Groundnut and tree nuts: a comprehensive review on their lipid components, phytochemicals, and nutraceutical properties.

The health benefits of nut consumption have been extensively demonstrated in observational studies and intervention trials. Besides the high nutritional value, countless evidences show that incorporating nuts into the diet may contribute to health promotion and prevention of certain diseases. Such benefits have been mostly and certainly attributed not only to their richness in healthy lipids (plentiful in unsaturated fatty acids), but also to the presence of a vast array of phytochemicals, such as polar lipids, squalene, phytosterols, tocochromanols, and polyphenolic compounds. Thus, many nut chemical compounds apply well to the designation "nutraceuticals," a broad umbrella term used to describe any food component that, in addition to the basic nutritional value, can contribute extra health benefits. This contribution analyses the general chemical profile of groundnut and common tree nuts (almond, walnut, cashew, hazelnut, pistachio, macadamia, pecan), focusing on lipid components and phytochemicals, with a view on their bioactive properties. Relevant scientific literature linking consumption of nuts, and/or some of their components, with ameliorative and/or preventive effects on selected diseases - such as cancer, cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurodegenerative pathologies - was also reviewed. In addition, the bioactive properties were analyzed in the light of known mechanistic frameworks.

A novel groundnut leaf dataset for detection and classification of groundnut leaf diseases.

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is a widely cultivated legume crop that plays a vital role in global agriculture and food security. It is a major source of vegetable oil and protein for human consumption, as well as a cash crop for farmers in many regions. Despite the importance of this crop to household food security and income, diseases, particularly Leaf spot (early and late), Alternaria leaf spot, Rust, and Rosette, have had a significant impact on its production. Deep learning (DL) techniques, especially convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have demonstrated significant ability for early diagnosis of the plant leaf diseases. However, the availability of groundnut-specific datasets for training and evaluation of DL models is limited, hindering the development and benchmarking of groundnut-related deep learning applications. Therefore, this study provides a dataset of groundnut leaf images, both diseased and healthy, captured in real cultivation fields at Ramchandrapur, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, using a smartphone camera. The dataset contains a total of 1720 original images, that can be utilized to train DL models to detect groundnut leaf diseases at an early stage. Additionally, we provide baseline results of applying state-of-the-art CNN architectures on the dataset for groundnut disease classification, demonstrating the potential of the dataset for advancing groundnut-related research using deep learning. The aim of creating this dataset is to facilitate in the creation of sophisticated methods that will aid farmers accurately identify diseases and enhance groundnut yields.

Factors influencing aflatoxin B1 levels in the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm of Ethiopia.

As there was no maximum permissible limit prescription for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in Ethiopia, this study has been conducted to generate data on AFB1 levels in Ethiopian groundnut accessions/landraces. Besides, an attempt was made to find out if there is any relationship between AFB1 and other parameters such as altitude of cultivation, individual seed weight, kernel colonization by Aspergillus flavus, total carbohydrates, protein and total free amino acids. Out of the 28 accessions studied, merely six accessions registered ≤2 ppb AFB1 and thus, they comply with maximum permissible limit set by European Union. Altitude of cultivation had no relationship with AFB1 levels. Interestingly, total carbohydrates in the seeds as well as kernel colonization by A. flavus showed statistically significant (p < 0.01) positive relationships with AFB1 levels. It is suggested to use kernel colonization measurement as an alternative to the expensive ELISA based AFB1 measurement. Besides, suitable pre- and post-harvest aflatoxin management strategies should be developed to alleviate the AFB1 levels in Ethiopian groundnut.

Phosphate solubilizing bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, improve the growth and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.).

