Pre-Sealing of Endodontic Access Cavities for the Preservation of Anterior Teeth Fracture Resistance.

OBJECTIVE: Sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) is an effective canal irrigant but interferes with the mechanical features of dentin and the bonding capability of adhesives when restoring endodontically treated teeth. This study evaluated whether access cavity resin sealing before using canal irrigant would augment the resistance of endodontically treated anterior teeth against fracture. METHODS: Sixty maxillary incisors underwent endodontic treatment in five groups (n = 12). Irrigation with 5.25% NaOCl and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was performed in all groups except for Group 5. After root canal obturation, in Group 1, the access cavity was kept unrestored. In Group 2, immediate restoration after obturation was achieved. For Group 3, delayed restoration after 1 week was provided. In Group 4 (pre-sealed), before canal irrigation, the dentin surface of access cavities was sealed using self-adhesive composite resin (Vertise Flow) and then restored after obturation. In Group 5, which was saline irrigated, immediate restoration was performed. After storage and thermal cycling for 5000 cycles at 5°C-55°C with a dwell time of 15 s and a transfer time of 5 s, teeth were statically loaded by a universal testing machine until a fracture occurred. Data were collected as the fracture resistance (FR) and analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's tests. RESULTS: FR significantly differed between all groups (p < 0.001). The lowest FR was recorded in the unrestored group (284 ± 86 N), which was not statistically different from the immediately restored group (p = 0.065). The pre-sealed group exhibited the highest FR value (810 ± 127 N, p ≤ 0.02 vs. other groups). The FR of the saline-irrigated and delayed restored groups was almost similar (p = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS: NaOCl/EDTA irrigation resulted in an adverse effect on FR. Delayed restoration could reduce this adverse effect. Access cavity pre-sealing with flowable composites led to a higher FR than conventional methods and may be considered an effective step during treatment procedures.

Scanning electron microscopic analysis of 5% glycolic acid as a novel alternative to 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in root biomodification: An in vitro study.

Background: Nonsurgical periodontal therapy results in the formation of a smear layer which inhibits tissue regeneration. Root biomodification (RB) using various agents has been tried for the enhancement of new attachment formation. However, no substantial therapeutic advantages of currently available root conditioning agents have been reported emphasizing the need for additional biologically acceptable agents. Glycolic acid (GA) due to its antimicrobial nature and ability of initiation and proliferation of fibroblasts may potentially modify root surface enabling regeneration. Materials and Methods: Eighty specimens from 40 single-rooted teeth were treated with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 5% GA and scanning electron microscopy analysis was done. The micrographs were examined for the evaluation of smear layer removal, total number of dentinal tubules, total number of patent dentinal tubules, mean diameter and surface area of dentinal tubules, and dentin erosion. Statistical analysis was done using unpaired t-test for intergroup comparison. Results: The efficacy of smear layer removal (P = 0.01) and dentin erosion (P = 0.042) was significantly better in the GA group. Both the groups showed no difference in dentinal tubule-related parameters. Conclusion: GA showed improved RB with greater smear layer removal and lesser dentin erosion, indicating its use as a potent alternative to the conventional EDTA root conditioning.

Serial Nitrogen-Doped Metal/Carbon Composites Derived from Organic Salts for Superior Electromagnetic Wave Absorption and Supercapacitor Electrode.

The present study provides a facile one-pot pyrolysis strategy to prepare serial nitrogen-doped (N-doped) metal/carbon composites derived from six types of metal ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA-M, M = Co, Cu, Mn, Fe, Mg, and Ca). N-doped Co/C composite integrated carbonaceous with magnetic components to attain dielectric-magnetic double loss mechanisms. The minimum reflection loss and effective absorption bandwidth reached -57.6 dB at 1.75 mm and 4.64 GHz at 1.52 mm, respectively. The electromagnetic simulation further confirms that the dissipation ability increases with the improvement of carbonization temperature. Results show that altering the metal species of precursors can significantly improve the electrochemical performance of the composites using the identical strategy. N-doped Cu/C composite performed a maximum specific capacitance of 2383.3 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 -1, and maintained 86.3% cycling stability at 20 A g-1 after 5000 cycles. The energy density of a symmetrical two-electrode configuration achieved 350.13 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 4000.04 W kg-1. Density functional theory calculations indicate that nitrogen dopants cause faster ion transport and stronger adsorption capacity. Moreover, the bifunctionality of other composites types are also systematically characterized.

