Study on the concentration, distribution, and persistence of health spending for the contributory scheme in Colombia.

Colombia is among the countries with the most robust financial protection against personal health spending in the world, with out-of-pocket spending ranking lowest across OECD countries. We investigate the evolution, distribution, and persistence of health spending by age group, sex, health care setting, health condition and geographic region for over 19 million users of Colombia's health system between 2013 and 2021 (contributory scheme). We use average patient-level expenditure data from the Health-Promoting Entities of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection. We applied multivariate statistical techniques such as multiple correspondence analysis, factor maps and correlations. For both sexes, average health expenditure increases gradually with age until 60 years, accelerating thereafter abruptly. Health conditions with the highest percentage of expenditure were those related to neoplasms, blood diseases, circulatory system, pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal period. We found that home-based care in Amazonía-Orinoquía is almost non-existent, and that outpatient care represents a high proportion in all age groups (over 65%) compared to the other regions. There is a strong persistence of expenditure from one year to the next (i.e. they can provide relevant information for prediction), especially in areas with a larger supply of health services such as Bogotá-Cundinamarca. To the authors' knowledge, this is the most comprehensive and detailed micro-analysis of health spending that has been developed for a Latin American country to date.

Assessing the relationship between river water pollution and the LULC composition of a basin in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Oaxaca, Mexico.

Water pollution originating from land use and land cover (LULC) can disrupt river ecosystems, posing a threat to public health, safety, and socioeconomic sustainability. Although the interactions between terrestrial and aquatic systems have been investigated for decades, the scale at which land use practices, whether in the entire basin or separately in parts, significantly impact water quality still needs to be determined. In this research, we used multitemporal data (field measurements, Sentinel 2 images, and elevation data) to investigate how the LULC composition in the catchment area (CA) of each water pollution measurement station located in the river course of the Los Perros Basin affects water pollution indicators (WPIs). We examined whether the CAs form a sequential runoff aggregation system for certain pollutants from the highest to the lowest part of the basin. Our research applied statistical (correlation, time series analysis, and canonical correspondence analysis) and geo-visual analyses to identify relationships at the CA level between satellite-based LULC composition and WPI concentrations. We observed that pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus, coliforms, and water temperature form a sequential runoff aggregation system from the highest to the lowest part of the basin. We concluded that the observed decrease in natural cover and increase in built-up and agricultural cover in the upper CAs of the study basin between the study period (2016 to 2020) are related to elevated WPI values for suspended solids and coliforms, which exceeded the allowed limits on all CAs and measured dates.

Causal Forest Machine Learning Analysis of Parkinson's Disease in Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

In recent years, Artificial Intelligence has been used to assist healthcare professionals in detecting and diagnosing neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we propose a methodology to analyze functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging signals and perform classification between Parkinson's disease patients and healthy participants using Machine Learning algorithms. In addition, the proposed approach provides insights into the brain regions affected by the disease. The functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging from the PPMI and 1000-FCP datasets were pre-processed to extract time series from 200 brain regions per participant, resulting in 11,600 features. Causal Forest and Wrapper Feature Subset Selection algorithms were used for dimensionality reduction, resulting in a subset of features based on their heterogeneity and association with the disease. We utilized Logistic Regression and XGBoost algorithms to perform PD detection, achieving 97.6% accuracy, 97.5% F1 score, 97.9% precision, and 97.7%recall by analyzing sets with fewer than 300 features in a population including men and women. Finally, Multiple Correspondence Analysis was employed to visualize the relationships between brain regions and each group (women with Parkinson, female controls, men with Parkinson, male controls). Associations between the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale questionnaire results and affected brain regions in different groups were also obtained to show another use case of the methodology. This work proposes a methodology to (1) classify patients and controls with Machine Learning and Causal Forest algorithm and (2) visualize associations between brain regions and groups, providing high-accuracy classification and enhanced interpretability of the correlation between specific brain regions and the disease across different groups.

Association between empathy, anxiety and psychological well-being in Mexican medical students. Transversal study.

BACKGROUND: The expression of empathy improves the quality of health care, which is why its instruction is suggested during the years of academic training of medical students. However, expressing empathy can also cause anxiety and impair psychological well-being. OBJECTIVE: To identify profiles that describe the relationship between empathy, anxiety and psychological well-being in Mexican medical students. METHOD: Cross-sectional study in Mexican medical students completed the Multidimensional Empathy Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Psychological Well-Being Scale for Adults. RESULTS: Women presented greater empathy and anxiety and lower psychological well-being (p < 0.01). Anxiety in students of the last year of training was lower compared to students of the first and second year (p < 0.01). Four profiles were detected: 1) men, minimal anxiety, low empathy; 2) first-year students, moderate to severe anxiety, low psychological well-being, high empathy; 3) last year of training, mild anxiety, adequate psychological well-being, medium empathy; 4) women, second and third year of training, very high empathy. CONCLUSIONS: Medical students in their first year of training constitute a population at risk. Attention strategies are necessary for this student group.