For agricultural safety and sustainability, instead of synthetic fertilizers the eco-friendly and inexpensive biological applications include members of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) genera, Pseudomonas spp. will be an excellent alternative option to bioinoculants as they do not threaten the soil biota. The effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MK 764942.1) on groundnuts' growth and yield parameters was studied under field conditions. The strain was combined with a single super phosphate and tested in different combinations for yield improvement. Integration of bacterial strain with P fertilizer gave significantly higher pod yield ranging from 7.36 to 13.18% compared to plots where sole inorganic fertilizers were applied. Similarly, the combined application of PSB and inorganic P fertilizer significantly influenced plant height and number of branches compared to sole. However, a higher influence of phosphorous application (both PSB and P fertilizer) observed both nodule dry weight and number of nodules. Combined with single super phosphate (100% P) topped in providing better yield attributing characters (pod yield, haulm yield, biomass yield, 1000 kernel weight, and shelling percentage) in groundnut. Higher oil content was also recorded with plants treated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa combined with single super phosphate (SSP) (100% P). Nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) concentrations were positively influenced in shoot and kernel by combined application. In contrast, Ca, Mg, and S were found to be least influenced by variations of Phosphorous. Plants treated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and lower doses of SSP (75% P) recorded higher shoot and kernel P. We found that co-inoculation with PSB and SSP could be an auspicious substitute for utilizing P fertilizer in enhancing yield and protecting nutrient concentrations in groundnut cultivation. Therefore, PSB can be a good substitute for bio-fertilizers to promote agricultural sustainability.

Characterisation of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) shell waste as a potential biomass for different bio-based products.

Efforts are ongoing to utilise agricultural waste to achieve a full resource use approach. Bambara groundnut is an important crop widely grown in the sub-Saharan Africa with potential future importance because of its resilience to thrive under heightened weather uncertainty and widespread droughts that have challenged food security. After harvesting, the edible nuts are separated from the shells which are discarded as waste. Therefore, this research is aimed at characterising the chemical composition and the structural properties of Bambara groundnut shells (BGS) in view of their potential application as a biomass for different bio-products. The chemical composition of BGS was found to be 42.4% cellulose, 27.8% hemicellulose, 13% lignin and 16.8% extractives. Proximate analysis showed a high amount of volatile matter (69.1%) and low moisture (4.4%). XRD analysis confirmed crystallinity of cellulose I polymer and FTIR analysis observed functional groups of lignocellulosic compounds. Thermal stability, maximum degradation temperature and activation energy were found to be 178.5 °C, 305.7 °C and 49.4 kJ/mol, respectively. Compared to other nutshells, BGS were found to have a relatively high amount of cellulose and crystallinity that may result in biocomposites with improved mechanical properties.

Programmable chitosan-based double layer seed coating for biotic and abiotic-stress tolerance in groundnut.

In the face of agricultural challenges posed by both abiotic and biotic stressors, phytopathogens emerge as formidable threats to crop productivity. Conventional methods, involving the use of pesticides and microbes, often lead to unintended consequences. In addressing this issue, ICAR -Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research (ICAR-IIOR) has developed a chitosan-based double-layer seed coating. Emphasizing crop input compatibility, entrapment, and characterization, the study has yielded promising results. The double-layer coating on groundnut seeds enhanced germination and seedling vigor. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the structural changes and entrapment of crop inputs. The persistence of T. harzianum (Th4d) and Bradyrhizobium sp. in chitosan blended film in studied soils revealed that viable propogules of Th4d were recorded in double layer treatment combination with 3.54 and 3.50 Log CFUs/g of soil (colony forming units) and Bradyrhizobium sp. with 5.34 and 5.27 Log CFUs/g of soil at 90 days after application (DAA). Root colonization efficacy studies of Th4d and Bradyrhizobium sp. in groundnut crop in studied soils revealed that, maximum viable colonies were observed at 45 days after sowing (DAS). This comprehensive study highlights the potential of chitosan-based double-layer seed coating providing a promising and sustainable strategy for stress management in agriculture.

The Kirkhouse Trust: Successes and Challenges in Twenty Years of Supporting Independent, Contemporary Grain Legume Breeding Projects in India and African Countries.

This manuscript reviews two decades of projects funded by the Kirkhouse Trust (KT), a charity registered in the UK. KT was established to improve the productivity of legume crops important in African countries and in India. KT's requirements for support are: (1) the research must be conducted by national scientists in their home institution, either a publicly funded agricultural research institute or a university; (2) the projects need to include a molecular biology component, which to date has mostly comprised the use of molecular markers for the selection of one or more target traits in a crop improvement programme; (3) the projects funded are included in consortia, to foster the creation of scientific communities and the sharing of knowledge and breeding resources. This account relates to the key achievements and challenges, reflects on the lessons learned and outlines future research priorities.