Partial incision blunt scissors lamellar keratectomy under topical anesthesia for the treatment of presumed calcific corneal degeneration in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate clinical features of lamellar keratectomy for presumed calcific corneal degeneration in a population of geriatric dogs using blunt scissors dissection under topical anesthesia. ANIMALS STUDIED AND PROCEDURES: Retrospective analysis of dogs with clinically diagnosed calcific degeneration treated by keratectomy under topical anesthesia between 2015 and 2021 at two veterinary ophthalmology practices was performed. Descriptive data regarding signalment, concurrent systemic and ocular disease, complications, healing time, and recurrence were collected. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to calculate 1-year recurrence probability. RESULTS: Sixty-five eyes in 57 dogs met inclusion criteria. All 54 eyes with follow-up healed within a median of 14 days (7-74), including 17 with complicating factors of infection or deep stromal ulceration. Globe rupture occurred intraoperatively in three eyes (4.6%), for which subsequent conjunctival graft was performed. Calculated 1-year recurrence probability from 47 eyes followed long term was 25%. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard modeling showed a significant association between documented systemic disease and time to recurrence (p = .035), irrespective of topical EDTA use (p = .432). Median follow-up time available for all cases was 249 days. CONCLUSIONS: Blunt lamellar dissection with corneal scissors can be performed in dogs under topical anesthesia, yielding healing times and recurrence comparable to previously reported treatments for calcific corneal degeneration. Globe rupture is an inherent risk of both the disease and procedure and occurred in 4.6% of treated eyes. This approach expands non-anesthetic treatment options for affected patients but should only be performed with advanced microsurgical training and client counseling on individual risk and benefit.

Effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, citric acid, and etidronic acid on root dentin mineral content and bond strength of a bioceramic-based sealer: A scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy study.

Background: This study assessed the impact of chelating agents, 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 10% citric acid (CA), and 18% etidronic acid (HEDP), on root dentin mineral content. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) was applied to analyze changes, and the push-out bond strength test was used to measure dentin adhesion of Well-Root ST, a bioceramic root canal sealer. Methods: A total of 80 extracted single-rooted lower premolar teeth were included in this study and randomly divided into four groups (n=20): group 1 (17% EDTA), group 2 (10% CA), group 3 (18% HEDP), and group 4 (distilled water, control). After irrigation and drying, SEM-EDS was applied to analyze eight samples from each group at coronal, middle, and apical root regions for mineral content and SEM images. The remaining 12 samples underwent a push-out bond strength test using Well-Root ST sealer and gutta-percha. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests were used for statistical analyses. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between groups (P<0.05). SEM-EDS showed significant differences in C, O, Ca, P, and Ca/P content, with no significant differences in Na and Mg. Push-out bond strength was significantly higher in the 17% EDTA, 10% CA, and 18% HEDP groups compared to the control group, with no significant differences between chelating agents. Conclusion: Chelating agents altered root dentin mineral content and improved the adhesive properties of the bioceramic sealer. These findings highlight the importance of considering the selection and use of chelating agents in the clinical practice for root canal treatment.

Comparative effects of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 9% etidronic acid applied with different irrigant activation techniques on the release of growth factors from dentin: in vitro study.

BACKGROUND: Growth factors embedded in the extracellular matrix of the dentin play an important role in the migration, proliferation, and differentiation of dental pulp stem cells in regenerative endodontics. In regenerative endodontic treatments, the type of irrigation solution used is crucial for the release of growth factors (GFs) from the dentin matrix. This study evaluated the effectiveness of different irrigant activation techniques (IAT) using two different chelating agents, 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 9% etidronic acid (HEDP), in terms of their GF release. METHODS: Seventy-two mandibular premolar teeth were prepared to simulate an open apex. The root fragments were irrigated with 20 ml of 1.5% sodium hypochlorite and 20 ml of saline solution. Eight root fragments were randomly separated for the control group, and the remaining 64 fragments were randomly separated into eight groups based on two different chelating agents (17% EDTA and 9% HEDP) and four different IAT ((conventional needle irrigation (CNI), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), sonic activation with EDDY, and XP-endo Finisher (XPF)). TGF-ß1, VEGF-A, BMP-7 and IGF-1 release levels were determined using an ELISA, and statistical analysis was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, ANOVA, and the Tukey test (p < .05). RESULTS: Compared to the control group, the experimental groups showed significantly higher GF release when using EDTA or HEDP. Among the activation groups, the EDDY group triggered the highest GF release, and the CNI group triggered the lowest. CONCLUSIONS: IAT with EDTA and HEDP can increase GF release, with EDDY being the most effective IAT method. Using chelating agents with IAT may be beneficial in regenerative endodontic treatments.