ANTECEDENTES: La expresión de empatía mejora la calidad de la atención a la salud, y por ello se sugiere su instrucción durante los años de formación académica de estudiantes de medicina. No obstante, la expresión de empatía también puede ocasionar ansiedad y perjudicar el bienestar psicológico. OBJETIVO: Identificar perfiles que describan la relación entre empatía, ansiedad y bienestar psicológico en estudiantes mexicanos de medicina. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal en estudiantes mexicanos de medicina que completaron la Escala Multidimensional de Empatía, el Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck y la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico para Adultos. RESULTADOS: Las mujeres presentaron mayor empatía y ansiedad, y menor bienestar psicológico (p < 0.01). La ansiedad en estudiantes del último año de formación fue menor que en los estudiantes de primer y segundo año (p < 0.01). Se detectaron cuatro perfiles: 1) hombres, ansiedad mínima, empatía baja; 2) estudiantes de primer año de formación, ansiedad moderada a grave, bienestar psicológico bajo, empatía alta; 3) último año de formación, ansiedad leve, bienestar psicológico adecuado, empatía media; 4) mujeres, segundo y tercer años de formación, muy alta empatía. CONCLUSIONES: Los estudiantes de medicina del primer año de formación constituyen una población de riesgo. Son necesarias estrategias de atención para este grupo estudiantil.

Mortality due to traffic accidents in Colombia: Profiles of pedestrians and cyclists, 1998-2019.

Background: Traffic accidents are an important issue for public health and a threat for sustainable development, with pedestrians and cyclists having been recognized as the most vulnerable actors on the streets. The objective of this study was to analyze the profiles of pedestrians and cyclists who died as a result of traffic accidents in Colombia during the 1998-2019 period. Methods: An observational and descriptive study, with the deaths due to traffic accidents in Colombia between 1998 and 2019 as data source. Secondary data were taken from the Vital statistics of Colombia (EEVV), published by Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). A trend analysis of the number of deaths during the period under study was performed, and such number was examined against sex to identify potential differences. Multiple correspondence analysis was employed to elaborate the profile of pedestrians and cyclists who die due to traffic accidents. Three profiles were prepared for each road actor: a global profile, one for 1998, and another for 2019. Results: The mortality profiles are different for pedestrians and cyclists, and, in turn, there are also demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic conditions in each type of road actor, which determine higher mortality risks. High population density, younger age group in the cyclists and adults among the pedestrians, low schooling levels and absence of health insurance are suggested as key factors in these profiles. Related to sex, for men is not possible to establish a profile. Women's cases are commonly related to health insurance, age, and population density. Conclusions: Several contextual and demographic characteristics in pedestrians and cyclists allow delimiting mortality profiles. The profiles that were identified suggest the need to articulate road safety policies with other social and development policies in order to coordinate and integrate intersectoral actions that reduce mortality in these road actors.

Farm management practices, biosecurity and influenza a virus detection in swine farms: a comprehensive study in colombia.

Biosecurity protocols (BP) and good management practices are key to reduce the risk of introduction and transmission of infectious diseases into the pig farms. In this observational cross-sectional study, survey data were collected from 176 pig farms with inventories over 100 sows in Colombia. We analyzed a complex survey dataset to explore the structure and identify clustering patterns using Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) of swine farms in Colombia, and estimated its association with Influenza A virus detection. Two principal dimensions contributed to 27.6% of the dataset variation. Farms with highest contribution to dimension 1 were larger farrow-to-finish farms, using self-replacement of gilts and implementing most of the measures evaluated. In contrast, farms with highest contribution to dimension 2 were medium to large farrow-to-finish farms, but implemented biosecurity in a lower degree. Additionally, two farm clusters were identified by Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), and the odds of influenza A virus detection was statistically different between clusters (OR 7.29, CI: 1.7,66, p = < 0.01). Moreover, after logistic regression analysis, three important variables were associated with higher odds of influenza detection: (1) "location in an area with a high density of pigs", (2) "farm size", and (3) "after cleaning and disinfecting, the facilities are allowed to dry before use". Our results revealed two clustering patterns of swine farms. This systematic analysis of complex survey data identified relationships between biosecurity, husbandry practices and influenza status. This approach helped to identify gaps on biosecurity and key elements for designing successful strategies to prevent and control swine respiratory diseases in the swine industry.

Phylogenetic group and virulence profile classification in Escherichia coli from distinct isolation sources in Mexico.

Escherichia coli is a leading cause of human enteric diseases worldwide. The rapid and accurate causal agent identification to a particular source represents a crucial step in the establishment of safety and health measures in the affected human populations and would thus provide insights into the relationship of traits that may contribute for pathogen persistence in a particular reservoir. The objective of the present study was to characterize over two hundred E. coli strains from different isolation sources in Mexico by conducting a correspondence analysis to explore associations with the detected phylogenetic groups. The results indicated that E. coli strains, recovered from distinct sources in Mexico, were classified into phylogroups B1 (35.8%), A (27.8%), and D (12.3%) and were clustered to particular clades according to the predicted phylogroups. The results from correspondence analysis showed that E. coli populations from distinct sources in Mexico, belonging to different phylogroups, were not dispersed randomly and were associated with a particular isolation source. Phylogroup A was strongly associated with human sources, and the phylogroup B1 showed a significant relationship with food sources. Additionally, phylogroup D was also related to human sources. Phylogroup B2 was associated with herbivorous and omnivorous mammals. Moreover, common virulence genes in the examined E. coli strains, assigned to all phylogroups, were identified as essential markers for survival and invasion in the host. Although virulence profiles varied among the detected phylogroups, E. coli strains belonging to phylogroup D, associated with humans, were found to contain the largest virulence gene repertoire conferring for persistence and survival in the host. In summary, these findings provide fundamental information for a better characterization of pathogenic E. coli, recovered from distinct isolation sources in Mexico and would assist in the development of better tools for identifying potential transmission routes of contamination.