Optimized Wasserstein Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network fostered Groundnut Leaf Disease Identification System.

Groundnut is a noteworthy oilseed crop. Attacks by leaf diseases are one of the most important reasons causing low yield and loss of groundnut plant growth, which will directly diminish the yield and quality. Therefore, an Optimized Wasserstein Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network fostered Groundnut Leaf Disease Identification System (GLDI-WDCGAN-AOA) is proposed in this paper. The pre-processed output is fed to Hesitant Fuzzy Linguistic Bi-objective Clustering (HFL-BOC) for segmentation. By using Wasserstein Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network (WDCGAN), the input leaf images are classified into Healthy leaf, early leaf spot, late leaf spot, nutrition deficiency, and rust. Finally, the weight parameters of WDCGAN are optimized by Aquila Optimization Algorithm (AOA) to achieve high accuracy. The proposed GLDI-WDCGAN-AOA approach provides 23.51%, 22.01%, and 18.65% higher accuracy and 24.78%, 23.24%, and 28.98% lower error rate analysed with existing methods, such as Real-time automated identification and categorization of groundnut leaf disease utilizing hybrid machine learning methods (GLDI-DNN), Online identification of peanut leaf diseases utilizing the data balancing method along deep transfer learning (GLDI-LWCNN), and deep learning-driven method depending on progressive scaling method for the precise categorization of groundnut leaf infections (GLDI-CNN), respectively.

Diallel analysis, maternal effect and heritability in groundnut for yield components and oil content.

Background: Groundnut is one of the world's major food and oil crops. Being sources of nutrition and vegetable oil, rich in affordable and digestible protein, it is a strategic crop in Burkina Faso for food security, nutrition, and cash income. Understanding the nature of gene effect and genetic variation affecting yield and yield component traits will contribute to designing appropriate breeding methods for groundnut improvement and increase selection efficiency in Burkina Faso. Methods: In 2018, a total of 30 F2 progenies were generated through a 6 x 6 full diallel mating using six different and contrasting varieties. In 2019, parents and progenies were evaluated in a lattice square design in 3 replications at ICRISAT-Mali experimental field to assess the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects, the inheritance and the maternal and reciprocal effects for yield component traits (YCT) and oil content (OC). Results: Significant variabilities were observed among the parental genotypes and their F2 progenies for DTH, PSR, HPW, PL, PWD, SL, SWD, and OAC. Mean performance of the six parents were HPW (117.05g), HSW (57.24 g), PYH (1914.76), SYH (1312.73), PL (2.52), PWD (1,19), SL (1.38), SWD (0.83), OC (49.43), OAC (50.43) and LAC (33.61). Parent QH243C presented the highest value for SWD (1.02 cm) and OAC (60.76) while the parent ICGV09195 had the highest value of OC (50.36). Chalimbana presented the highest value of HPW (169.61 g), PL (2.98 cm), PWD (1. 41 cm), and SL (1.57 cm) while CG7 presented the highest value for HSW (75. 14 g), and SYH (1639.28 kg). Both YCT and OC are controlled by additive and non-additive gene effects with a predominance of additive gene action for HSW, SL, and SWD, whereas HPW, PL, PWD, and OAC were found to be more controlled by non-additive gene effects. Maternal effects as well as nuclear and cytoplasmic interaction effects were observed for both YCT and OC indicating that YCT and OC are influenced by a combination of genetic factors from both the maternal parent and the nuclear genome, as well as cytoplasmic factors such as mitochondrial DNA. Broad sense heritability ranged from 3.76 % to 91.56 %, and higher broad sense heritability values were recorded for pod length (91.56 %), hundred pod weight (83.71 %) and pod width (80.95 %). Conclusion: The study yields valuable insights into the inheritance of YCT and OC. The parents, Chalimbana and CG7, showed promise as good combiners for both yield component traits and oil content when used as male parents while TE3, Sh470P and QH243C can be used as female for the oil content and its components (oleic and linoleic content).

Effect of partial mutton meat substitution with Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) flour on physicochemical properties, lipid oxidation, and sensory acceptability of low-fat patties.