Mathematical modeling of rare earth element separation in electrodialysis with adjacent anion exchange membranes and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as chelating agent.

This research delves into the effective use of electrodialysis for the separation of rare earth elements (REEs), specifically separating dysprosium (Dy) from praseodymium (Pr) and neodymium (Nd). A robust mathematical model based on the extended Nernst-Planck equation is introduced, simulating the process within a configuration that includes two adjacent anion exchange membranes. The model integrates aspects such as feed equilibrium, ion exchange within the membrane, and overall ion flux. Validation of the model's predictability was conducted through Chi-squared tests and root mean square error (RMSE) calculations, affirming its capability to accurately predict ion concentrations across different compartments. The study examines essential parameters such as applied voltage, rinse solution concentration, and feed concentration, assessing their impacts on separation performance and energy efficiency. Results indicate that higher voltages above 8 V, while speeding up separation, detrimentally impact energy use. It also highlights a critical balance in rinse solution concentration; lower concentrations below 0.05 mol/L enhance energy efficiency but may undercut separation efficacy due to early depletion. A linear correlation between the necessary rinse concentration and feed concentration was established, with higher feed concentrations demonstrating reduced specific energy consumption, thus enhancing overall efficiency. However, challenges remain in current efficiency due to the independent migration of SO42- ions in this specific setup. The findings advocate exploring alternative configurations, like alternating cation and anion exchange membranes, to optimize both environmental and economic aspects of REE separation. This study provides valuable insights and recommendations for refining electrodialysis systems in REE processing, contributing to sustainable and cost-effective electrodialysis systems.

Sealing ability of various endodontic sealers with or without ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) treatment on bovine root canal.

This study investigated the wettability and consistency of various endodontic sealers, both inorganic and organic, and evaluated their sealing ability of root canals using the single-cone obturation technique, with and without ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) treatment. Bovine root canals were endodontically prepared and filled in preparation for the dye penetration test with toluidine blue solution. All sealers exhibited contact angles similar to or lower than dentin and displayed superior consistency. Among the sealers, organic sealers used without EDTA treatment showed reduced dye penetration compared to inorganic sealers. However, some inorganic and organic sealers showed dye penetration in the sealer and dentin of root canals subjected to EDTA treatment. In conclusion, the single-cone obturation technique, combined with these endodontic sealers, achieved close contact with root canal dentin due to their wettability and consistency. However, the sealing ability of certain sealers was influenced by EDTA treatment.

A microfluidic chip-based capillary zone electrophoresis-mass spectrometry method for measuring adenosine 5'-Triphosphate and its similar nucleotide analogues.

BACKGROUND: Extracellular ATP is involved in disorders that cause inflammation of the airways and cough, thus limiting its release has therapeutic benefits. Standard luminescence-based ATP assays measure levels indirectly through enzyme degradation and do not provide a simultaneous readout for other nucleotide analogues. Conversely, mass spectrometry can provide direct ATP measurements, however, common RPLC and HILIC methods face issues because these molecules are unstable, metal-sensitive analytes which are often poorly retained. These difficulties have traditionally been overcome using passivation or ion-pairing chromatography, but these approaches can be problematic for LC systems. As a result, more effective analytical methods are needed. RESULTS: Here, we introduce a new application that uses microfluidic chip-based capillary zone electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (µCZE-MS) to measure ATP and its analogues simultaneously in biofluids. The commercially available ZipChip Interface and a High-Resolution Bare-glass microchip (ZipChip, HRB, 908 Devices Inc.) coupled to a Thermo Scientific Tribrid Orbitrap, were successfully used to separate and detect various nucleotide standards, as well as ATP, ADP, AMP, and adenosine in plasma and BALF obtained from naïve Brown Norway rats. The findings demonstrate that this approach can rapidly and directly detect ATP and its related nucleotide analogues, while also highlighting the need to preserve these molecules in biofluids with chelators like EDTA. In addition, we demonstrate that this µCZE-MS method is also suitable for detecting a variety of metabolites, revealing additional potential future applications. SIGNIFICANCE: This innovative µCZE-MS approach provides a robust new tool to directly measure ATP and other nucleotide analogues in biofluids. This can enable the study of eATP in human disease and potentially contribute to the creation of ATP-targeting therapies for airway illnesses.