Factores pronósticos de síndrome cardio-pulmonar y muerte por hantavirus Andes Sur: estudio de cohorte en San Carlos de Bariloche y su zona de influencia sanitaria / Prognostic factors for cardio-pulmonary syndrome and death by hantavirus Andes Sur: cohort study in San Carlos de Bariloche and health influence área

Resumen Las infecciones por hantavirus, ocurren a través de la inhalación de aerosoles provenientes de excretas de roedores infectados. Estos virus causan síndrome cardiopulmonar en el caso de la variante Andes Sur, con una mortalidad que puede alcanzar el 50%. Se presenta como casos esporádicos o en pequeños conglomerados, en los que predomina el contagio interhumano. En este estudio observacional de tipo cohorte histórica, en personas infectadas con hantavirus Andes Sur durante los años 2009 a 2019 que fueron asistidas en el subsector público de salud de San Carlos de Bariloche(Argentina), se buscó identificar factores que pudieran predecir mala evolución (síndrome cardiopulmonar y muerte). Para ello se caracterizó el riesgo para cada una de las variables y, para obtener información clave sobre las relaciones entre las mismas, se aplicó además un análisis de correspondencias múltiples. Durante el período de estudio, 38 personas fueron incluidas. La edad media fue de 35 años. Se sospechó contagio de persona a persona en 10/38 (26.8%) casos. El 21.1% (8/28) tuvo al momento del diagnóstico un síndrome pulmonar por hantavirus. Mientras que, 55.3% (21/38) lo desarrolló durante su evolución y 44.7% (17/38) de los infectados fallecieron durante la internación. La edad mayor a 15 años y la plaquetopenia, se asociaron con un mayor riesgo de progresión clínica, mientras que las formas de leves o las personas asintomáticas, el contagio persona a persona o durante un brote epidemiológico, se asociaron con un menor riesgo de muerte.

Abstract Hantavirus infections occur through the inhalation of aerosols from the excreta of infected rodents. These viruses cause a cardiopulmonary syn drome in the case of the Andes Sur variant, with a mortality that can reach 50%. It occurs in sporadic cases or in small clusters, in which interhuman contagion predominates. In this historical cohort-type observational study, in people infected with Andes Sur hantavirus during the years 2009 to 2019 who was assisted in the public health subsector of San Carlos de Bariloche (Argentina), it was sought to identify factors that could predict poor evolution (cardiopulmonary syndrome and death). For this, the risk for each of the variables was characterized and, to obtain key information about the relationships between them, a multiple correspondence analysis was also applied. During the study period, 38 people were included. The mean age was 35 years. Person-to-person contagion was suspected in 10/38 (26.8%) cases. 21.1% (8/28) presented a hantavirus pulmonary syndrome at the time of diagnosis, while 55.3% (21/38) developed it during their evolution, and 44.7% (17/38) of those infected died during hospitalization. Age over 15 years and thrombocytopenia were associated with a higher risk of clinical progression, while mild forms or asymptomatic people, person-to-person transmission, or during an epidemiological outbreak, were associated with a lower risk of death.

[Prognostic factors for cardio-pulmonary syndrome and death by hantavirus Andes Sur: cohort study in San Carlos de Bariloche and health influence area]. / Factores pronósticos de síndrome cardiopulmonar y muerte por hantavirus Andes Sur: Estudio de cohorte en San Carlos de Bariloche y su zona de influencia sanitaria.

Hantavirus infections occur through the inhalation of aerosols from the excreta of infected rodents. These viruses cause a cardiopulmonary syndrome in the case of the Andes Sur variant, with a mortality that can reach 50%. It occurs in sporadic cases or in small clusters, in which interhuman contagion predominates. In this historical cohort-type observational study, in people infected with Andes Sur hantavirus during the years 2009 to 2019 who was assisted in the public health subsector of San Carlos de Bariloche (Argentina), it was sought to identify factors that could predict poor evolution (cardiopulmonary syndrome and death). For this, the risk for each of the variables was characterized and, to obtain key information about the relationships between them, a multiple correspondence analysis was also applied. During the study period, 38 people were included. The mean age was 35 years. Person-to-person contagion was suspected in 10/38 (26.8%) cases. 21.1% (8/28) presented a hantavirus pulmonary syndrome at the time of diagnosis, while 55.3% (21/38) developed it during their evolution, and 44.7% (17/38) of those infected died during hospitalization. Age over 15 years and thrombocytopenia were associated with a higher risk of clinical progression, while mild forms or asymptomatic people, person-to-person transmission, or during an epidemiological outbreak, were associated with a lower risk of death.

Las infecciones por hantavirus, ocurren a través de la inhalación de aerosoles provenientes de excretas de roedores infectados. Estos virus causan síndrome cardiopulmonar en el caso de la variante Andes Sur, con una mortalidad que puede alcanzar el 50%. Se presenta como casos esporádicos o en pequeños conglomerados, en los que predomina el contagio interhumano. En este estudio observacional de tipo cohorte histórica, en personas infectadas con hantavirus Andes Sur durante los años 2009 a 2019 que fueron asistidas en el subsector público de salud de San Carlos de Bariloche(Argentina), se buscó identificar factores que pudieran predecir mala evolución (síndrome cardiopulmonar y muerte). Para ello se caracterizó el riesgo para cada una de las variables y, para obtener información clave sobre las relaciones entre las mismas, se aplicó además un análisis de correspondencias múltiples. Durante el período de estudio, 38 personas fueron incluidas. La edad media fue de 35 años. Se sospechó contagio de persona a persona en 10/38 (26.8%) casos. El 21.1% (8/28) tuvo al momento del diagnóstico un síndrome pulmonar por hantavirus. Mientras que, 55.3% (21/38) lo desarrolló durante su evolución y 44.7% (17/38) de los infectados fallecieron durante la internación. La edad mayor a 15 años y la plaquetopenia, se asociaron con un mayor riesgo de progresión clínica, mientras que las formas de leves o las personas asintomáticas, el contagio persona a persona o durante un brote epidemiológico, se asociaron con un menor riesgo de muerte.