Health concerns regarding fat consumption, as well as shifts in customer preference, have prompted substantial studies into low-fat products. This study examined the nutritional, color, functional, and antioxidant properties of Bambara groundnut (BGN) flour varieties (cream, brown, and red-coated) grains as well as their influence on the physicochemical properties, lipid oxidation, and sensory acceptability of low-fat mutton patties. The patties were formulated with 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% of BGN flour for each variety, and 100% mutton patties were used as a control. The BGN flours showed significant (p < .05) differences in their nutritional composition (except for ash content), color, functional (excluding emulsion stability), and antioxidant properties. The increase in the percentage of substitution of BGN flours significantly increased the fiber (0.00% to 0.79%), ash (1.16% to 1.99%), and carbohydrates (2.14% to 1.99%) contents of the formulated mutton patties. However, moisture and protein contents decreased. The cooking yield of the formulated patties significantly increased with the increase in the percentage substitution of BGN flours (2.5%-10%), with values ranging from 76.39% to 86.80%, but the diameter reduction was limited. The increase in the inclusion of BGN flours significantly increased the lightness, hue angle, color difference, and whiteness of patties. Nevertheless, the redness, yellowness, chroma, and yellowness index of the patties decreased. The hardness and resilience of formulated patties significantly increased, with values varying from 16.41 to 17.66 N, and from 0.35 to 0.48 J/J, respectively, whereas the springiness, cohesiveness, and chewiness decreased. The lipid oxidation of formulated mutton patties significantly increased from Days 7 to 21, but was still less than that of the control sample within storage days. The sensory properties of formulated patties were not significantly different from the control sample and were above the acceptable score of five. All BGN varieties had positive effects on the mutton patties, more especially red, followed by brown, and cream, respectively. The inclusion of a 10% red BGN flour variety is highly recommended due to its significant impact on mutton patties. Nevertheless, different types of BGN varieties can each be used as additives in mutton patties without having detrimental effects on the quality parameters of the patties.

Validation and identification of promising gene specific markers governing foliar disease resistance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.).

BACKGROUND: Groundnut is vulnerable to the major foliar fungal disease viz., late leaf spot (LLS) and rust in kharif season, which results in severe yield losses. Until now, LLS and rust resistance linked markers were developed based on GPBD 4 as a major donor source and were validated in its derivatives only, which restricted their use in marker assisted selection (MAS) involving other donors. METHODS AND RESULTS: The current study focused to validate LLS and rust resistance linked markers employing advanced breeding lines of F6 generation, derived from nine different crosses involving nine diverse parents, to identify potential markers for marker-assisted breeding of LLS and rust resistance in groundnut. Out of 28-trait linked markers used for validation, 8 were polymorphic (28.57%). Marker-trait association (MTA) and Single Marker Analysis (SMA) revealed that the SSR marker pPGPseq5D05 is significantly associated with both LLS (15.8% PVE) and rust (17.5% PVE) resistance, whereas, the marker IPAHM103 is tightly linked with rust resistance (26.8% PVE) alone. In silico analysis revealed that the marker gene for IPAHM103 is a zinc finger protein and the marker gene for pPGPseq5D05 is an ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein. Both these protein products impart resistance or tolerance to biotic stress in crop plants. Two other markers namely, GMLQ975 and pPGPseq13A10 were also found to be associated with LLS resistance explaining MTA up to 60%. CONCLUSION: These gene specific markers will enable us to screen more number of germplasm lines or newly developed lines in MAS schemes for LLS and rust resistance using a wide range of resistant sources.

Genome-Wide Analysis of Trehalose-6-Phosphate Phosphatase Gene Family and Their Expression Profiles in Response to Abiotic Stress in Groundnut.

Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) is a pivotal enzyme in trehalose biosynthesis which plays an essential role in plant development and in the abiotic stress response. However, little is currently known about TPPs in groundnut. In the present study, a total of 16 AhTPP genes were identified, and can be divided into three phylogenetic subgroups. AhTPP members within the same subgroups generally displayed similar exon-intron structures and conserved motifs. Gene collinearity analysis revealed that segmental duplication was the primary factor driving the expansion of the AhTPP family. An analysis of the upstream promoter region of AhTPPs revealed eight hormone- and four stress-related responsive cis-elements. Transcriptomic analysis indicated high expression levels of AhTPP genes in roots or flowers, while RT-qPCR analysis showed upregulation of the six tested genes under different abiotic stresses, suggesting that AhTPPs play roles in growth, development, and response to various abiotic stresses. Subcellular localization analysis showed that AhTPP1A and AhTPP5A were likely located in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. To further confirm their functions, the genes AhTPP1A and AhTPP5A were individually integrated into yeast expression vectors. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that yeast cells overexpressing these genes displayed increased tolerance to osmotic and salt stress compared to the control group. This study will not only lay the foundation for further study of AhTPP gene functions, but will also provide valuable gene resources for improving abiotic stress tolerance in groundnut and other crops.

