The Role of Plasmapheresis in Severe Leptospirosis Refractory to Standard Therapy: A Case Report and a Comprehensive Literature Review.

Leptospirosis, a zoonotic infection prevalent in Pakistan, presents diverse clinical manifestations ranging from mild flu-like symptoms to severe multiorgan failure known as Weil's disease. This case study reports on a 24-year-old woman with leptospirosis complicated by acute kidney injury and hyperbilirubinemia, unresponsive to standard therapies. Despite initial treatment with antibiotics and hemodialysis, her condition deteriorated. Following a single session of plasmapheresis, marked clinical and laboratory improvements were observed. Notably, plasma exchange effectively reduced bilirubin levels, underscoring its potential benefit in severe leptospirosis. This case highlights the role of plasmapheresis as rescue therapy in critically ill patients, demonstrating significant outcomes in cases resistant to conventional management. Further research is warranted to refine guidelines on the optimal timing and frequency of plasma exchange in such settings.

A pedigree analysis of Rotor hyperbilirubinemia combined with hepatitis B virus infection in a SLCO1B1 and SLCO1B3 gene mutations patient.

Background: Rotor syndrome (RS, OMIM#237450) is an extremely rare autosomal digenic recessive disorder characterized by mild non-hemolytic hereditary conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, caused by biallelic variation of SLCO1B1 and SLCO1B3 genes that resulted in OATP1B1/B3 dysfunction in the sinusoidal membrane leading to impaired bilirubin reuptake ability of hepatocytes. Methods: One RS pedigree was recruited and clinical features were documented. Whole genome second-generation sequencing was used to screen candidate genes and mutations, Sanger sequencing confirmed predicted mutations. Results: This study detected a homozygous nonsense variant c.1738C > T (p.R580*) in the coding region of the SLCO1B1 (NM006446) gene in a family with RS and hepatitis B virus infection by Variants analysis and Sanger sequencing, and confirmed by Copy Number Variation (CNV) analysis and Long Range PCR that there was a homozygous insertion of intron 5 of the SLCO1B3 gene into intron 5 of long-interspersed element 1 (LINE1). A few cases of such haplotypes have been reported in East Asian populations. A hepatitis B virus infection with fatty liver disease was indicated by pathology, which revealed mild-moderate lobular inflammation, moderate lobular inflammation, moderate hepatocellular steatosis, and fibrosis stage 1-2 (NAS score: 4 points/S1-2) alterations. Heterozygotes carrying p.R580* and LINE1 insertions were also detected in family members (I1, I2, III2, III3), but they did not develop conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Conclusion: The mutations may be the molecular genetic foundation for the presence of SLCO1B1 c.1738C > T(p.R580*) and SLCO1B3 (LINE1) in this RS pedigree.

Mitochondrial Diabetes Mellitus With Mitochondrial DNA 3316G>A Mutation: A Unique Autopsy Case Presenting With Sepsis-Associated Cholestasis.

A 70-year-old female, diagnosed with mitochondrial diabetes mellitus (MDM) showing previously a point mutation at mitochondrial DNA 3316G>A, noticed urinary tract infection and diabetic gangrene of the foot with Gram-negative Bacteroides fragilis bacteremia, followed by aggressive jaundice with high serum level of direct bilirubin. She died two months after the symptom onset. At autopsy, multiple foci of bacteremia-induced hemorrhagic infarction were observed in the congestive bilateral lungs, whereas the cholestatic liver revealed no overt gross cholangiectasis. Microscopic findings characteristically showed many bile thrombi in the biliary canaliculi of hepatic lobules without any evidence of severe shock liver. Finally, we diagnosed it exclusively as sepsis-associated cholestasis due to the marked elevation of Gram-negative bacteria-derived endotoxins and inflammatory cytokines. We propose that these unique liver features in our MDM case might be one of the new clues to unveil its enigmatic etiology.

Severe Cholestasis in Neonates with Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn-A Case Report.

Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) may cause severe cholestasis with direct bilirubin concentrations reaching up to 50 times the upper limit of normal. This case report describes twins whose highest direct bilirubin concentrations were 32.2 mg/dL and 50.2 mg/dL, with no significant signs of hepatic impairment. The index pregnancy was complicated by Rhesus factor immunization with anti-D antibodies present in maternal serum, which caused fetal anemia requiring intrauterine blood transfusions. Complementary tests demonstrated Rhesus D alloimmunization as the sole cause of cholestasis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to describe such elevated direct bilirubin concentrations caused by HDFN.