Dissolution of presumed calcareous corneal degeneration with 13.8% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution in 17 dogs.

PURPOSE: To describe a novel treatment for dissolving calcareous corneal degeneration (CCD)-associated mineral in 17 dogs with 13.8% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution. METHODS: Cases seen between 2021 and 2023 were reviewed. Seventeen dogs with CCD associated with corneal ulcerations were treated with a mineral dissolution procedure using 13.8% EDTA solution. A diamond burr keratotomy (DBK) was subsequently performed in some cases when residual mineralization remained present. RESULTS: Of the 19 eyes (17 dogs) included in the study, 10 eyes (8 dogs) required a DBK procedure. One eye (one dog) required a repeat procedure 26 weeks following the initial procedure and two eyes (one dog) required a repeat procedure 24 and 37 weeks following initial treatment in the left and right eye, respectively. Mean follow-up time to last recheck for eyes not requiring a second chelation procedure was 20.4 weeks (range, 10-47 weeks). At the last follow-up examination for all 17 dogs, the CCD resolved in 26.3%, improved in 57.9%, and recurred in 15.8% of eyes. Complications occurred in two eyes (two dogs) and included an infected stromal ulcer at 2-week recheck and the creation of a 40% depth stromal defect immediately following debridement. Both complications were successfully addressed with medical management. CONCLUSIONS: The utilization of 13.8% EDTA solution appears to be an effective and safe means of treating lesions associated with CCD.

Understanding boron toxicity in aquatic plants (Salvinia natans and Lemna minor) in the presence and absence of EDTA.

Even though boron is a widely used element in various industries and a contributor to water pollution worldwide, few studies have examined the toxicity of boron in aquatic plants. EDTA is used to maintain aquatic plants cultures, however it is possible to modify the toxicity of metals. The objective of this study is to assess the toxicity of boron in aquatic plants and explore the impact of EDTA presence on the resulting toxic responses. Floating watermoss Salvinia natans and duckweed Lemna minor were exposed to concentrations ranging from 5 to 100 mg/L for 7 days and 1 to 60 mg/L for 3 days, respectively. Growth and photosynthetic activity parameters were investigated in the presence and absence of EDTA. Growth inhibitions in both aquatic plants were observed in a concentration-dependent manner, irrespective of the presence or absence of EDTA. For instance, based on the specific growth rate (leaves coverage), EC10 values for S. natans were calculated as 12.7 (9.9-15.3) mg/L and 8.0 (5.8-10.3) mg/L with and without EDTA, respectively. In the case of L. minor, EC10 values were calculated as 1.3 (0.8-1.89) mg/L and 2.0 (0.4-4.3) mg/L with EDTA without EDTA, respectively. Significant effects were also observed on the photosynthetic capacity, however there was no change in the increase of boron concentration. Generally, negligible effects of EDTA to the toxicity of boron were observed in the present study. By comparing toxicity results based on the presence and absence of EDTA, which is an essential element in the test medium, the results of this study are expected to be utilized for the ecological risk assessment of boron in aquatic ecosystems.

Analysis of the depth of penetration of an epoxy resin-based sealer following a final rinse of irrigants and use of activation systems: An in vitro study.