A first approach to human biometeorology research in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review aims to give an overview of the diversity of research areas related to human biometeorology in Brazil. The main focus of this paper addresses research trends, represented by published papers with national and international authorship, main contributions and shortcomings, as well as challenges and prospects of research in this area of study. An extensive literature search was conducted in the Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases so as to identify relevant publication output up to July 2021 related to the research area. The screening resulted in 96 studies chosen for full-text reading. Overall, results indicated a reduced amount of articles on the subject matter published internationally, with noticeable gaps in research in some regions of the country, such as the Amazon region and in the Brazilian Midwest region. Research gaps in relevant areas have been identified with limited output in the climate dimensions of tourism, vector-borne diseases, mortality and morbidity in urban centers. Such gaps should further encourage researchers to engage in research focused on those areas.

Evaluación de la variabilidad fenotípica en Simarouba amara Aubl., mediante descriptores cualitativos y cuantitativos / Assessment of phenotypic variability in Simarouba amara Aubl., through qualitative and quantitative descriptors / Avaliação da variabilidade fenotípica em Simarouba amara Aubl.,usando descritores qualitativos e quantitativos

Resumen Dentro de las estrategias de evaluación de especies forestales nativas por parte de la Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, se encuentra la caracterización fenotípica. Con el propósito de validar el uso de descriptores morfológicos y determinar la variabilidad fenotípica de la colección de trabajo del Centro de Investigación La Libertad ubicado en el piedemonte llanero (Villavicencio, Meta); se evaluaron 121 individuos de machaco (Simarouba amara Aubl.) de 6.2 años de edad, por medio de 34 descriptores de planta, hoja y fruto. Los datos cualitativos y cuantitativos se analizaron mediante análisis de correspondencias múltiples y análisis de componentes principales respectivamente, con el fin de reducir la dimensionalidad de los datos, seguido de análisis de conglomerados, utilizando el algoritmo de WARD para el agrupamiento de los individuos. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron identificar que el volumen de tronco presentó la mayor variabilidad (31.13%) y las variables cuantitativas asociadas al tamaño y diámetro de la copa, diámetro de fuste, volumen del tronco, longitud y ancho de la hoja, altura total y de copa presentaron las mayores correlaciones con los tres primeros componentes principales (57.82%). Se obtuvieron nueve conglomerados que reúnen el 95.73% de la variabilidad original y en los cuales se encontraron individuos potencialmente útiles con fines maderables, arboricultura y sistemas agroforestales. La forma del fuste, la altura de ramificación y de bifurcación, el tipo de corteza y el hábito de fructificación presentaron mínima variación en los individuos, contrario a la rectitud del fuste y la forma de la copa.

Abstract Phenotyping is one of the strategies used by Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA) for evaluating native forest species. One hundred and twenty-one 6.2 year-old mountain damson/stavewood/bitterwood/paradise trees (Simarouba amara Aubl. commonly known as machaco in Colombia) were evaluated using 34 plant, leaf and fruit descriptors to validate the use of morphological descriptors and determine the phenotype variability of AGROSAVIA's La Libertad Research Centre's working collection. The centre is located in the foothills of Colombia's eastern plains (Villavicencio, Meta). Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was used for analysing qualitative data and principal component analysis (PCA) for +data to reduce dataset dimensionality; this was followed by cluster analysis, using Ward's method (minimum variance method or Ward's minimum - agglomerative algorithm) for hierarchical cluster analysis for grouping the trees. The results led to identifying that the wood volume descriptor had the greatest variability (31.13%) and the quantitative variables associated with crown size and diameter, stem diameter, trunk volume, leaf length and width, total and crown height had the greatest correlation with the first three components (57.82%). Nine clusters were obtained (accounting for 95.73% of original variability) and in which trees were found for timber, arboriculture and agroforestry system purposes. The trees' stem shape, branch height and bifurcation, the type of bark and fruiting habits had minimum variation, contrary to the that found regarding stem straightness and crown shape.

Resumo Dentro das estratégias de avaliação de espécies florestais nativas pela Colombian Agricultural Research Corporation - AGROSAVIA, está a caracterização fenotípica. A fim de validar o uso de descritores morfológicos e determinar a variabilidade fenotípica da coleção de trabalhos do Centro de Pesquisa La Libertad localizado no sopé da planície, (Villavicencio, Meta); 121 indivíduos de machaco (Simarouba amara Aubl.) de 6,2 anos de idade foram avaliados por meio de 34 descritores de planta, folha e fruto. Os dados qualitativos e quantitativos foram analisados por meio da análise de correspondência múltipla e da análise de componentes principais, respectivamente, a fim de reduzir a dimensionalidade dos dados, seguida da análise de cluster, por meio do algoritmo WARD, para agrupamento dos indivíduos. Os resultados obtidos permitiram identificar que o volume do tronco apresentou a maior variabilidade (31,13%) e as variáveis quantitativas associadas ao tamanho e diâmetro da copa, diâmetro do caule, volume do tronco, comprimento e largura da folha, total a altura e a copa apresentaram as maiores correlações com os três primeiros componentes principais (57,82%). Foram obtidos nove aglomerados que atendem a 95,73% da variabilidade original e nos quais foram encontrados indivíduos potencialmente úteis para fins madeireiros, arboricultura e sistemas agroflorestais. O formato do caule, a altura da ramificação e bifurcação, o tipo de casca e o hábito de frutificação apresentaram variação mínima nos indivíduos, ao contrário da retidão do caule e do formato da copa.