The effects of gestational age on neonatal cholestasis: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Reference guidelines for neonatal conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (cholestasis) management use a uniform approach regardless of gestational age (GA). We hypothesize that the clinical pattern of neonatal cholestasis is tightly related to GA. The aim of this study was to describe the effects of GA on neonatal cholestasis. METHODS: A retrospective 4-year cohort study in a 70-bed neonatal care unit. Neonates with conjugated bilirubin≥34.2µmol/L (2 mg/dL) were identified. The incidence, clinical characteristics, etiology, treatment, and prognosis were compared between infants <32 and≥32 weeks GA. RESULTS: Overall incidence of cholestasis was 4% (125/3402). It was >5 times higher and the mean duration was >1.5 times longer in neonates <32 weeks GA (10% versus 1.8%, p <0.01 and 49 versus 31 days, p <0.01, respectively). The onset of cholestasis was later in neonates <32 weeks (22 versus 10 days of life, p <0.001). This later onset of cholestasis was associated with parenteral nutrition, whereas the earlier onset was associated with other causes. Treatment using fish oil lipids was more frequently administrated to infants <32 weeks GA, whereas Ursodeoxycholic acid was administrated more frequently in≥32 weeks GA. Cholestasis resolved during hospitalization in 73% of <32 versus 38% in≥32 weeks GA infants (p <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence, clinical presentation, etiology, treatment, and clinical evolution of neonatal cholestasis were all significantly affected by GA. Our results support the use of a GA-oriented approach for the management of neonatal cholestasis.

Differentiating biliary atresia from other causes of infantile cholestasis: An appraisal of the histomorphological changes on liver biopsy.

Background: Cholestatic disorders are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Characterization of these disorders and differentiating biliary atresia (BA) from other causes of intrahepatic cholestasis is an age-old problem. Objectives: To study the spectrum of different infantile cholestatic disorders in our population, to differentiate BA from other causes of neonatal cholestasis (NC) on a liver biopsy, and validation of the available scoring system for the characterization of these disorders. Materials and Methods: This is an observational cross-sectional study performed over a period of 3 years between 2018 and 2021, done on neonates and infants presenting with cholestatic jaundice. The changes on liver biopsy were evaluated by different histological parameters and available scoring systems to differentiate BA from non-BA causes. Correlation with clinical, biochemical, and imaging findings was done in all cases. Results: This study included 87 cases of NC, of which BA comprised 28 cases (32%), whereas idiopathic neonatal hepatitis (INH) comprised only 12 cases (14%). Portal neutrophilic inflammation (P = 0.000053), ductal cholestasis (P < 0.001), neoductular bile plugs (P < 0.001) and bile ductular proliferation (P < 0.0001) were significantly more in BA, whereas lobular lymphocytic inflammation (P = 0.001) and giant cell transformation of hepatocytes (P = 0.0024) were more frequent in the non-BA group. Using the Lee and Looi scoring system, a histologic score ≥7 was helpful in identifying BA with 85.7% sensitivity, 92.6% specificity, and 90.6% accuracy. Conclusion: BA is the commonest cause of NC in neonates, whereas the frequency of INH is declining. Detailed histomorphologic analysis of liver biopsy, aided with IHC, is the cornerstone for the diagnosis of these disorders.

Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality after neonatal heart surgery.

BACKGROUND: Cholestasis characterised by conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is a marker of hepatobiliary dysfunction following neonatal cardiac surgery. We aimed to characterise the incidence of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia following neonatal heart surgery and examine the effect of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia on post-operative morbidity and mortality. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of all neonates who underwent surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) at our institution between 1/1/2010 and 12/31/2020. Patient- and surgery-specific data were abstracted from local registry data and review of the medical record. Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia was defined as perioperative maximum conjugated bilirubin level > 1 mg/dL. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Survival analysis was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier survival function. RESULTS: Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia occurred in 8.5% of patients during the study period. Neonates with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia were more likely to be of younger gestational age, lower birth weight, and non-Caucasian race (all p < 0.001). Patients with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia were more likely to have chromosomal and non-cardiac anomalies and require ECMO pre-operatively. In-hospital mortality among patients with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia was increased compared to those without (odds ratio 5.4). Post-operative complications including mechanical circulatory support, reoperation, prolonged ventilator dependence, and multi-system organ failure were more common with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (all p < 0.04). Patients with higher levels of conjugated bilirubin had worst intermediate-term survival, with patients in the highest conjugated bilirubin group (>10 mg/dL) having a 1-year survival of only 6%. CONCLUSIONS: Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is associated with post-operative complications and worse survival following neonatal heart surgery. Cholestasis is more common in patients with chromosomal abnormalities and non-cardiac anomalies, but the underlying mechanisms have not been delineated.