Objective: The objective of the study was to compare and evaluate the depth of penetration of an epoxy resin-based sealer following a final rinse of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 18% 1-hydroxyethylidene 1, 1-diphosphonate (HEDP), with diode laser and passive ultrasonic activation (PUI): an in vitro confocal laser scanning microscopy study. Materials and Methods: Fifty-two extracted human mandibular premolar teeth with single root and single canal were selected. They were disinfected in 0.1% thymol solution, cleaned of calculus and soft tissues, and stored in 0.1% thymol solution till use. All teeth were radiographed and selected as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The teeth were decoronated using a diamond disk under copious water spray to acquire a standardized root length of 14 mm. Working length was established by inserting a size 10-K file into each root canal until it is visible at the apical foramen and by subtracting 1 mm from the recorded length. Instrumentation of the root canal was done till master apical file size of F3 using ProTaper universal, rotary instruments. The canals were irrigated with 2 mL of 3% sodium hypochlorite between successive files. Teeth were randomly divided into four subgroups n = 12 according to the intervention. Passive ultrasonic irrigation and diode laser were used to activate the irrigants. Final irrigation was performed with distilled water. These specimens were examined using confocal laser scanning microscope (OLYMPUS FLUOVIEW FV 3000) for dentinal tubule penetration of the sealer. Two-way ANOVA test and Tukey's multiple post hoc test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Highly significant difference was seen between the groups with EDTA and HEDP, with HEDP demonstrating the highest penetration. Among the activation techniques used in this study, PUI showed the highest penetration of the sealer. The least penetration was seen with diode laser activation and EDTA. Conclusions: The irrigation activation techniques significantly influence the penetration of sealer into root dentinal tubules. When penetration of sealer with different irrigation techniques and irrigants was evaluated, significant greater level of sealer penetration was attained with PUI activation of HEDP.

Comparison of Tetrasodium EDTA 4% with Sodium Citrate 4% as Line-Locking Solutions at 2 Tertiary Hemodialysis Centres.

Background: The patency of central venous catheters (CVCs) in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) is maintained by instilling sodium citrate 4% (SC 4%) locking solution. Alteplase, a thrombolytic agent, is administered to restore function if patency is lost. Objective: To compare SC 4% with a new line-locking solution, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 4% (EDTA 4%), in terms of CVC patency and alteplase use. Methods: This retrospective chart review included all HD patients who were switched from SC 4% to EDTA 4% locking solution at 2 tertiary HD centres between June and December 2021. Patients were switched to EDTA 4% if they had high usage of alteplase (receiving ≥ 2 doses of alteplase in a 2-week period). For each line-locking agent, HD pump speeds and alteplase use were analyzed over 2 consecutive 12-week periods. Mean serum calcium and ionized calcium values were recorded during each period. A cost analysis was also performed. Results: A total of 37 HD patients were switched to EDTA 4% during the study period. There was no difference in mean HD pump speed between SC 4% and EDTA 4% (307.7 vs 305.1 mL/min, p = 0.48). The number of catheter-use-days on which alteplase was required declined significantly, from 313 days with SC 4% to 94 days with EDTA 4% (p < 0.001), with an overall cost reduction of 34% ($13 183.21). The decrease in alteplase usage was primarily driven by 1 of the 2 sites. A statistically significant decrease in mean ionized calcium at site 2 (from 1.12 to 1.1 mmol/L, p = 0.037) was noted. As well, an intraluminal interaction between EDTA 4% and serum calcium caused 6 cases of low serum calcium. Conclusions: This study showed that use of EDTA 4% as a line-locking agent reduced alteplase usage in the CVCs of HD patients while maintaining adequate pump speed (i.e., ≥ 300 mL/min).