Deconstruction of annoyance due to air pollution by multiple correspondence analyses.

Annoyance caused by air pollution is a matter of public health as it can cause stress and ill-health and affect quality of life, among other burdens. The aim of this study is to apply the multiple correspondence analyses (MCA) technique as a differential tooling to explore relationships between variables that can influence peoples' behaviour concerning annoyance caused by air pollution. Data were collected through a survey on air pollution, environmental issues and quality of life. Face-to-face survey studies were conducted in two industrialized urban areas (Vitoria in Brazil and Dunkirk in France). These two regions were chosen as their inhabitants often report feeling annoyed by air pollution, and both regions have similar industrial characteristics. The results showed a progressive correspondence between levels of annoyance and other active variables in the "air pollution" factor group: as the levels of annoyance increased, the levels of the other qualitative variables (importance of air quality, perceived exposure to industrial risk, assessment of air quality, perceived air pollution) also increased. Respondents who reported feeling annoyed by air pollution also thought that air quality was very important and were very concerned about exposure to industrial risks. Furthermore, they often assessed air quality as horrible, and they could frequently perceive air pollution by dust, odours and decreased visibility. The results also showed a statistically significant association between occurrence of allergies and high levels of annoyance.

Impact of flooding on urban soils: Changes in antibiotic resistance and bacterial community after Hurricane Harvey.

Major perturbations in soil and water quality are factors that can negatively impact human health. In soil environments of urban areas, changes in antibiotic-resistance profiles may represent an increased risk of exposure to antibiotic-resistant bacteria via oral, dermal, or inhalation routes. We studied the perturbation of antibiotic-resistance profiles and microbial communities in soils following a major flooding event in Houston, Texas, caused by Hurricane Harvey. The main objective of this study was to examine the presence of targeted antibiotic-resistance genes and changes in the diversity of microbial communities in soils a short time (3-5 months) and a long time (18 months) after the catastrophic flooding event. Using polymerase chain reaction, we surveyed fourteen antibiotic-resistance elements: intI1, intI2, sul1, sul2, tet(A) to (E), tet(M), tet(O), tet(W), tet(X), and blaCMY-2. The number of antibiotic-resistance genes detected were higher in short-time samples compared to samples taken a long time after flooding. From all the genes surveyed, only tet(E), blaCMY-2, and intI1 were prevalent in short-time samples but not observed in long-time samples; thus, we propose these genes as indicators of exogenous antibiotic resistance in the soils. Sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was used to find that flooding may have affected bacterial community diversity, enhanced differences among bacterial lineages profiles, and affected the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Gemmatimonadetes. A major conclusion of this study is that antibiotic resistance profiles of soil bacteria are impacted by urban flooding events such that they may pose an enhanced risk of exposure for up to three to five months following the hurricane. The occurrence of targeted antibiotic-resistance elements decreased eighteen months after the hurricane indicating a reduction of the risk of exposure long time after Harvey.

Epidemiologia e avaliação de risco associado à presença de ácaros hematófagos em galpões de granjas avícolas de postura / [Epidemiological and risk assessment associated with the presence of hematophagous mites in poultry farms]

Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a epidemiologia da presença de ácaros hematófagos em granjas de postura no estado de Minas Gerais. Foi utilizado um banco de dados secundário, com informações de 402 galpões de 42 propriedades comerciais. As variáveis utilizadas para compor o modelo de correspondência foram selecionadas por meio do teste qui-quadrado (P≤0,05). Foi construído um índice para a presença de ácaros hematófagos, considerando alguns fatores de risco. Além disso, um estudo da análise espacial foi realizado para avaliar a presença de ácaros hematófagos em Minas Gerais. Observou-se a presença de ácaros hematófagos em 48% dos galpões, sendo a de O. sylviarum de 45,5%, O. bursa de 17,4% e D. gallinae de 2,7%. Houve associação entre o índice de risco com os intervalos de remoção de fezes e com a presença ou a ausência de aves sinantrópicas. Verificou-se que granjas mais tecnificadas não utilizam acaricida em seus galpões. A presença de ácaros hematófagos foi observada na mesorregião Sul/Sudoeste de Minas Gerais e entre as mesorregiões Oeste de Minas e Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. Esses resultados fornecem conhecimento sobre a epidemiologia desses ectoparasitos e podem contribuir na tomada de decisões, reduzindo os riscos de possíveis infestações em aves de postura.(AU)

This study aimed to characterize the epidemiology of the presence of hematophagous mites in posture farms in the state of Minas Gerais. Was used a secondary database with information from 402 chicken houses in 42 commercial properties. The variables used to compose the correspondence model were selected through chi-square tests (P≤0.05). A risk index was built to the presence of hematophagous mites considering some risk factors. Additionally, a study of the spatial analysis was done to evaluate the presence of hematophagous mites in Minas Gerais. Was observed the presence of hematophagous mites in 48% of chicken houses, the presence of O. sylviarum was 45.5%, O. bursa 17.4% and D. gallinae 2.7%. There was an association between the risk index with the intervals for the removal of manure and the presence or absence of synanthropic birds. It was verified that more technified farms do not use acaricide in their chicken houses. The presence of hematophagous mites was observed in the Messoregions South/Southwest of Minas Gerais and between the West and Metropolitan Mesoregion of Belo Horizonte. These results provide knowledge about the epidemiology of these ectoparasites and may contribute to decision making by reducing the risks of possible infestations in poultry.(AU)

