Formación del residente en gastroenterología: una propuesta pedagógica para la atención holística endoscópica a pacientes con neoplasias del sistema digestivo / Gastroenterology residents training: a pedagogical proposal for the endoscopic holistic care to patients with digestive system neoplasms

Introducción: En el proceso de formación del residente en Gastroenterología se perciben limitaciones en la atención a pacientes con neoplasias digestivas, las cuales tienen su base en una insuficiente dinámica, en tanto se revela una visible polarización médico-instrumental de la práctica asistencial, orientada más hacia la endoscopia digestiva diagnóstica y terapéutica, en detrimento de lo preventivo, como parte indisoluble de esa formación. Objetivo: Proponer una estrategia para la formación del residente en gastroenterología en la atención holística endoscópica a pacientes con neoplasias del sistema digestivo. Desarrollo: Se propone una estrategia pedagógica para sistematizar la atención holística preventivo-diagnóstico-terapéutica en la formación del residente en gastroenterología, que deviene un instrumento práctico y flexible, contentivo de etapas, subetapas, orientaciones metodológicas y un sistema de evaluación que permite articular los contenidos clínico-endoscópicos, en un movimiento integrador, a través del diagnóstico, elaboración, implementación y evaluación de acciones para la formación del futuro especialista. Conclusiones: Este instrumento práctico se encamina a sistematizar la formación praxiológico-endoscópico-asistencial de este especialista en la atención holística preventivo-diagnóstico-terapéutica a pacientes con neoplasias digestivas, para el desarrollo de la excelencia en la profesión.

Introduction: In the process of the Gastroenterology resident training there are limitations in the care to patients with digestive neoplasms, which have their base in an scarce dynamics, while a visible polarization doctor-tools in the healthcare practice is observed, which is addressed towards the diagnostic and therapeutical digestive endoscopy more than to the preventive digestive endoscopy, as an indispensable part of the training process. Objective: To propose a pedagogical strategy, for the training of the Gastroenterology resident in the holistic and endoscopic care to patients with neoplasms of the digestive system. Development: A pedagogical strategy is proposed to systematize the preventive-diagnostic-therapeutical and holistic care in the training of the gastroenterology resident, which becomes a practical and flexible instrument, that includes stages and substages, methodological orientations and an evaluation system which allows to articulate the clinical and endoscopic contents, in an comprehensive movement, through the diagnosis, elaboration, implementation and evaluation of actions for the training of the future specialist. Conclusions: This practical instrument proposed is aimed at systematizing the praxiological-endoscopic training of these specialists in the holistic, preventive-diagnostic-therapeutic treatment to patients with digestive neoplasms, so as to reach professional excellence in the profession.

Dinámica praxiológica, endoscópica y asistencial del residente de Gastroenterología en la atención a pacientes con neoplasias del sistema digestivo / Praxiologic, endoscopic and assistance dynamic of the gastroenterology resident in the care to patients with digestive system neoplasms

Introducción: En la formación del residente de Gastroenterología todavía se perciben limitaciones en cuanto al tratamiento, la prevención y la pesquisa de neoplasias del sistema digestivo, lo que indica la necesidad de un proceso pedagógico que tipifique y eleve la importancia de una praxis asistencial más coherente y comprometida con las necesidades de salud de la población. Desarrollo: Los referentes epistemológicos sobre este tema revelan una limitada sistematización de la dimensión asistencial respecto a la atención a pacientes con tumores digestivos, pues no se ha logrado integrar el diagnóstico, la prevención y la terapéutica en la intervención holística endoscópica de los especialistas de esta rama de la medicina. Conclusiones: La dinámica praxiológica, endoscópica y asistencial que se propone en esta investigación deviene lógica de sistematización formativa que favorece el perfeccionamiento de la práctica clinicoendoscópico-asistencial de este especialista en la atención holística a pacientes con neoplasias del tracto gastrointestinal.

Introduction: In the training of the Gastroenterology resident are still limitations perceived as for the treatment, prevention and investigation of the digestive system neoplasms, what indicates the necessity of a pedagogic process that typifies and elevate the importance of a more coherent and committed assistance practice with the population's health needs. Development: The epistemological referents on this topic reveal a limited systematization of the assistance dimension regarding care to patients with digestive tumors, because it has not been possible to integrate the diagnosis, prevention and therapy in the holistic endoscopic intervention of the specialists of this branch of medicine. Conclusions: The praxiologic, endoscopic and assistance dynamic that is suggested in this investigation becomes logic of training systematizing that favors the improvement of this specialist's clinicoendoscopic-assistance practice in the holistic care to patients with gastrointestinal tract neoplasms.