Contexte: La perméabilité des cathéters veineux centraux (CVC) chez les patients hémodialysés (HD) est maintenue en instillant une solution de verrouillage de citrate de sodium à 4 % (CS 4 %). L'alteplase, un agent thrombolytique, est administré pour rétablir la fonction en cas de perte de perméabilité. Objectif: Comparer la solution de CS 4 % et une nouvelle solution de verrouillage, l'acide éthylènediaminetétraacétique 4 % (EDTA 4 %), en termes de perméabilité du CVC et d'utilisation de l'alteplase. Méthodes: Cet examen rétrospectif des dossiers a été réalisé pour tous les patients HD qui sont passés de la solution de verrouillage de CS 4 % à la solution d'EDTA 4 % dans 2 centres d'hémodialyse tertiaires au cours de la période de juin à décembre 2021. Les patients sont passés à l'EDTA 4 % en cas d'utilisation élevée de l'alteplase (≥ 2 doses d'alteplase reçues sur une période de 2 semaines). Pour chaque agent de verrouillage, les vitesses de la pompe d'hémodialyse et l'utilisation de l'alteplase ont été analysées sur 2 périodes consécutives de 12 semaines. Les valeurs moyennes de calcium sérique et de calcium ionisé ont été enregistrées au cours de chaque période. Une analyse des coûts a également été réalisée. Résultats: Au total, 37 patients HD sont passés à l'EDTA 4 % au cours de la période de l'étude. Aucune différence dans la vitesse moyenne de la pompe d'hémodialyse n'a été constatée en cas d'utilisation de la solution de CS 4 % ou d'EDTA 4 % (307,7 c. 305,1 mL/min, p = 0,48). Le nombre de jours d'utilisation du cathéter qui ont nécessité l'utilisation de l'alteplase a diminué de manière significative, passant de 313 jours avec la solution de CS 4 % à 94 jours avec l'EDTA 4 % (p < 0,001); la réduction globale des coûts se montait à 34 % (économies de 13 183,21 $). L'utilisation moins importante de l'alteplase était principalement due à 1 des 2 sites. Une diminution significative du calcium ionisé moyen (1,12 c. 1,1 mmol/L, p = 0,037) a été observée au deuxième site. De plus, une interaction intraluminale entre l'EDTA 4 % et le calcium sérique a provoqué 6 cas d'hypocalcémie. Conclusions: Cette étude a montré que l'utilisation de l'EDTA 4 % comme agent de verrouillage réduisait l'utilisation de l'alteplase dans les CVC des patients HD tout en maintenant une vitesse de pompe adéquate (c'est-à-dire ≥ 300 mL/min).

Antibacterial Synthetic Nanocelluloses Synergizing with a Metal-Chelating Agent.

Antibacterial materials composed of biodegradable and biocompatible constituents that are produced via eco-friendly synthetic strategies will become an attractive alternative to antibiotics to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In this study, we demonstrated the antibacterial properties of nanosheet-shaped crystalline assemblies of enzymatically synthesized aminated cellulose oligomers (namely, surface-aminated synthetic nanocelluloses) and their synergy with a metal-chelating antibacterial agent, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Growth curves and colony counting assays revealed that the surface-aminated cellulose assemblies had an antibacterial effect against Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli). The cationic assemblies appeared to destabilize the cell wall of E. coli through electrostatic interactions with anionic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules on the outer membrane. The antibacterial properties were significantly enhanced by the concurrent use of EDTA, which potentially removed metal ions from LPS molecules, resulting in synergistic bactericidal effects. No antibacterial activity of the surface-aminated cellulose assemblies was observed against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus even in the presence of EDTA, further supporting the contribution of electrostatic interactions between the cationic assemblies and anionic LPS to the activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Analysis using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring revealed the attractive interaction of the surface-aminated cellulose assembly with LPS Ra monolayers artificially produced on the device substrate.

The comparative of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle versus ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on the smear layer removal: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro study.

The purpose of this systematic review of meta-analysis was to compare the effectiveness of removing the smearing layer using EDTA versus Chitosan (Ch) and Chitosan nanoparticles (Ch-NPs). A search was performed in four electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane). The included studies were assessed by two reviewers using Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal checklist for the quasi-experimental studies. Outcomes obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and conventional methods were presented as standardized mean differences alongside 95% confidence intervals. Seven investigations employed 212 single-root teeth. In the apical section (p = .317, 95% CI = -0.820 to 0.266, Tau2 = 0.387), middle segment (p = .914, 95% CI = -1.019 to 0.912, Tau2 = 1.027), and coronal segment (p = .277, 95% CI = -1.008 to 0.289, Tau2 = 0.378). This meta-analysis found no difference between Ch, Ch-NPs, and EDTA in removing the smear layer in the three segments. This systematic review is designed to show evidence related to the PICO question, in which our outcome is smear layer removal and not the clinical success of such a treatment. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in removing the smear layer, a layer of debris and organic material on the tooth surface, through a systematic review and meta-analysis. The removal of the smear layer is crucial for successful dental treatments, as it enhances the adhesion of restorative materials and improves the penetration of antimicrobial agents into dentinal tubules. The researchers conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, searching various databases of electron microscopy results for relevant in vitro studies comparing the effects of chitosan or chitosan nanoparticles with EDTA on smear layer removal. The results encourage further exploration of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles for clinical use in dentistry, while considering their specific applications and long-term effects.