Breastfeeding patterns in cohort infants at a high-risk fetal, neonatal and child referral center in Brazil: a correspondence analysis.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the prevalence and patterns of breastfeeding at discharge and in the first six months of life in a high-risk fetal, neonatal and child referral center. METHODS: Prospective, longitudinal study that included the following three steps: hospital admission, first visit after hospital discharge and monthly telephone interview until the sixth month of life. The total number of losses was 75 mothers (7.5%). Exposure variables were sorted into four groups: factors related to the newborn, the mother, the health service and breastfeeding. The dependent variable is breastfeeding as per categories established by the WHO. All 1200 children born or transferred to the high-risk fetal, neonatal and child referral center, within a seven-day postpartum period, from March 2017 to April 2018, were considered eligible for the study, and only 1003 were included. The follow-up period ended in October 2018. For this paper, we performed an exploratory analysis at hospital discharge in three stages, as follows: (i) frequencies of baseline characteristics, stratified by risk for newborn; (ii) a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA); and (iii) clusters for variables related to hospital practice and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). RESULTS: The prevalence of EBF at hospital discharge was 65.2% (62.1-68.2) and 20.6% (16.5-25.0) in the six months of life. Out of all at-risk newborns, 45.7% were in EBF at discharge. The total inertia corresponding to the two dimensions in the MCA explained for 75.4% of the total data variability, with the identification of four groups, confirmed by the cluster analysis. DISCUSSION: Our results suggest that robust breastfeeding hospital policies and practices influence the establishment and maintenance of breastfeeding in both healthy and at-risk infants. It is advisable to plan and implement additional strategies to ensure that vulnerable and healthy newborns receive optimal feeding. It is necessary to devote extra effort particularly to at-risk infants who are more vulnerable to negative outcomes. CONCLUSION: At-risk newborns did not exclusively breastfeed to the same extent as healthy newborns at hospital discharge. A different approach is required for at-risk neonates, who are more physically challenged and more vulnerable to problems associated with initiation and maintenance of breastfeeding.

Socio-economic and technological typology of avocado cv. Hass farms from Antioquia (Colombia) / Tipologia socioeconômica e tecnológica do abacate cv. Granjas Hass de Antioquia (Colômbia)

A typology of avocado cv. Hass farms was constructed based on information collected from productive units in Antioquia, Colombia. The study aimed to provide key information about the farms for those involved in the design of programs and public policies directed to growers. The data were scrutinized through Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) and Cluster Analysis. The sample was made up of 214 growers of the crop. Quantitative and qualitative variables were employed for the MCA, which rendered 40 dimensions, out of which 16 accounted for 70% of the total inertia (variance) found in the data. These 16 dimensions were used as input for the Cluster Analysis, which provided the following results: 52%, 32% and 15% of the farms were located in Clusters 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The identified farm types can be associated to peasant (Cluster 1) and commercial (Cluster 3) agricultural schemes, plus a transition between them (Cluster 2). The most discriminating variables regarding such categorization were: farm size, farm registry at ICA (Colombian Agricultural Institute), Avocado cv. Hass yield, labor source, presence of crops other than avocado, existence of formal commercial alliances and technical assistance type. The percentage of farmers belonging to grower organizations was high in the three clusters. Growers in Clusters 3 and 2 had established formal commercial alliances which enabled them to access better sale prices for the crop. A trend towards establishing cv. Hass as a monocrop is observed, which may threaten both crop biodiversity and the food security of peasant growers.(AU)

Uma tipologia de fazendas produtoras de abacate cv. Hass foi realizada a partir de informações levantadas em unidades produtivas no departamento de Antioquia, Colômbia. O objetivo do estudo foi fornecer informações importantes sobre as fazendas produtoras da variedade de abacate Hass, com o intuito de apoiar a elaboração de programas e políticas públicas destinados aos produtores desta variedade. Métodos estatísticos multivariados como Análise de Correspondência Múltipla (ACM) e Análise de Clusters foram utilizados. A amostra foi composta por 214 produtores de abacate cv. Hass. Variáveis categóricas de tipo quantitativo e qualitativo foram utilizadas no ACM, o que permitiu a obtenção de 40 dimensões, das quais 16 continham 70% da inércia total (variância) presente nos dados. As 16 dimensões serviram como entrada para a Análise de Clusters, a qual produziu os seguintes resultados: 52%, 32% e 15% das fazendas estiveram localizadas nos Clusters 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Os tipos de fazendas identificados podem ser associados a esquemas de agricultura camponesa (Cluster 1), agricultura comercial (Cluster 3), e uma transição entre elas (Cluster 2). Variáveis como a fonte de trabalho, a presença de culturas diferentes ao abacate, a existência de alianças comerciais formais e o tipo de assistência técnica recebida são as mais diferenciadas em relação a esta categorização. A percentagem de produtores pertencentes a organizações de produtores foi alta nos três clusters. Os produtores dos Clusters 3 e 2 estabeleceram alianças formais de negócios, o que lhes permitiu ter acesso a melhores preços de venda da cultura. Há uma tendência a estabelecer o abacate cv. Hass como uma monocultura, o que pode ameaçar tanto a diversidade da agricultura quanto a segurança alimentar dos produtores camponeses.(AU)