Case for diagnosis. Ulcerated intradermal nevus simulating Sister Mary Joseph's nodule

Abstract: We report a case of a 76-year-old patient with a history of recent weight loss and ulcerated umbilical nodular lesion. Initially, we considered the diagnostic hypothesis of Sister Mary Joseph's nodule. However, histopathological evaluation revealed that it was an ulcerated intradermal nevus. We perform a brief review of umbilical nodules.

Personality traits, anger and psychiatric symptoms related to quality of life in patients with newly diagnosed digestive system cancer / Traços de personalidade, raiva e sintomas psiquiátricos relacionados à qualidade de vida em pacientes com câncer do sistema digestório recém-diagnosticado

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND The presence of psychiatric symptoms, anger, and personality characteristics are factors that affect the quality of life of newly diagnosed digestive system cancer patients. OBJECTIVE This study aims to identify which stable characteristics of the individual’s personality interfere with quality of life, even when reactive emotional characteristics of falling ill are controlled. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed at the Oncology Clinic ( Hospital das Clínicas ), Marília/SP, Brazil, in which 50 adult patients with digestive system cancer and diagnosed less than 6 months answered the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, Temperament and Character Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and WHOQOL-BREF. Multiple regression was performed to verify if quality of life was related to stable characteristics of the subject’s personality (anger trait, temperament and character) after controlling to the transient emotional aspects (anger state, psychiatric symptoms). RESULTS The quality of life psychological health score was higher in presence of self-directedness character and reward dependence temperament and quality of life environment score was higher in presence of self-directedness character and lower in presence of harm avoidance temperament. CONCLUSION The psychological well-being and the adaptive needs to the environment that favoring a better quality of life were reinforced mainly by the self-directedness character; which means that patients more autonomous cope better with the disease. On the other hand, the harm avoidance temperament (meaning the patient has fear of aversive situations) impaired the adaptive capacity to deal with the changes of the day-to-day imposed by the disease. Understanding these personality traits is important to the health professionals drive the patient to more successful treatment.

RESUMO CONTEXTO A presença de sintomas psiquiátricos, raiva, e características de personalidade são fatores que interferem na qualidade de vida do paciente com câncer do sistema digestório recém-diagnosticado. OBJETIVO Este estudo objetiva identificar que características estáveis da personalidade interferem na qualidade de vida, mesmo quando controladas as características emocionais reativas ao adoecer. MÉTODOS Um estudo transversal foi realizado na Clínica de Oncologia (Hospital das Clínicas), Marília/SP Brasil, no qual foram avaliados 50 pacientes adultos com câncer digestivo diagnosticados há menos de 6 meses que responderam ao Inventário de Expressão de Raiva Traço-Estado, Inventário de Temperamento e Caráter, Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão e WHOQOL-BREF. Regressão múltipla foi aplicada para verificar se a qualidade de vida estava relacionada com as características estáveis de personalidade (traço de raiva, temperamento, caráter) após controlar os resultados para a presença de aspectos emocionais transitórios (estado de raiva, sintomas psiquiátricos). RESULTADOS O escore de saúde psicológica da qualidade de vida foi maior na presença de caráter de autodirecionamento e do temperamento de dependência de gratificação; o escore de meio-ambiente da qualidade de vida foi maior na presença de caráter de autodirecionamento, e menor na presença de temperamento de evitação ao dano. CONCLUSÃO O bem-estar psicológico e as necessidades adaptativas ao meio-ambiente que favorecem uma melhor qualidade de vida foram reforçados principalmente pelo caráter de autodirecionamento. Por outro lado, o temperamento de evitação ao dano prejudica a capacidade adaptativa de lidar com as mudanças diárias, impostas pela doença. Compreender estes traços de personalidade é importante para que os profissionais de saúde conduzam o paciente por um tratamento de maior sucesso.

