5 years, we followed a highly competitive male Caucasian athlete Vovinam Viet Vo Dao, with type I diabetes, aged 17. We monitored his glycated hemoglobin, the insulin drug administered, and glycemia blood level averages. We obtained, over time, a decrease in glycated hemoglobin by almost -22% and insulin administered by -37.33%, and average blood glycemia levels diminished by almost -27%. In addition, we carried out bioimpedance analysis and stratigraphy on the abdomen. Federation trainers supervised all physical training; we recorded an improvement in the general condition, underlined in particular by an increase in phase angle (from bioimpedance) of +17%.

Current and preservice teachers' views and beliefs regarding martial arts and the inclusion of martial arts in Australian school settings: A cross-sectional study.

Purpose: This study investigates views and beliefs of current and preservice teachers regarding martial arts (MA) and the inclusion of martial arts in schools. Methods: Participants completed an anonymous, 28-item questionnaire made available online via Qualtrics (August-November 2020). Data was analysed using SPSS software to compare mean scores by sex, and between qualified teachers and preservice teachers. Qualitative data in the form of quotes was drawn upon and used to complement the quantitative results. Results: Results indicate teachers and preservice teachers view MA as a worthwhile and beneficial activity for school-aged students, and support the inclusion of MA into school settings. Conclusion: These findings may be useful to inform policy and practice in schools, and the development of teacher education programs, professional development courses, and school-based education programs utilizing MA to meet physical education learning outcomes.

Effects of Age and Popularity of Sport on Differences among Wrestlers' Parental Support: An Exploratory Study.

No research was previously performed on wrestling related to parental support. It is not known whether there are differences in support between younger and older children. The popularity of a sport can be reflected in parental support, and parents may be more inclined towards popular sports. The aim of this research was to examine differences in parental support among wrestlers of different age categories and between those coming from communities in which wrestling is a popular sport versus communities in which it is less popular. The sample of participants consisted of 172 wrestlers. The Parental Support Scale for Children in Sports was applied. Parental willingness to set an example was lower. As far as age is concerned, the period of entry into specialisation is sensitive. At this age, children perceive less parental support (p = 0.04) and lower parental belief in the benefits of sports (p = 0.01). The popularity of the sport is related to parental support. In environments in which wrestling is popular, parents know the sport better and can participate; therefore, children perceive more parental support. The findings of this study may help coaches to better understand athlete-parent relationships.

Evaluation of surface electromyography of selected neck muscles during the whiplash mechanism in aware and unaware conditions due to safe punching in kickboxing.

BACKGROUND: Kickboxing is considered as a combat sport in progress, in which injuries are frequent and significant, and close injury monitoring is highly recommended. Sports injuries to the head and neck are estimated to cause 70% deaths and 20% permanent disabilities although they are much less common than those to the limbs. Whiplash mechanism involves the rapid extension (opening) and flexion (bending) of neck. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the electromyographic activity of selected muscles in the whiplash mechanism in aware and unaware conditions of the safe punching in kickboxing so that we can design special exercises. METHOD: In the present study, 24 male kickboxing athletes aged 18-40 years were selected based on a purposive sampling method. The surface electromyography (EMG) signals of muscles were recorded with and without awareness of safe punching by using a nine-channel wireless EMG device. Additionally, a nine-channel 3D inertial measurement unit (IMU, wireless,) was utilized to determine the acceleration, kinematics, and angular velocity of the subjects' head. The statistical dependent t-test was applied to compare the EMG activity of each muscle, as well as its participation ratio. RESULTS: The results of statistical analysis represented a significant increase in the EMG activity of sternocleidomastoid (p = 0.001), upper trapezius (p = 0.001) and cervical erector spinae muscles (p = 0.001), as well as the neck extension and flexion angles between the athletes aware (open eyes) and unaware (closed eyes) of the safe punching. CONCLUSION: In this study, the EMG activity of the sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, and cervical erector spine muscles in the aware condition was significantly different from the activity under unaware condition. In fact, the intended muscles exhibited significantly different behaviors in preventing extension and flexion in the two conditions.

Relative Age Effect in Judo Competitions: Influence of Age, Weight Category, Sex, and Time Frames.