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of phytoene desaturase in pigeonpea and groundnut.

The CRISPR/Cas9 technology, renowned for its ability to induce precise genetic alterations in various crop species, has encountered challenges in its application to grain legume crops such as pigeonpea and groundnut. Despite attempts at gene editing in groundnut, the low rates of transformation and editing have impeded its widespread adoption in producing genetically modified plants. This study seeks to establish an effective CRISPR/Cas9 system in pigeonpea and groundnut through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, with a focus on targeting the phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene. The PDS gene is pivotal in carotenoid biosynthesis, and its disruption leads to albino phenotypes and dwarfism. Two constructs (one each for pigeonpea and groundnut) were developed for the PDS gene, and transformation was carried out using different explants (leaf petiolar tissue for pigeonpea and cotyledonary nodes for groundnut). By adjusting the composition of the growth media and refining Agrobacterium infection techniques, transformation efficiencies of 15.2% in pigeonpea and 20% in groundnut were achieved. Mutation in PDS resulted in albino phenotype, with editing efficiencies ranging from 4 to 6%. Sequence analysis uncovered a nucleotide deletion (A) in pigeonpea and an A insertion in groundnut, leading to a premature stop codon and, thereby, an albino phenotype. This research offers a significant foundation for the swift assessment and enhancement of CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing technologies in legume crops.

Efficacy of yellow gypsum application on mitigating arsenic bioavailability in groundnut and Boro-rice grown under arsenic contaminated soil.

Agricultural soils naturally enriched with Arsenic (As) represent a significant global human health risk. In the present investigation, a series of pot experiments were conducted to study the efficacy of three levels of Yellow Gypsum (YG) application on bioavailability of As to kharif groundnut followed by boro-rice grown under 17 different levels of soil As contamination for two consecutive years. The results revealed that application of YG @ 60 kg ha-1 effectuated the lowest soil As content and the highest percent decline in soil extractable As at pegging (9.42 mg kg-1 and 9.81%) and harvesting (8.81 mg kg-1 and 11.85%) in groundnut, maximum tillering (7.52 mg kg-1 and 16.95%) and harvesting (6.77 mg kg-1 and 19.85%) in boro-rice respectively. It was also observed that irrespective of its level, the extractable As content of soil decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing dosage of YG. Increase in YG dose effectuated a significant (P < 0.05) increasing trend and increase in As content in soil indicated a decreasing trend of Ca:As, Fe:As and S:As ratios which pointed out the potentiality of YG for reducing As bio-availability in contaminated soils and thus could be a good option for mitigating the risk of As contamination in food chain.

Limestone and yellow gypsum can reduce cadmium accumulation in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea): A study from a three-decade old landfill site.

Cadmium (Cd) toxicity has cropped up as an important menace in the soil-plant system. The use of industrial by-products to immobilise Cd in situ in polluted soils is an interesting remediation strategy. In the current investigation, two immobilizing amendments of Cd viz., Limestone (traditionally used) and Yellow gypsum (industrial by-product) have been used through a green-house pot culture experiment. Soil samples were collected from four locations based on four graded levels of DTPA extractable Cd as Site 1 (0.43 mg kg-1), Site 2 (0.92 mg kg-1), Site 3 (1.77 mg kg-1) and Site 4 (4.48 mg kg-1). The experiment was laid out in a thrice replicated Factorial Complete Randomized Design, with one factor as limestone (0, 250, 500 mg kg-1) and the other being yellow gypsum (0, 250, 500 mg kg-1) on the collected soils and groundnut was grown as a test crop. Results revealed that the DTPA-extractable Cd content in soil and Cd concentration in plants decreased significantly with the increasing doses of amendments irrespective of initial soil available Cd and types of amendment used. The effect of amendment was soil specific and in case of Site 1 (low initial Cd) the effect was more prominent. The reduction in DTPA-extractable Cd in combined application of limestone and yellow gypsum @500 mg kg-1 over the absolute control in soil under groundnut for the sites was by far the highest with the values of 83.72%, 77.17%, 48.59% and 40.63% respectively. With the combined application, Target Cancer Risk (TCR) of Cd was also reduced. Hence, combined application of limestone and yellow gypsum can be beneficial in the long run for mitigating Cd pollution.