Perioperative fasting time among cancer patients submitted to gastrointestinal surgeries / Avaliação do tempo de jejum entre pacientes submetidos a cirurgias do trato digestório em um hospital oncológico / Tiempo de ayuno perioperatorio entre pacientes con cáncer sometidos a cirugías gastrointestinales

Abstract OBJECTIVE To identify the length of perioperative fasting among patients submitted to gastrointestinal cancer surgeries. METHOD Retrospective cohort study, developed by consulting the medical records of 128 patients submitted to gastrointestinal cancer surgeries. RESULTS The mean of total length of fasting was 107.6 hours. The total length of fasting was significantly associated with the number of symptoms presented before (p=0.000) and after the surgery (p=0.007), the length of hospital stay (p=0.000), blood transfusion (p=0.013), nasogastric tube (p=0.001) and nasojejunal tube (p=0,003), postoperative admission at ICU (p=0.002), postoperative death (p=0.000) and length of preoperative fasting (p=0.000). CONCLUSION The length of fasting is associated with complications that affect the quality of the patients’ postoperative recovery and nurses’ work. The nursing team should be alert to this aspect and being responsible for overseeing the patients’ interest, should not permit the unnecessary extension of fasting.

Resumo OBJETIVO Identificar o tempo de jejum perioperatório e sua associação a variáveis pós-operatórias entre pacientes submetidos a cirurgias oncológicas do trato digestório. MÉTODO Estudo de coorte retrospectiva, realizado por meio da consulta a 128 prontuários de pacientes adultos, submetidos a cirurgias oncológicas gastrointestinais. RESULTADOS O tempo total de jejum durante a internação foi em média 107,6 horas. O tempo total de jejum foi associado de forma estatisticamente significante ao número de sintomas pré-operatórios (p=0,000) e pós-operatórios (p=0,007), ao período de internação (p=0,000), à transfusão sanguínea (p=0,013), ao uso de cateter nasogástrico (p=0,001) e nasoentérico (p=0,003), à admissão pós-operatória em terapia intensiva (p=0,002), à morte pós-operatória (p=0,000) e à duração do jejum pré-operatório (p=0,000). CONCLUSÃO A duração do jejum é associada a complicações que afetam a qualidade da recuperação do paciente e o trabalho da enfermagem. A equipe de enfermagem deve estar atenta a esse aspecto, uma vez que, como responsável pela vigilância dos interesses dos pacientes, não deve permitir o prolongamento desnecessário do período de jejum.

Resumen OBJETIVO Identificar la duración del ayuno perioperatorio entre los pacientes sometidos a cirugías de cáncer gastrointestinal. MÉTODO Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, por consulta de los registros médicos de 128 pacientes sometidos a cirugías de cáncer gastrointestinal. RESULTADOS La media de la duración total del ayuno fue de 107,6 horas. La duración total del ayuno se asoció significativamente con el número de síntomas presentados antes (p=0,000) y después de la cirugía (p=0,007), la duración de la estancia hospitalaria (p=0,000), transfusión de sangre (p=0,013),tubo nasogástrico (P=0,003), ingreso postoperatorio en la UCI (p=0,002), muerte postoperatoria (p=0,000) y duración del ayuno preoperatorio (p=0,000). CONCLUSIÓN La duración del ayuno se asocia con complicaciones que afectan la calidad de la recuperación postoperatoria de los pacientes y el trabajo de enfermería. El equipo de enfermería debe estar alerta en relación a este aspecto y ser responsable de supervisar el interés de los pacientes, no permitiendo la extensión innecesaria del ayuno.

Comparative study of the different degrees of risk of gastrointestinal stromal tumor / Estudo comparativo dos diferentes graus de risco no tumor estromal gastrointestinal