This study was conducted to determine whether the relative age effect (RAE) is present in different age groups, weight categories, sexes, and across different time frames in international-level judo competition. A total of 9451 judo athletes competing at the Olympic Games and/or World Championships in the Cadet, Junior and/or Senior age groups between 1993 and 2020 were considered. Athletes' birthdate distributions were grouped in four quartiles (Q1: January-March; Q2: April-June; Q3: July-September; Q4: October-December) and compared to a day-corrected theoretical distribution using Chi-squared analysis. Poisson regression was also used to evaluate the ability to explain weekly birth count. RAE was more prevalent in males than females (p < .05), and for Cadets and Juniors compared to Seniors (p < .05). Heavyweight and middleweight categories presented RAEs in Senior and Junior males, while for females it was present in Cadet heavyweights (p < .05). RAE was more prevalent in recent years (2009-2021) for Senior male judo athletes (p < .05). Poisson analysis illustrated some nuanced information, including RAE detection during an earlier time frame, not readily apparent with the traditional analysis.

The Inhibition of Return of Sanda Athletes in Three Dimensional Static and Dynamic Scenes.

Sanda is a combat sport in which athletes adopt offensive and defensive techniques for barehanded confrontations. Inhibition of return (IOR) describes a phenomenon in which an individual's response time to a target appearing at a previously cued location is slower than to a target appearing at an un-cued location. Because Sanda requires attention skills and fast response times in dynamic situations, a good understanding of IOR among Sanda athletes is important for enhancing their performance. We recruited 180 research participants for a 3-part study - 90 Sanda athletes (age M = 21.56, SD = 2.68; 52 males, 38 females) and 90 college student controls (age M = 21.64, SD = 2.40; 45 males, 45 females). We used the IOR paradigm with virtual reality technology to explore Sanda athletes' IOR in three experimental conditions: three-dimensional (3-D) static, dynamic, and mixed. There was a robust IOR effect in the 3-D static scenario, with the IOR effect larger among Sanda athletes than controls. There were different IOR spread patterns between Sanda athletes and controls, and the IOR effect was weaker or absent when the objects moved. There was a speed advantage for Sanda athletes once a static object started moving. In conclusion, the Sanda athletes' faster response times and more fine-graded IOR in 3-D environments may benefit their visual search in combat, and the reference of the static location may be critical for the IOR effect.

Dehydration and Rapid Weight Gain Between Weigh-in and Competition in Judo Athletes: The Differences between Women and Men.

This study aimed to investigate the sex differences in short-term weight change and hydration status in judo athletes. Thirty-five men and 15 women judo athletes voluntarily participated in this descriptive and repeated measures design study. Body mass, urine-specific gravity (USG), and body composition of the athletes were measured at the official weigh-in and the competition day's morning. Body mass of the athletes increased during recovery time between official weigh-in and before the competition (time factor; F1-48 = 71.81, p < 0.001), this increase was higher in men athletes compared to women athletes (time-sex interaction; F1-48 = 6.56, p = 0.01). With RWG, USG values of the women and men athletes decreased (time factor; F1-48 = 8.53, p = 0.005). However, most of the athletes were still in significant or serious dehydration state. Unchanged values of total body water rates (TBW) supported dehydration in athletes before the competition (time factor, F1-48 = 2.9, p = 0.091; time-sex interaction; F1-48= 2.4, p = 0.122). The findings of the study indicated that RWG was higher in men athletes compared to women athletes, but hydration status was not affected by sex factor.Notwithstanding 15 hours of recovery between official weigh-in and the start of the competition, judo athletes were still in dehydrated state despite remaining within the limit set for RWG.

The effect of time of day and high intensity exercise on cognitive performances of elite adolescent karate athletes.

To explore the effect of time of day (TOD) on several components of cognitive performance prior and post to a physically exhaustive task in a sample of adolescent elite athletes. In a counterbalanced and randomized order, fourteen highly trained male karate athletes (17 ± 0.96 years; 1.75 ± 0.07 m; 68.0 ± 9.50 kg; BMI 22.15 ± 0.54 kg.m-2) completed two test sessions at 09h00 and 16h00. Cognitive performance was evaluated before and after the karate specific test (KST). During each session, participants completed the profile of mood state (POMS), simple (SRT) and choice (CRT) reaction times, comparison test (COMT), mental rotation test (MRT), egocentric distance estimation (DE), and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). KST was not TOD dependent (p > .05, d = 0.33). RPE scores were higher in the afternoon compared to the morning (p < .05, d = 0.68). Before the KST, SRT (p < .01, d = 0.69), CRT (p < .01, d = 0.47), COMT (p < .01, d = 0.62) and MRT (p < .001, d = 0.65) were better in the afternoon than in the morning. However, DE was not affected by the TOD (P > .05). KST improved SRT (p < .01, d = 0.078), CRT (p < .001, d = 0.72), COMT (p < .001, d = 1.31) and MRT (p < .001, d = 0.80) performances only in the morning. Cognitive performances are TOD dependent with higher performances realized in the afternoon. Performing a high intensity exercise in the morning, but not in the afternoon, enhanced several aspects of cognitive performances. The current results indicate that an intensive warm-up could be beneficial when a morning competition requires high cognitive readiness.