Dubin-Johnson Syndrome: A Case Report.

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (DJS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by mutations in the bilirubin transporter MRP2. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of jaundice and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Numerous instances of hyperbilirubinemia disorders resembling Dubin-Johnson syndrome have been documented, but they differ in the clinical presentation, amount of conjugated bilirubin present, and their reaction to therapy. Most people with this syndrome do not have any symptoms, so their cases are often misdiagnosed and not properly taken care of. Here, we present a case of a teenage male patient who complained of recurring jaundice and abdominal pain. Further examination and testing revealed that the patient had been jaundiced since birth and had a family history of the condition. Conservative management was implemented, and follow-up demonstrated a positive prognosis. This case is a rare example of Dubin-Johnson syndrome, although patients with the condition generally have a normal life expectancy and only require conservative management.

Findings in percutaneous trans-hepatic cholecysto-cholangiography in neonates and infants presenting with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia: emphasis on differential diagnosis and cholangiographic patterns.

BACKGROUND: Biliary atresia (BA) is one of the causes of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in infants which if untreated leads to end-stage liver disease and death. Percutaneous Trans-hepatic Cholecysto-Cholangiography (PTCC) is a minimally invasive study which can be utilized in the diagnostic work-up of these patients. This study's purpose is to describe the experience with PTCC in neonates, the imaging findings encountered, and the abnormal patterns which warrant further investigation. METHODS: A 16-year single-center retrospective study of patients with persistent neonatal cholestasis (suspected BA) undergoing PTCC. Patient demographics, laboratory values, PTCC images, pathology and surgical reports were reviewed. RESULTS: 73 patients underwent PTCC (68% male, mean age 8.7 weeks, mean weight 4.0 Kg). The majority of studies were normal (55%). Abnormal patterns were identified in 33 cases, 79% were diagnosed with BA and 12% with Alagille syndrome. Non-opacification of the common hepatic duct with a narrowed common bile duct (42%) and isolated small gallbladder (38%) were the most common patterns in BA. CONCLUSION: PTCC is a minimally invasive study in the diagnostic work-up of infants presenting with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (suspected BA). Further invasive investigations or surgery can be avoided when results are normal.

Terbinafine-Induced Liver Injury: A Case Report.

Hepatic injuries attributable to terbinafine usage are a well-documented yet infrequent phenomenon. This case study details the clinical presentation and management of a 70-year-old Hispanic female, with no previous medical history, subsequently hospitalized for progressive jaundice, right upper quadrant abdominal discomfort, and worsening pruritus. A comprehensive review of her prior records revealed a recent terbinafine prescription for onychomycosis, which she took consistently for five weeks and then self-discontinued four weeks before her current admission. Laboratory tests on admission revealed a cholestatic pattern of liver injury, evident by transaminitis and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The R factor used to determine whether a liver injury is hepatocellular or cholestatic was 0.9. Further diagnostic imaging, including abdominal ultrasound, CT of the abdomen, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, failed to disclose an obstructive pathology, revealing only cholelithiasis and chronic cholecystitis. Therapeutically, the patient was initiated on hydroxyzine to address symptoms of pruritus, and then subsequently underwent a liver biopsy. Histopathologic findings from the biopsy revealed benign hepatic parenchyma demonstrating focal canalicular cholestasis, mild chronic inflammation involving select portal tracts, and chronic lobular inflammation, suggesting terbinafine-induced hepatotoxicity. This case highlights the challenges of diagnosing terbinafine-induced liver injury, emphasizing the need for a high index of clinical suspicion and recognizing the potential for prolonged symptomatic manifestation after drug discontinuation. This article provides valuable insights into the complexities inherent in such diagnoses and significantly enriches a medical provider's approach to diagnosing and treating unexplained liver injuries.

Impact of Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Placental Insufficiency on Nutritional Outcomes of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants.