Análise multivariada na morfometria do casco de bovinos Nelore confinados e criados na pastagem / Multivariate analysis in hoof morphometry in Nellore cattle in feedlot and grazing breeding systems

O manejo intensivo favorece a ocorrência de afecções podais inflamatórias ou infecciosas nos animais de produção. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar o impacto do tipo de piso sobre o casco ao analisar a morfometria externa dos dígitos de bovinos Nelore confinados e em pastagem e, ainda, verificar a eficácia da análise exploratória multivariada para esse conjunto de dados. Foram avaliados vinte quatro animais sendo doze mantidos em confinamento e o restante no pasto. O abate dos ruminantes foi realizado aos 20 meses de idade. Seccionadas na articulação carpometacárpica e tarsometatársica, as extremidades dos membros torácicos e pélvicos dos 24 animais foram amostradas e congeladas à -20ºC. Posteriormente mensuradas com fita métrica milimetrada no dígito lateral e medial para obtenção da altura da parede abaxial e axial, comprimento e largura da sola, comprimento, largura e altura do bulbo e o comprimento da parede lateral da úngula. A análise exploratória multivariada de correspondência múltipla mostrou associação entre tais medidas em amostras oriundas dos indivíduos no confinamento e no pasto. Animais confinados apresentaram paredes axial e abaxial mais altas, altura do bulbo maior e sola menor. Quando mantidos no solo da pastagem, os dígitos tiveram bulbo mais baixo e maior comprimento de sola. Embora haja variação individual na morfometria do casco, o ambiente...(AU)

Intensive management favors the occurrence of inflammatory or infectious foot diseases in farm animals. The objective of the present study was to determine the impact on the hooves caused by the type of floor and also to verify the effectiveness of the multivariate exploratory analysis for this data set. For that, the analysis of digits external morphometry of Nellore cattle confined and on grazing was carried out. Twenty-four animals were evaluated, twelve of which were kept in confinement and the rest in pasture. Ruminants were slaughtered at 20 months of age. Sectioned in the carpometacarpal and tarsometatarsal joints, the extremities of the thoracic and pelvic limbs of the 24 animals were sampled and frozen at -20ºC. Subsequently measured with a millimeter metric tape on the lateral and medial region of the digits to obtain the height of the abaxial and axial wall, length and width of the sole, length, width and height of the bulb and the length of the lateral wall ofthe hoof. The multivariate exploratory analysis of multiple correspondence showed an association between such measures insamples from individuals in confinement and pasture. Confined animals had higher axial and abaxial walls, higher bulb height and smaller sole. When kept in the pasture soil, the digits had a lower bulb and a longer sole length. Although there is individual variation in the hull morphometry, the environment alone can change its structure. Higher hoof wall in confined cattle suggests less wear on the keratinized portion, while the greater development of the sole in animals raised on pasture maybe related to better distribution of forces on the support surface. Thus, it is observed that the environment modifies its anatomical structure. The multiple correspondence analysis is efficient in identifying dependencies between categories of external morphometric parameters of bovine hooves.(AU)

Análise multivariada na morfometria do casco de bovinos Nelore confinados e criados na pastagem / Multivariate analysis in hoof morphometry in Nellore cattle in feedlot and grazing breeding systems

O manejo intensivo favorece a ocorrência de afecções podais inflamatórias ou infecciosas nos animais de produção. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar o impacto do tipo de piso sobre o casco ao analisar a morfometria externa dos dígitos de bovinos Nelore confinados e em pastagem e, ainda, verificar a eficácia da análise exploratória multivariada para esse conjunto de dados. Foram avaliados vinte quatro animais sendo doze mantidos em confinamento e o restante no pasto. O abate dos ruminantes foi realizado aos 20 meses de idade. Seccionadas na articulação carpometacárpica e tarsometatársica, as extremidades dos membros torácicos e pélvicos dos 24 animais foram amostradas e congeladas à -20ºC. Posteriormente mensuradas com fita métrica milimetrada no dígito lateral e medial para obtenção da altura da parede abaxial e axial, comprimento e largura da sola, comprimento, largura e altura do bulbo e o comprimento da parede lateral da úngula. A análise exploratória multivariada de correspondência múltipla mostrou associação entre tais medidas em amostras oriundas dos indivíduos no confinamento e no pasto. Animais confinados apresentaram paredes axial e abaxial mais altas, altura do bulbo maior e sola menor. Quando mantidos no solo da pastagem, os dígitos tiveram bulbo mais baixo e maior comprimento de sola. Embora haja variação individual na morfometria do casco, o ambiente...

Intensive management favors the occurrence of inflammatory or infectious foot diseases in farm animals. The objective of the present study was to determine the impact on the hooves caused by the type of floor and also to verify the effectiveness of the multivariate exploratory analysis for this data set. For that, the analysis of digits external morphometry of Nellore cattle confined and on grazing was carried out. Twenty-four animals were evaluated, twelve of which were kept in confinement and the rest in pasture. Ruminants were slaughtered at 20 months of age. Sectioned in the carpometacarpal and tarsometatarsal joints, the extremities of the thoracic and pelvic limbs of the 24 animals were sampled and frozen at -20ºC. Subsequently measured with a millimeter metric tape on the lateral and medial region of the digits to obtain the height of the abaxial and axial wall, length and width of the sole, length, width and height of the bulb and the length of the lateral wall ofthe hoof. The multivariate exploratory analysis of multiple correspondence showed an association between such measures insamples from individuals in confinement and pasture. Confined animals had higher axial and abaxial walls, higher bulb height and smaller sole. When kept in the pasture soil, the digits had a lower bulb and a longer sole length. Although there is individual variation in the hull morphometry, the environment alone can change its structure. Higher hoof wall in confined cattle suggests less wear on the keratinized portion, while the greater development of the sole in animals raised on pasture maybe related to better distribution of forces on the support surface. Thus, it is observed that the environment modifies its anatomical structure. The multiple correspondence analysis is efficient in identifying dependencies between categories of external morphometric parameters of bovine hooves.