The Role of Competition Area and Training Type on Physiological Responses and Perceived Exertion in Female Judo Athletes.

This study investigated the combined effects of competition area (4 × 4, 6 × 6, and 8 × 8 m) and judo-specific training type (tachi-waza, ne-waza, and free randori) on physiological responses and perceived exertion in female judo athletes. In a within-subject design, 12 female subelite and elite athletes who competed at regional or national levels with a mean training background of 8.4 ± 0.5 years performed the experimental conditions (i.e., combats (viz., matches) featuring different area/training type combinations) in random order. The following measurements at different time points were chosen: blood lactate before and after each match; heart rate before, mean, and peak for each match; and rating of perceived exertion immediately after each match. Two-factor analysis of variance was used to compare between conditions, while Bonferroni post hoc test and magnitude of difference were used to measure significance. There was no main effect of training type or area size on lactate before each match, heart rate (HR) before each match, HR mean during each match, and rating of perceived exertion. Main effects of training type and area size were found for lactate after each event, with the values being greater in free randori compared to tachi-waza and ne-waza and in 4 × 4 m compared to 6 × 6 and 8 × 8 m area. Main effects of training type and area size were also found in peak heart rate, with lower values in ne-waza compared to free randori and tachi-waza and in 8 × 8 m compared to 4 × 4 m area. The results demonstrate that varying training modality and area size may alter physiological responses during female judo combats by putting stress on the cardiovascular system and increasing anaerobic glycolysis solicitation.

Da arte de artista no vale-tudo à arte de artesão no MMA: uma análise eliasiana das lutas / From artist art in no holds barred to artisan art in MMA: an elisian analysis of fights / Del arte de artista en vale-tudo al arte de artesano em MMA: un análisis eliasiano de las luchas

Este ensaio analisou os processos de transformação do vale-tudo ao MMA com base no conceito de arte de artesão e arte de artista de Norbert Elias. O vale-tudo e o MMA ocupam o lugar que Elias destinou à música; enquanto a família Gracie é o personagem empírico que, como Elias fez com Mozart, auxilia a entender as duas configurações. A primeira (arte de artista) é uma luta mais livre, menos engessada, com menos controle; a segunda (arte de artesão) é direcionada ao público, à mídia e aos negócios. O processo de esportivização, permeado por transformações configuracionais que modificaram o mercado, a produção e o gosto do consumidor, resultou na diminuição da possibilidade de os lutadores agirem como "artistas marciais". O alto controle das regras e ações limitou a arte do artista.

This essay analyzed the transformation processes from no holds barred to MMA based on Norbert Elias' concept of artisan art and artist's art. No holds barred and MMA take the place Elias assigned to music; while the Gracie family is the empirical character that, as Elias did with Mozart, helps to understand the two configurations. The first (artist's art) is a freer fight, less rigid, with less control; the second (artisan art) is aimed to the audience, the media and business. The sportization process, permeated by configurational transformations that modified the market, production and consumer taste, resulted in a decrease in the possibility of fighters acting as "martial artists". The high control of rules and actions limited the artist's art.

Analizamos los procesos de transformación de vale-tudo a MMA a partir del concepto de arte de artesano y arte de artista de Norbert Elias. Vale-tudo y MMA toman el lugar que Elias le asignó a la música; y la familia Gracie es el personaje que, como hizo Elias con Mozart, ayuda a comprender las dos configuraciones. La primera (arte de artista) es una lucha más libre, menos rígida, con menos control; la segunda (arte de artesano) está dirigida al público, los medios de comunicación y las empresas. La deportivización modificó el mercado, la producción y el gusto del consumidor, y resultó en una disminución de la posibilidad de que los luchadores actuaren como "artistas marciales". El alto control de reglas y acciones limitaba el arte del artista.

Da arte de artista no vale-tudo à arte de artesão no MMA: uma análise eliasiana das lutas / From artist art in no holds barred to artisan art in MMA: an elisian analysis of fights / Del arte de artista en vale-tudo al arte de artesano em MMA: un análisis eliasiano de las luchas

Este ensaio analisou os processos de transformação do vale--tudo ao MMA com base no conceito de arte de artesão e arte de artista de Norbert Elias. O vale-tudo e o MMA ocupam o lugar que Elias destinou à música; enquanto a família Gracie é o personagem empírico que, como Elias fez com Mozart, auxilia a entender as duas configurações. A primeira (arte de artista) é uma luta mais livre, menos engessada, com menos controle; a segunda (arte de artesão) é direcionada ao público, à mídia e aos negócios. O processo de esportivização, permeado por transformações configuracionais que modificaram o mercado, a produção e o gosto (AU).