Introduction The aim of our study was to assess the impact of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and placental insufficiency (PI) on the nutritional outcomes of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. Methods We conducted a six-year retrospective case-control study that included 117 ELBW infants. Of these, 58 infants had IUGR and 59 were born appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA). Infants with IUGR were further divided based on the presence or absence of PI, as determined by umbilical arterial doppler velocimetry on serial ultrasounds. Results IUGR infants with PI had the lowest enteral calorie intake at 28 days of life (DOL) (median intake- IUGR+PI: 32 vs IUGR-PI: 93 vs AGA: 110 kcal/kg/day; p-value 0.011) and at 36 weeks corrected gestational age (CGA) (median intake- IUGR+PI: 102 vs IUGR-PI: 125 vs AGA: 119 kcal/kg/day; p-value 0.012). These infants also trended towards requiring a longer duration of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (median duration - IUGR+PI: 35 vs IUGR-PI: 25 vs AGA: 21 days; p-value 0.054) and higher incidence of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (IUGR+PI: 43% IUGR-PI: 29% vs AGA: 16%; p-value 0.058), but these results did not reach statistical significance. Despite challenges with enteral nutrition, IUGR infants with PI showed good catch-up growth and had higher growth velocities over the first month of life, compared to AGA controls. Conclusion IUGR in the presence of PI is associated with significantly poorer enteral nutritional outcomes in ELBW infants. However, with the support of optimal parenteral nutrition these infants showed good catch-up growth.

Biliary atresia and congenital disorders of the extrahepatic bile ducts.

Biliary atresia (BA) and choledochal cysts are diseases of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary tree. While their exact etiopathogeneses are not known, they should be treated promptly due to the potential for irreversible parenchymal liver disease. A diagnosis of BA may be easy or complicated, but should not be delayed. BA is always treated surgically, and performing the surgery before the age of 2 mo greatly increases its effectiveness and extends the time until the need for liver transplantation arises. While the more common types of choledochal cysts require surgical treatment, some can be treated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Choledochal cysts may cause recurrent cholangitis and the potential for malignancy should not be ignored.

Rotor Syndrome Presenting as Dubin-Johnson Syndrome.

A 42-year-old man with no relevant past medical history presented with intermittent mild icterus and no signs of chronic liver disease. Laboratory tests were notable for hyperbilirubinemia (total 7.97 mg/dL, direct 5.37 mg/dL), bilirubinuria, no signs of hemolysis, normal liver tests and lipids profile. Abdominal ultrasound was unremarkable. A panel of chronic liver diseases was negative except for increased serum (147.4 µg/dL) and urinary (179 µg/24 h) copper, with normal ceruloplasmin. No other Leipzig criteria for Wilson's disease were found, including a negative test for ATP7B gene mutations (by exome sequencing). Total urinary coproporphyrin was normal with predominance of isomer I (86% of total urinary coproporphyrin output). Clinical and laboratorial profile was compatible with Dubin-Johnson syndrome; however, exome sequencing and search for deletions in the ABBC2 gene (encoding MRP2) only found a heterozygous potentially pathogenic variant (c.1483A>G - p.Lys495Glu). Additional extended molecular analysis of genes implicated in bilirubin metabolism found a homozygous deletion of a region encompassing exons 4-16 of SLCO1B3 gene (encoding OATP1B3) and all SLCO1B1 exons (encoding OATP1B1), thereby establishing Rotor syndrome diagnosis. Rotor and Dubin-Johnson syndromes are rare autosomal recessive liver diseases characterized by chronic conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, caused by the absence of the hepatic function OATP1B1/B3 (leading to impaired hepatic bilirubin reuptake and storage) and MRP2 transporters (leading to impaired hepatic bilirubin excretion), respectively. We report a case of compound hereditary hyperbilirubinemia with a misleading presentation with special focus on its diagnosis, particularly the advantage of extensive unbiased genetic testing by dedicated laboratories. With this case, we aim to highlight the necessity of establishing a diagnosis, reassuring the patient, and avoiding unnecessary invasive and costly diagnostic procedures.

Effect of Phenobarbital on Elevated Direct Bilirubin Concentrations in Neonates and Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

OBJECTIVE: Few studies have evaluated the effect of phenobarbital (PB) on elevated direct bilirubin (DB) plasma concentrations in neonates and infants, and none have compared its effect with a control group with matched study baseline DB values. The purpose of this study was to quantify changes in elevated DB plasma concentrations (≥2 mg/dL) in neonates and infants between a PB-treated and control group. METHODS: A retrospective, observational, matched, cohort study was performed comparing patients between a PB-treated group and a control group with similar study baseline plasma DB values ≥2 mg/dL over an 8-week period. The percent change in DB plasma concentrations from study baseline was compared for each week of the study period. RESULTS: During the 8-year study period, 310 patients had DB plasma concentrations ≥2 mg/dL, of which 26 remained in each group after exclusions. The PB group had increased DB concentrations and the control group had decreased DB concentrations when compared with their study baseline DB concentrations each week of the study period. By study end, the mean DB concentration increased by 11.2% in the PB group and decreased by 48.5% in the control group (p = 0.02). In multiple regression analysis, only birth weight (standardized coefficient = 0.44, p = 0.02), and gastrointestinal obstruction (standardized coefficient = -0.4, p = 0.03) were associated with significant percent change in DB concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated PB does not improve cholestasis in neonates and infants.