Effect of photobiomodulation therapy on TGF-ß release from dentin, migration and viability of dental pulp stem cells in regenerative endodontics treatment: An ex vivo study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) are oriented by the principles of tissue engineering, incorporating dental pulp stem cells (DPSC), crucial growth factors like Transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß1), and scaffolds to facilitate the regeneration of dental pulp tissues. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy, using an 808 nm diode laser on cellular modulation mechanisms in REPs. METHOD AND MATERIAL: A total of 108 human dentin discs obtained from intact single root teeth were randomly assigned into six groups (n = 8): 1. Positive control (EDTA), 2. PBM-1 (3 J/cm2), 3. PBM-2 (5 J/cm2), 4. EDTA+PBM-1, 5. EDTA+PBM-2, and 6. Negative control (NaOCl). Then, an extract solution was prepared from each disc and the concentration of released TGF-ß1 from the discs was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moreover, the extract solution was added to DPSC culture medium to evaluate cell viability and migration through MTT assay and scratch test, respectively. RESULT: The group exposed to PBM-1 showed the highest cell viability, while treatment with EDTA and EDTA+PBM-2 decreased cellular viability. Also, the PBM-treated groups showed significantly higher release of TGF-ß1 compared to the negative control. EDTA and EDTA+PBM-1 showed the highest release among all the groups. No significant difference was found between EDTA and EDTA+PBM-1, as well as between PBM-1 and PBM-2. Moreover, the PBM-1 group exhibited the highest migration after 24 h, which was significantly greater than other groups, except for the PBM-2 group. CONCLUSION: According to the obtained data, 808 nm mediated-PBM (3 J/cm2), both independently and in conjunction with EDTA, enhanced the release of TGF-ß1 from dentin and improved cell viability and migration of DPSCs. It seems that, PBM under the specific parameters employed in this study, could be an effective adjunctive therapy in REPs.

Effect of sodium hypochlorite and ethylenediaminotetraacetic acid activated by laser and ultrasonic energy on surface morphology and chemical composition of intracanal dentin.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the structural and chemical changes in intracanal dentin after root canal irrigation with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) using additional activation with a novel Er:YAG Shock Wave-Enhanced Emission Photoacoustic Streaming (SWEEPS), ultrasonic irrigation (UI), and Nd:YAG irradiation. Root canals of extracted human premolars were instrumented with distilled water and distributed into groups according to the irrigation protocol used: Group 1: conventional needle irrigation (CI) with 3% NaOCl; group 2: CI with 15% EDTA; and group 3: CI with NaOCl+EDTA. In group 4, root canals were irrigated with NaOCl+EDTA+NaOCl using the following techniques: CI (group 4A), SWEEPS (group 4B), UI (group 4C). In group 4D, root canals were finally irradiated with Nd:YAG laser. After the irrigation, the intracanal dentin sample was collected and analyzed using spectroscope with a Fourier transformation of infrared spectrum in Attenuated total reflection technique (FTIR-ATR) to calculate apatite/collagen ratio. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS) were used to determine its chemical composition. FTIR-ATR showed no significant difference in the phosphate/amid I ratio between the control and the experimental groups (p > 0.05). SWEEPS and UI of NaOCl+EDTA+NaOCl caused the most pronounced decrease of Ca and P (p < 0.05) value compared to CI and control group, and canal wall erosion. SWEEPS and UI of NaOCl+EDTA+NaOCl caused the most pronounced decrease of Ca and P value and significant canal wall erosion. However, no difference in phosphate/amide ratio was reported among groups. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: SWEEPS and UI of NaOCl+EDTA+NaOCl caused the most pronounced decrease of Ca and P values and significant canal wall erosion. There was no difference in phosphate/amide ratio among the irrigation protocols.

Effect of Passion Fruit Juice in Removal of Smear Layer in Root Canal of Ex Vivo Human Teeth: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study.