This essay analyzed the transformation processes from no holds barred to MMA based on Norbert Elias' concept of artisan art and artist's art. No holds barred and MMA take the place Elias assigned to music; while the Gracie family is the empirical character that, as Elias did with Mozart, helps to understand the two configurations. The first (artist's art) is a freer fight, less rigid, with less control; the second (artisan art) is aimed to the audience, the media and business. The sportization process, permeated by configurational transformations that modified the market, production and consumer taste, resulted in a decrease in the possibility of fighters acting as "martial artists". The high control of rules and actions limited the artist's art (AU).

Analizamos los procesos de transformación de vale-tudo a MMA a partir del concepto de arte de artesano y arte de artista de Norbert Elias. Vale-tudo y MMA toman el lugar que Elias le asignó a la música; y la familia Gracie es el personaje que, como hizo Elias con Mozart, ayuda a comprender las dos configuraciones. La primera (arte de artista) es una lucha más libre, menos rígida, con menos control; la segunda (arte de artesano) está dirigida al público, los medios de comunicación y las empresas. La deportivización modificó el mercado, la producción y el gusto del consumidor, y resultó en una disminución de la posibilidad de que los luchadores actuaren como "artistas marciales". El alto control de reglas y acciones limitaba el arte del artista (AU).

How wide should you view to fight? Establishing the size of the visual field necessary for grip fighting in judo.

Peripheral vision is often considered vital in (combat) sports, yet most experimental paradigms (e.g., eye tracking) ignore peripheral information or struggle to make inferences about the role of peripheral vision in an in-situ performance environment. This study aimed to determine where visual information is located in the peripheral field during an in-situ combat sports task. Eight advanced judokas competed in grip-fighting exchanges while wearing a mobile eye-tracker to locate gaze direction. Three-dimensional position data of the head and hands were tracked using a VICON motion capture system. Gaze analysis through automatic feature detection showed that participants predominantly fixated on their opponent's chest. Kinematic data were used to calculate the angles between the opponent's hands and the gaze-anchor point on the chest of the opponent. Results revealed a nonlinear relationship between visual field (VF) size and visibility of the hands, with athletes needing a VF of at least 30-40 degrees radius to simultaneously monitor both hands of the opponent most of the time. These findings hold implications for the regulation of Paralympic judo for athletes with vision impairment, suggesting that a less severe degree of impairment should be required to qualify than the current criterion of 20 degrees radius.

The effect of fatiguing lower-body exercise on punch forces in highly-trained boxers.

This study aimed to examine the effect of intense intermittent lower-body and trunk exercise (rowing) on punching performance in 28 highly-trained male amateur boxers. Straight- and bent-arm punch performances were assessed with a custom-built punch integrator using a 3-min maximal-effort punch test, completed in both non-fatigued (ROWpre) and fatigued (ROWpost) states. A within-subject repeated measures design was implemented; subjects completed ROWpre, then 9 × 1-min bouts of rowing (1-min rest intervals), followed by ROWpost. Peak punch force and force-time variables, including impulse and rate of force development (RFD; calculated to five time points), were assessed. Differences between ROWpre and ROWpost for each punch type (jab, cross, lead- and rear-hand hook) were tested with a linear mixed model, and effect sizes (Cohen's d) were calculated. Results showed significant (p < 0.05) reductions in punch force in ROWpost compared to ROWpre for all punch types as well as significant delays in the time to reach specific force levels, and relative percentages of peak force (RFD) in all punches except the jab. It is likely that fatigue of the lower body and trunk muscles impaired ground reaction force, and thus punch force, production. This effect was larger in punches that involved a greater degree of trunk rotation, crosses and hooks, than in the jab which relies predominantly on arm extension. These findings reveal the negative effect of fatigue on punch force production, and provide evidence that lower-body and trunk force are important for generating punch force. HighlightsThe ability of the lower body to generate force affects the magnitude of punch force produced in trained boxers.A bout of intense rowing exercise significantly reduces punch force, and rate of force development. This should be carefully considered when programming and scheduling boxing specific training sessions and strength and conditioning sessions.While non-specific fatigue affected the punch performance of boxers, the authors call for further research to examine the effects of fatigue sustained during a boxing bout in comparison to non-boxing muscular fatigue and a non-exercise control.