Machine learning optimization of bio-sandcrete brick modelling using response surface methodology.

In this study, raw grinded groundnut shell (RGGNS) was used as a fine aggregate in the brick industry to reuse agricultural waste in building materials. In this study, an experimental approach was used to examine a new cement brick with raw groundnut shells integrated with compressive strength, water absorption and dry density optimization utilizing response surface methodology (RSM). The raw ground-nut shell content improved the fine aggregate performance of the 40%, 50%, and 60% samples. The 28-day high compressive strength with the raw ground-nut shell was 6.1 N/mm2 maximum, as needed by the technical standard. Samples made from 40%, 50%, and 60% raw groundnut shells yielded densities of 1.7, 2.2, and 1.9 kg/cm3 for groundnut shell (GNS) brick, respectively. A product's mechanical properties meet the IS code standard's minimum requirements. RSM was then utilized to develop a model for the addition of raw groundnut shell to concrete. R-square and Adeq precision values indicated that the results are highly significant, and equations for predicting compressive strength, water absorption, and dry density have been developed. In addition, optimization was performed on the RSM findings to determine the efficiency optimization of the model. Following the optimization results, experiments were conducted to determine the applicability of the optimized model.

Draft genome sequence data of Nothopassalora personata, peanut foliar pathogen from Argentina.

Late leaf spot (LLS) caused by the Ascomycete Nothopassalora personata (N.p.) (Syn. Cercosporidium personatum) is the main foliar disease of peanuts in Argentina and in peanut producing areas of the world, causing up to 70% yield losses. The extremely slow growth of this fungus in culture, that takes around one month to form a 1 cm colony (0.45 mm/day), and the lack of adequate young tissues from where to extract nucleic acids, have hindered genetic studies of this pathogen. Here, we report the first genome sequence of a N. personata isolate from South America, as well as genetic variants on its conserved genes, and the complete sequence of its mating-type locus MAT1-2 idiomorph. The N. personata isolate IPAVE 0302 was obtained from peanut leaves in Córdoba, Argentina. The whole genome sequencing of IPAVE 0302 was performed as paired end 150 bp NovaSeq 6000 and de novo assembled. Clean reads were mapped to the reference genome for this species NRRL 64463 and the genetic variants on highly conserved genes and throughout the genome were analyzed. Sequencing data were submitted to NCBI GenBank Bioproject PRJNA948451, accession number SRR23957761. Additional Fasta files are available from Harvard Dataverse (https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/9AGPMG and https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/YDO3V6). The data reported here will be the basis for the analysis of genetic diversity of the LLS pathogen of peanut in Argentina, information that is critical to make decisions on management strategies.

Acidified groundnut cake for enhanced bio adsorption of anionic textile dye Reactive Red 195.

This study focuses on the improvement of bioremediation of textile dye Reactive Red 195 using agro-industrial waste, groundnut oil cake (GNOC) obtained after oil-pressing. The treatment of GNOC with 1 N H2SO4 had resulted in physiochemical changes on the insoluble porous adsorbent, which improved their adsorption efficiency. The dye removal efficiency increased from 55% to 94% on acidification of GNOC. The raw groundnut oil cake (RGNOC) and acid-treated groundnut oil cake (AGNOC) were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, and zeta potential. The rate and efficiency of dye adsorption were examined using adsorption kinetics and isotherm models. The results confirm that acid-treated GNOC eliminates impurities, alter the surface functional groups, and significantly increase porous surface areas of RGNOC. The investigation of key factors such as contact time, initial concentration of dye, static/agitation impact, particle size, and adsorbent dose had significantly influenced adsorption capacity of GNOC. Adsorption of dye fits best into the Langmuir model and equilibrium data of dye on AGNOC was explained by psuedo-second-order reaction with maximum adsorption capacity of 12.65 mg/g. This emphasis AGNOC has a very excellent potential to remove the textile dye Reactive Red dye from industrial effluent.