Context: The smear layer produced during the instrumentation of the root canal contains both organic and inorganic components, and it is recommended to be removed as it has a mixture of bacteria and their byproducts. Irrigants like sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), endodontic irrigant, citric acid, etc., possess the ability to remove the smear layer. Considering the antimicrobial effect, antiinflammatory, cavity disinfectant, nontoxicity, better taste, and aroma of herbal products, a novel approach has been introduced in the field of endodontics. Aims: To assess the efficacy of passion fruit juice in removing the smear layer and its erosive potential in root canals after instrumentation by scanning electron microscopy. Materials and methods: About 35 single-rooted premolars were divided into five groups-30% passion fruit extract (PFE), 17% EDTA, 17% EDTA + 5.25% NaOCl, 30% PFE + 17% EDTA, and saline. Following irrigation with the above irrigants, each tooth was split into two halves and examined and scored for smear layer removal (modified Torabinejad's criteria) using a scanning electron microscope. Statistical analysis: Overall comparison of the irrigant's action on removing the smear layer and their erosive potential was done using the Kruskal-Wallis test, and intergroup comparison of the irrigant action was done using the Mann-Whitney U test. All the statistical analyses were set with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: A total of 30% PFE produced less erosion and statistically significant smear layer removal in the coronal and middle third of the root. When combined with 17% EDTA, it effectively removed the smear layer in all three-thirds of the root. Around 30% PFE + 17% EDTA is less erosive when compared to 17% EDTA + 5.25% NaOCl. Conclusion: This study revealed that 30% PFE and 30% PFE + 17% EDTA are promising irrigants as root canal disinfectants in endodontics. How to cite this article: Venkatachalamoorthi V, Shivashankarappa PG, Adimoulame S, et al. Effect of Passion Fruit Juice in Removal of Smear Layer in Root Canal of Ex Vivo Human Teeth: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(S-2):S190-S194.

2D and 3D Erosion Landscape Analysis of Endodontic-Treated Teeth Using EDTA and HEDP as Chelating Agents: A High-Resolution Micro-Computed Tomographic Study.

This study aimed to assess the amount of erosion during activated endodontic irrigation with either HEDP or EDTA via high-resolution micro-computed tomography. Two root canals of twenty premolars were prepared with ProTaper Next and irrigated with sodium hypochlorite. Palatal canals, which served as control groups, were sealed, while buccal canals were further irrigated with either EDTA (n = 10) or HEDP (n = 10), which served as test groups. Micro-CT was performed to measure erosion depth. For 2D and 3D measurements, non-parametric repeated ANOVA measurements and post hoc tests were performed. 2D analysis showed highly significant differences between the case groups at each position of the root (p ≤ 0.01). The cervical and apical positions showed significant differences in the EDTA group (p = 0.03). The 3D analysis also showed significant differences between both chelating agents (p < 0.01) and the case and control groups (p = 0.01). The mean erosion depths in the cervical, middle, and apical thirds of the EDTA group were 45.75, 41.79, and 32.25 µm, and for the HEDP group were 20.25, 16.40, and 15.96 µm, respectively. HEDP seems to have a significantly less erosive effect. Different irrigation protocols with harsher conditions, as might be the case during endodontic retreatment, could be assessed with micro-CT.

Trimethylamine increases intestinal fatty acid absorption: in vitro studies in a Caco-2 cell culture system.

Although elevated blood levels of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) have been associated with atherosclerosis development in humans, the role of its gut microbiota-derived precursor, TMA, in this process has not been yet deciphered. Taking this into account, and the fact that increased intestinal fatty acid absorption contributes to atherosclerosis onset and progression, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of TMA on fatty acid absorption in a cell line that mimics human enterocytes. Caco-2 cells were treated with TMA 250 µM for 24 h. Fatty acid absorption was assessed by measuring the apical-to-basolateral transport and the intracellular levels of BODIPY-C12, a fluorescently labelled fatty acid analogue. Gene expression of the main intestinal fatty acid transporters was evaluated by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Compared to control conditions, TMA increased, in a time-dependent manner and by 20-50 %, the apical-to-basolateral transport and intracellular levels of BODIPY-C12 fatty acid in Caco-2 cells. Fatty acid transport protein 4 (FATP4) and fatty acid translocase (FAT)/CD36 gene expression were not stimulated by TMA, suggesting that TMA-induced increase in fatty acid transport may be mediated by an increase in FAT/CD36 and/or FATP4 activity and/or fatty acid passive transport. This study demonstrated that TMA increases the intestinal absorption of fatty acids. Future studies are necessary to confirm if this may constitute a novel mechanism that partially explains the existing positive association between the consumption of a diet rich in TMA sources (e.g. red meat) and the increased risk of atherosclerotic diseases.