Socio-economic and technological typology of avocado cv. Hass farms from Antioquia (Colombia) / Tipologia socioeconômica e tecnológica do abacate cv. Granjas Hass de Antioquia (Colômbia)

ABSTRACT: A typology of avocado cv. Hass farms was constructed based on information collected from productive units in Antioquia, Colombia. The study aimed to provide key information about the farms for those involved in the design of programs and public policies directed to growers. The data were scrutinized through Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) and Cluster Analysis. The sample was made up of 214 growers of the crop. Quantitative and qualitative variables were employed for the MCA, which rendered 40 dimensions, out of which 16 accounted for 70% of the total inertia (variance) found in the data. These 16 dimensions were used as input for the Cluster Analysis, which provided the following results: 52%, 32% and 15% of the farms were located in Clusters 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The identified farm types can be associated to peasant (Cluster 1) and commercial (Cluster 3) agricultural schemes, plus a transition between them (Cluster 2). The most discriminating variables regarding such categorization were: farm size, farm registry at ICA (Colombian Agricultural Institute), Avocado cv. Hass yield, labor source, presence of crops other than avocado, existence of formal commercial alliances and technical assistance type. The percentage of farmers belonging to grower organizations was high in the three clusters. Growers in Clusters 3 and 2 had established formal commercial alliances which enabled them to access better sale prices for the crop. A trend towards establishing cv. Hass as a monocrop is observed, which may threaten both crop biodiversity and the food security of peasant growers.

RESUMO: Uma tipologia de fazendas produtoras de abacate cv. Hass foi realizada a partir de informações levantadas em unidades produtivas no departamento de Antioquia, Colômbia. O objetivo do estudo foi fornecer informações importantes sobre as fazendas produtoras da variedade de abacate Hass, com o intuito de apoiar a elaboração de programas e políticas públicas destinados aos produtores desta variedade. Métodos estatísticos multivariados como Análise de Correspondência Múltipla (ACM) e Análise de Clusters foram utilizados. A amostra foi composta por 214 produtores de abacate cv. Hass. Variáveis ​​categóricas de tipo quantitativo e qualitativo foram utilizadas no ACM, o que permitiu a obtenção de 40 dimensões, das quais 16 continham 70% da inércia total (variância) presente nos dados. As 16 dimensões serviram como entrada para a Análise de Clusters, a qual produziu os seguintes resultados: 52%, 32% e 15% das fazendas estiveram localizadas nos Clusters 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Os tipos de fazendas identificados podem ser associados a esquemas de agricultura camponesa (Cluster 1), agricultura comercial (Cluster 3), e uma transição entre elas (Cluster 2). Variáveis ​​como a fonte de trabalho, a presença de culturas diferentes ao abacate, a existência de alianças comerciais formais e o tipo de assistência técnica recebida são as mais diferenciadas em relação a esta categorização. A percentagem de produtores pertencentes a organizações de produtores foi alta nos três clusters. Os produtores dos Clusters 3 e 2 estabeleceram alianças formais de negócios, o que lhes permitiu ter acesso a melhores preços de venda da cultura. Há uma tendência a estabelecer o abacate cv. Hass como uma monocultura, o que pode ameaçar tanto a diversidade da agricultura quanto a segurança alimentar dos produtores camponeses.

O uso da análise de correspondências múltiplas (ACM) na pesquisa: o auxílio da tabela de proporções condicionais / The use of multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) in research: the aid of conditional proportions table

A análise de correspondências múltiplas (ACM) é uma técnica pertinente para a psicologia, pois permite estudar associações entre diversas variáveis categóricas tais como características individuais e respostas a questionários, produzindo um mapa que permite visualizá-las. No entanto, é frequentemente mal interpretada, pois trabalha com um nível alto de dimensões, o que torna difícil verificar os dados originais. O trabalho apresenta uma técnica auxiliar para a ACM, a tabela de proporções condicionais, que apresenta as proporções das variáveis incluídas isoladamente e em relações bivariadas, possibilitando a identificação de associações e sua magnitude de modo concreto. O trabalho inclui a aplicação empírica de análise de atribuições de tarefas domésticas a homens e mulheres, proveniente de pesquisa com 958 adultos que forneceram opiniões em levantamento de dados realizado no interior do Brasil. A principal contribuição da tabela de proporções condicionais está no esforço de tornar mais acessível e precisa a utilização da ACM para pesquisadores de psicologia.

Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) is a relevant technique for psychology, since it allows the study of associations among various categorical variables such as individual characteristics or questionnaires responses, producing a map that makes it possible to visualize them. However, it is often misinterpreted as it deals with a high level of dimensions that makes it difficult to verify the original data. The paper presents an auxiliary technique for MCA, the conditional proportions table, which presents the proportions of the included variables in isolation and in bivariate relationships, enabling the identification of associations and their size in a concrete way. The paper includes an empirical application of the analysis of the attribution of domestic tasks to men and women, from a study with 958 adults who provided their opinions on a survey carried out in the Brazilian countryside. The main contribution of the conditional proportions table lies in the effort of making the use of MCA more accessible and precise for psychology researchers.