Benign inheritable disorders of bilirubin metabolism manifested by conjugated hyperbilirubinemia-A narrative review.

Bilirubin, a breakdown product of heme, is normally glucuronidated and excreted by the liver into bile. Failure of this system can lead to a buildup of conjugated bilirubin in the blood, resulting in jaundice. Hyperbilirubinemia is an important clinical sign that needs to be investigated under a stepwise evaluation. Inherited non-hemolytic conjugated hyperbilirubinemic conditions include Dubin-Johnson syndrome (caused by mutations affecting ABCC2 gene) and Rotor syndrome (caused by the simultaneous presence of mutations in SLCO1B1 and SLCO1B3 genes). Although classically viewed as benign conditions requiring no treatment, they lately gained an increased interest since recent studies suggested that mutations in the responsible genes leading to hyperbilirubinemia, as well as minor genetic variants, may result in an increased susceptibility to drug toxicity. This article provides a comprehensive review on the pathophysiology of Dubin-Johnson and Rotor syndromes, presenting the current knowledge concerning the molecular details and basis of these conditions.

Direct hyperbilirubinemia and cholestasis in trisomy 13 and 18.

Trisomy 13 and 18 are common chromosomal abnormalities that affect multiple organ systems. There is a paucity of published data, however, on the hepatic complications seen in these patient populations. One of the most common pathologic hepatobiliary issues seen in the newborn period is direct hyperbilirubinemia (DH). Thus, this study sought to estimate the incidence and evaluate possible etiologies of DH in neonates with trisomy 13 or 18. This retrospective cohort study included all infants admitted to our two neonatal intensive care units between 2012 and 2020 with the diagnosis of trisomy 13 or 18. DH is most commonly diagnosed as a direct bilirubin >1 mg/dl but a cutoff of >2 mg/dl is more specific for cholestasis, so both cutoffs were evaluated. Continuous data were compared using Fisher's exact test and categorical variables by the Mann-Whitney U test. Thirty-five patients met inclusion: 13 with trisomy 13 and 22 with trisomy 18. DH of >2 mg/dl was seen in seven (53.8%) patients with trisomy 13 and five (22.7%) with trisomy 18. Using a cutoff of >1 mg/dl, the rate of trisomy 13 was unchanged, but the rate in trisomy 18 increased to 9/22 (40.9%). There was a trend toward more DH in trisomy 13 patients (p = 0.079) versus trisomy 18 and higher rates in infants who received total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (50.0 vs. 13.3%, p = 0.026). The presence of cardiac or ultrasound-defined hepatobiliary abnormalities was not correlated with DH. Due to the high rates of DH in hospitalized neonates with trisomy 13 and 18, we recommend screening newborns with trisomy 13 or 18 for DH starting in the first week of life and continuing at least weekly until 4 weeks of life or until completion of TPN, whichever comes later. Future studies should further evaluate possible etiologies of DH in this population.

Transient congenital hyperinsulinism and hemolytic disease of a newborn despite rhesus D prophylaxis: a case report.

BACKGROUND: In neonates, rhesus D alloimmunization despite anti-D immunoglobulin prophylaxis is rare and often unexplained. Rhesus D alloimmunization can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn with anemia and unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. In past reports, transient congenital hyperinsulinism has been described as a rare complication of rhesus D alloimmunization. Our case report illustrates that rhesus D alloimmunization can result in a pseudosyndrome with severe congenital hyperinsulinism, anemia, and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, despite correctly administered anti-D immunoglobulin prophylaxis. CASE PRESENTATION: We report of a 36-year-old, Caucasian gravida 1, para 1 mother with A RhD negative blood type who received routine antenatal anti-D immunoglobulin prophylaxis. Her full term newborn boy presented with severe congenital hyperinsulinism, anemia, and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia up to 295 µmol/L (ref. < 9), accounting for 64% of the total bilirubin. Syndromic congenital hyperinsulinism was suspected. Examinations showed a positive direct antiglobulin test, initially interpreted as caused by irregular antibodies; diffuse congenital hyperinsulinism by 18F-DOPA positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan; normal genetic analyses for congenital hyperinsulinism; mildly elevated liver enzymes; delayed, but present bile excretion by Tc99m-hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid scintigraphy; and cholestasis and mild fibrosis by liver biopsy. The maternal anti-D titer was 1:16,000 day 20 postpartum. Y-chromosome material in the mother's blood could not be identified. This could, however, not exclude late intrapartum fetomaternal hemorrhage as the cause of immunization. No causative genetic findings were deetrmined by trio whole exome sequencing. The child went into clinical remission after 5.5 months. CONCLUSION: Our case demonstrates that rhesus D alloimmunization may present as a pseudosyndrome with transient congenital hyperinsulinism, anemia, and inspissated bile syndrome with conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia, despite anti-D immunoglobulin prophylaxis, possibly due to late fetomaternal hemorrhage.