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the applicability of the main categories of risk and morphological factors in the prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. METHODS: we retrospectively studied fifty-four cases of GIST, assessing the main prognostic factors of this neoplasis: risk levels, topography, size, mitotic index, necrosis, histological subtype and immunophenotype. We also verified their association and the reduction of overall survival. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed that tumors with mitoses number greater than 5 per 50CGA (high-power fields), the presence of necrosis and a high risk for both the systems proposed by Fletcher and Miettinen had a significant association with reduced survival (p = 0.00001, 0.0056, 0.03 and 0.009, respectively). The remaining analyzed factors (size, histological subtype, topography and immunophenotype) had no such association. Multivariate analysis (Jacard index) showed that the Miettinen degree of risk was the one that best correlated with prognosis. CONCLUSION: the risk criteria of Fletcher and Miettinen are important in assessing the prognosis of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors, especially the latter, which adds to the mitotic index and the presence of tumor necrosis.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a aplicabilidade das principais categorias de risco e de fatores morfológicos no prognóstico tumor estromal gastrointestinal. MÉTODOS: cinquenta e quatro casos de GIST foram estudados retrospectivamente considerando-se os principais fatores prognósticos da neoplasia: graus de risco, topografia, tamanho, índice mitótico, necrose, subtipo histológico e imunofenótipo. Foi também verificada a sua associação e a redução da sobrevida global dos pacientes. RESULTADOS: a análise univariada mostrou que os tumores com número de mitoses maior que 5/50CGA (campos de grande aumento), a presença de necrose, de alto risco tanto para os sistemas propostos por Fletcher, quanto para Miettinen tiveram associação significativa com redução da sobrevida (p=0,00001, 0,0056, 0,03 e 0,009, respectivamente). Enquanto que os demais fatores analisados (tamanho, subtipo histológico, topografia e imunofenótipo) não tiveram tal associação. A análise multivariada (índice de Jacard) demonstrou que o grau de risco de Miettinen foi aquele que melhor se relacionou com o prognóstico. CONCLUSÃO: os critérios de risco de Fletcher e de Miettinen são importantes na avaliação do prognóstico de pacientes com tumor estromal gastrointestinal, principalmente este último, que se soma ao índice mitótico e a necrose tumoral.

Avanços no tratamento cirúrgico das metástases hepáticas colorretais / Advances in surgical treatment of colorectal liver metastases

O câncer colorretal é o terceiro tumor mais frequente no ocidente. Cerca de 50 por cento dos pacientes desenvolvem metástases hepáticas na evolução da doença, as quais são responsáveis por, no mínimo, dois terços das mortes1-6. O avanço nas técnicas cirúrgicas e a melhora dos esquemas quimioterápicos têm permitido oferecer tratamento com intuito curativo a um número cada vez maior de pacientes. Neste artigo, fazemos uma revisão dos avanços recentes do tratamento das metástases hepáticas, incluindo estratégias para aumentar as ressecções (por exemplo: embolização da veia porta, ablação por radiofrequência, hepatectomia em dois tempos, quimioterapia de conversão e estratégia inversa de tratamento) e hepatectomias na presença de doença extra-hepática. Por fim, mostramos brevemente o resultado do tratamento cirúrgico de metástases hepáticas no Hospital A.C. Camargo.

Colorectal cancer is the 3rd most common malignant neoplasm in the West. About 50 percent of patients develop liver metastases throughout the course of the disease. Those are responsible for at least two-thirds of deaths. Advances in surgical techniques and improvement in chemotherapy regimens have allowed offering treatment with curative intent to an increasing number of patients. This article reviews recent advances in the treatment of liver metastases, including strategies to increase resection (e.g., portal vein embolization, radiofrequency ablation, two-stage hepatectomy, conversion therapy and reverse treatment strategy) and hepatectomy in the presence of extrahepatic disease. Finally, the results of surgical treatment of liver metastases at the Hospital A.C. Camargo are briefly shown.

Estudio de patrones de metilación génica en tumores del tubo digestivo / Gene methylation patterns in digestive tumors

Background: The loss of tumor suppresor gene function damages the defensive mechanisms that protect the indemnity of genetic material. Promoter gene methylation is one of the inactivation mechanisms of suppressor genes. Aim: To study the methylation pattern of a group of genes in biopsy samples of gastrointestinal tumors. Material and methods: Forty eight gastric, 25 gallbladder, 24 colon and 6 pancreas cancer biopsy samples were randomly selected. The methylation pattern of CDH1, FHIT, CDKN2A, APC and MLH1 genes, was studied using a specific polymerase chain reaction test for methylation. Demographic, morphological and follow up variables of patients bearing the tumors were also analyzed. Results: The general methylation frequency of CDH1, FHIT, CDKN2A, APC and MLH1 genes was 64.1, 56, 39.8, 18.1 and 34 percent respectively. In gastric cancer samples there was a correlation between APC gene methylation and well differentiated tumors; between CDH1 methylation and Lauren diffuse type and the presence of three or more metastasic lymph nodes; between FHIT, CDKN2A and CDH1 gene methylation and male gender. In ¡ess differentiated gallbladder tumors, the frequency of CDH1 methylation was higher. There was a tendency towards a lower survival in colon and gastric cancer when MLH1 (p =0.07) y CDKN2A (p= 0.06) were methylated, respectively. Conclusions: An abnormal methylation pattern was associated with morphological features in gastric and gallbladder cancer and with a tendency towards a lower survival in colon and gastric cancer.