This study reports the primary investigation exploring the application of groundnut oil cake (RGNOC) and its acid-modified (AGNOC) version for the bioremediation of industrially used textile dye Reactive Red 195 (RR195). The core objective of this study is to use a low-cost biosorbent to remove RR195 dye from effluent that pose risk to the health and environment. This study analyses the adsorption capacity of RGNOC and its acid-modified version AGNOC to treat contaminated water and the influencing parameters. AGNOC adsorption potential for RR195 dye sequestration was shown to be higher compared to RGNOC. Acidification of the adsorbent is simple, cost expensive, and more efficient alternate approaches to scale up for industrial application. As a result, an attempt has been made to add a new adsorbent to the database.

A Single-Nucleus Resolution Atlas of Transcriptome and Chromatin Accessibility for Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) Leaves.

The peanut is an important worldwide cash-crop for edible oil and protein. However, the kinetic mechanisms that determine gene expression and chromatin accessibility during leaf development in peanut represented allotetraploid leguminous crops are poorly understood at single-cell resolution. Here, a single-nucleus atlas of peanut leaves is developed by simultaneously profiling the transcriptome and chromatin accessibility in the same individual-cell using fluorescence-activated sorted single-nuclei. In total, 5930 cells with 50 890 expressed genes are classified into 18 cell-clusters, and 5315 chromatin fragments are enriched with 26 083 target genes in the chromatin accessible landscape. The developmental trajectory analysis reveals the involvement of the ethylene-AP2 module in leaf cell differentiation, and cell-cycle analysis demonstrated that genome replication featured in distinct cell-types with circadian rhythms transcription factors (TFs). Furthermore, dual-omics illustrates that the fatty acid pathway modulates epidermal-guard cells differentiation and providescritical TFs interaction networks for understanding mesophyll development, and the cytokinin module (LHY/LOG) that regulates vascular growth. Additionally, an AT-hook protein AhAHL11 is identified that promotes leaf area expansion by modulating the auxin content increase. In summary, the simultaneous profiling of transcription and chromatin accessibility landscapes using snRNA/ATAC-seq provides novel biological insights into the dynamic processes of peanut leaf cell development at the cellular level.

Comparative evaluation of milk proteins and oil-seed-cake-derived proteins extracted by chemical and biological methods for obesity management.

BACKGROUND: In light of the exponential rise in global population, there is a critical requirement to reduce food waste on a global scale. According to studies, agricultural wastes such as oil-seed cakes offer great nutritional value. Acid precipitation (A) and alkaline extraction methods (traditional methods) were used to extract protein from oil-seed cakes; however, both procedures are linked to decreased protein quality and quantity, which prompted the development of a novel strategy known as the biological/microbial/probiotic (B) method. Therefore, the present study aimed to highlight the optimal way of protein extraction from oil-seed cakes and the effect of extraction methods on protein efficacy against obesity. The outcomes were also compared with milk proteins. RESULTS: In vitro study provided evidence that proteins from both sources (plant and milk) suppressed adipogenesis and stimulated adipolysis in 3T3L-1 cells. For the in vivo study, mice were fed with different protein extracts: soya protein preparation (SPP), ground protein preparation (GPP), whey protein (WP) and casein protein (CP) containing 40% of their calories as fat. Body weight decreased significantly in all the rats except CP-fed rats. Body mass index, atherogenic index, plasma triglyceride and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level decreased significantly in all the groups in comparison to the model group (high-fat-diet group), but the decrease was more pronounced in plant proteins than milk proteins. In hepatocytes, the expression of fasting-induced adipose factor, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α genes was increased significantly in SPP-fed groups. Adiponectin gene expression was upregulated significantly in visceral fat tissue in groups fed SPP-B, GPP-A and CP, whereas leptin gene was downregulated significantly in all groups except SPP-A. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that SPP-B showed the most effective anti-obesity property, followed by WP. Additionally, we found that the biological precipitation approach produced better outcomes for plant proteins isolated from oil-seed cakes than the acid precipitation method. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.