Double paternal uniparental isodisomy 7 and 15 presenting with Beckwith-Wiedemann spectrum features.

Here we describe for the first time double paternal uniparental isodisomy (iUPD) 7 and 15 in a baby boy with features in the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome spectrum (BWSp) (placentomegaly, hyperinsulinism, enlarged viscera, hemangiomas, and earlobe creases) in addition to conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. His phenotype was also reminiscent of genome-wide paternal uniparental isodisomy. We discuss the most likely origin of the UPDs: a maternal double monosomy 7 and 15 rescued by duplication of the paternal chromosomes after fertilization. So far, paternal UPD7 is not associated with an abnormal phenotype, whereas paternal UPD15 causes Angelman syndrome. Methylation analysis for other clinically relevant imprinting disorders, including BWSp, was normal. Therefore, we hypothesized that the double UPD affected other imprinted genes. To look for such effects, patient fibroblast RNA was isolated and analyzed for differential expression compared to six controls. We did not find apparent transcription differences in imprinted genes outside Chromosomes 7 and 15 in patient fibroblast. PEG10 (7q21.3) was the only paternally imprinted gene on these chromosomes up-regulated beyond double-dose expectation (sixfold). We speculate that a high PEG10 level could have a growth-promoting effect as his phenotype was not related to aberrations in BWS locus on 11p15.5 after DNA, RNA, and methylation testing. However, many genes in gene sets associated with growth were up-regulated. This case broadens the phenotypic spectrum of UPDs but does not show evidence of involvement of an imprinted gene network.

Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia among infants with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia.

From clinical practice, we noted that a subset of neonates with hyperinsulinism develop conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. A relationship between these two conditions has not been previously described. We aimed to assess the incidence of cholestasis in a cohort of neonates with hyperinsulinism and describe their clinical characteristics. In a retrospective cohort of 63 neonates with hyperinsulinism, 48% developed cholestasis (conjugated bilirubin > 17 µmol/L) with a median maximum conjugated bilirubin of 81 [21 to 191] µmol/L. A history of fetal distress (RR 2.3 [1.24-4.45], p < 0.01) and prematurity (RR 2.0 [1.23-3.26], p <0.01) was associated with the development of cholestasis, but not parental nutrition or other pharmacological treatments. An underlying etiology for the cholestasis was only found in 1 patient, and in all cases the cholestasis spontaneously improved.Conclusions: A significant percentage of infants with hyperinsulinism develop idiopathic, spontaneously resolving, conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The association with a history of fetal distress potentially suggests that intrauterine factors leading to hyperinsulinism may also predispose towards conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. While the presence of neonatal cholestatic jaundice warrants timely investigations to exclude important underling etiologies, if validated, these findings may support a less invasive diagnostic workup of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in infants with co-existent hyperinsulinism. What is Known: • Hyperinsulinism and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia are two common presentations in neonates. • A clinical association between the two conditions has not been described. What is New: • A significant proportion of infants with hyperinsulinism develop idiopathic, spontaneously resolving conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. • Increased risk for cholestasis in this patient population is associated with fetal distress and prematurity but not parental nutrition.

A Triplication of 6q24 and Meconium Pseudocyst: A Case Report.

With the rise in genetic screening both pre- and postnatally, new variances in genes are being recognized. Some are of unknown significance, while other known genetic expressions have obvious phenotypical expressions. Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus is a result of the duplication of chromosome 6q24, but little is known about the phenotypic expression of a triplication of chromosome 6q24. This case study presents an infant with a postnatally diagnosed triplication of chromosome 6q24, meconium pseudocyst, and multiple congenital anomalies with unknown genetic significance.