Hipo (singultus): revisión de 24 casos / Hiccup: Review of 24 cases

Background: Although common and usually benign, hiccups can be an extremely uncomfortable disease. There is not much information about persistent and refractory hiccups. Aim: To report clinical features of patients admitted in a hospital due to hiccup. Patients and Methods: A retrospective study and prospective follow up of patients admitted for hiccup in Hospital Cl¡nico de Santiago de Compostela between January 1998 and May 2005. Results: Twenty four patients (age 47 to 91 years, 23 males) were studied. Nineteen (79 percent) were admitted because of persistent hiccups. In twenty one patients, at ¡east one organic etiology was identified, and thirteen patients presented two or more possible associated conditions. The most common possible causes were digestive tract disorders, followed by central nervous system diseases. Twelve patients had a history of exposure to drugs that potentially could cause hiccups, mainly corticosteroids and benzodiazepines. Chlorpromazine was the first choice treatment in 23 patients, but seven required a second line drug. Average hospital stay was 13 days (range 3-90 days). Twelve patients died during follow up. Death occurred during the first three months of follow up in 61 percent. Conclusions: Persistent hiccup is often associated with organic conditions, specially advanced tumors of the digestive tract. It is usually associated with a bad prognosis.

Influência da transfusão sanguínea no desenvolvimento de infecção em pacientes com neoplasias malignas do sistema digestório / Influence of blood transfusion on development of infection in patients with malignant neoplasms of the digestive system / Influence of blood transfusion on development of infection in patients with malignant neoplasms of the digestive system

RACIONAL: A anemia afeta mais de 90 por cento dos pacientes com câncer e mais de 60 por cento são submetidos a transfusões sangüíneas durante ou após o tratamento. OBJETIVO: Determinar a influência da transfusão sangüínea homógena como possível fator relacionado à infecção em paciente com neoplasia maligna do sistema digestório. MÉTODO: Avaliaram-se aleatoriamente prontuários de 400 pacientes com neoplasia maligna do sistema digestório, distribuídos em dois grupos: grupo 1 (n = 200) - pacientes transfundidos e grupo 2 (n = 200) - não-transfundidos. Comparou-se a incidência de infecções entre os dois grupos e suas possíveis interações com idade, sexo, tipo de neoplasia e a terapêutica instituída. RESULTADOS: Não houve relação significativa entre infecção e hemotransfusão sangüínea, idade, sexo, tratamento adotado e natureza do câncer. Não houve diferença na incidência de infecção nos pacientes não-transfundidos (28) em comparação com os hemotransfundidos (31). CONCLUSÃO: A hemotransfusão homógena não foi fator determinante para o surgimento de infecções em pacientes com neoplasias malignas do sistema digestório.

BACKGROUND: Anemia affects up to 90 percent of cancer patients, with more than 60 percent requiring blood transfusion during or after treatment. AIM: To determine the influence of the allogeneic blood transfusion as a possible related factor to infection in patients with malignant neoplasms of the gastrointestinal system. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Charts of 400 oncological patients were randomly selected and divided into two groups: group 1 (n = 200) - patients submitted to allogeneic blood transfusion and group 2 (n = 200) - non transfused patients. Both groups were evaluated and compared according to the presence and type of infection and a possible association with age, sex, types of tumors and therapeutics approach. RESULTS: The relation between infection and blood transfusion, as well as age, sex, management and type of presented tumors were not significant. There was no difference in the incidence of infection between the non transfused patients (28) and those submitted to allogeneic blood transfusion (31). CONCLUSIONS: In the present investigation allogeneic blood transfusion was apparently not related to development of infection in patients with malignant gastrointestinal tumors.