Factor structure and measurement invariance of the Depression anxiety stress scale (DASS-21) in Chinese left-behind and non-left-behind children: an exploratory structural equation modeling approach.

BACKGROUND: Comprehensive data has shown that adolescents often suffer from depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem, and are in a particularly fragile stage of psychological, physiological, and social development. Left-behind children in particular tend to have significantly higher, state anxiety and depression compared to non-left-behind children. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) is an effective tool for evaluating depression, anxiety, and stress, and is used to measure levels of depression, anxiety, and stress in groups from a variety of backgrounds. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness, reliability, and measurement invariance of the DASS-21 in Chinese left-behind children. METHOD: The test and re-test method was used (N = 676), and the exploratory structural equation model (Mplus v.8.3) used to verify basic measurement models. For measurement invariance, the configural, weak, strong, and strict models were tested. The reliability of the DASS-21 was also tested using the collected data. RESULTS: Analysis results showed that the DASS-21 had a stable three-factor structure in the sample of left-behind children in China. The measurement invariance test showed that gender and time not only had strong invariance, but also strict invariance. The results of cross left and non-left invariance indicated a lack of strict invariance. Finally, the McDonald's omega coefficient of the DASS-21 total scale was 0.864, and the internal consistency of each subscale was also good. CONCLUSIONS: The DASS-21 is shown to be an effective and reliable tool for measuring depression, anxiety and stress in Chinese left-behind children.

Factor structure and longitudinal invariance for the Chinese Mainland version of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: There are inconsistent results on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale's (EPDS) factor structure and longitudinal invariance among different cultures. Furthermore, limited relevant studies in Chinese pregnant women exist. PURPOSE: To test the factor structure of the Chinese Mainland EPDS during pregnancy and conduct longitudinal invariance analyses. METHODS: A national multi-centre cohort study was conducted among 1207 pregnant women selected consecutively by convenience sampling from five hospitals in Zhuhai, Taiyuan, Haidian, Changchun, and Shenzhen in China between August 2015 and October 2016. Depression was measured by the EPDS during gestational weeks 10-13, 15-18, 23-25, 30-32 and 36-37, respectively.s RESULTS: Three factors with eigenvalues nearly larger than 1.0 were optimal for the Chinese Mainland EPDS, labelled "anxiety," "anhedonia," and "depression," and contained items 3-5, 1-2, and 6-10, respectively. The confirmatory factor analysis results of standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.034, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.049, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.968, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = 0.954, and χ2, p < 0.05 indicated good fit. For the longitudinal invariance tests, the configural invariance was met, with the CFI and TLI both higher than 0.90 and the RMSEA lower than 0.08 (CFI = 0.919, TLI = 0.908, and RMSEA = 0.034). The metric-, scalar-, and strict invariances were met. CONCLUSIONS: The three-factor model of the Chinese Mainland EPDS is invariant in pregnancy, suggesting stability and comparability in identifying the women screened positive at different points during pregnancy and making the scale feasible to screen prenatal depression and anxiety simultaneously.

Longitudinal Invariance and Construct Validity of the Chinese Version of the Mini-Mental State Examination Across 10 Years in the Elderly Population.

Background and Purpose: In this study, we investigate the longitudinal measurement invariance of the Chinese version of the mini-mental state examination (CMMSE). Methods: The factor structure and longitudinal equivalence of the CMMSE were examined by confirmatory factor analysis. Four CMMSE measurements of 13,132 participants from the China Longitudinal Health and Longevity Study between 2008 and 2018 were included. The nested model of longitudinal invariance proves the existence of strict longitudinal invariance. Results: It showed that the factor structure, factor loadings, intercept error variance, and latent factor means of the CMMSE were invariant across four measurements. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the changes in CMMSE scores can be attributed to real structural change, indicating that the CMMSE is a reliable measurement tool for the study of cognitive aging.

Validation of the Spanish version of the five-item General Self-Efficacy (GSE) scale in a sample of nursing students: Evidence of validity, reliability, longitudinal invariance and changes in general self-efficacy and resilience in a two-wave cross-lagged panel model.

AIM: The aim of this study is to validate the Spanish version of the five-item General Self-Efficacy scale in a sample of nursing students, by: 1) offering evidence of validity and reliability; 2) studying the longitudinal measurement invariance of the scale; 3) providing evidence on the changes in the levels of self-efficacy that occur after one year of nursing education; and 4) offering longitudinal evidence on the relationship between nursing students' self-efficacy and resilience levels. BACKGROUND: Nurses' general self-efficacy has been related to both personal and organizational outcomes. In Spain, some competencies the students must acquire during the Degree in Nursing implicitly refer to self-efficacy. For the measurement of general self-efficacy, the General Self-Efficacy Scale is one of the most widely used in Europe. DESIGN: A longitudinal design was used. Research took place at the University of Valencia and the University of the Balearic Islands (Spain). Participants were 324 nursing students, in the first year of the Nursing Degree. METHODS: The five-item General Self-Efficacy scale and the Brief Resilience Coping Scale were used. Analyses included descriptive statistics, reliability estimates, confirmatory factor analysis, a longitudinal measurement invariance routine and several competing cross-lagged models. RESULTS: Evidence of reliability shown by the scale was adequate and a one-factor solution for the structure was found. Additionally, the five-item GSE showed evidence of invariance over time. A causal effect of self-efficacy on nursing students' levels of resilience was found. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the five-item General Self-Efficacy scale is a brief instrument that can contribute to the assessment of some of the basic competencies of the Degree in Nursing, which improve during their education and how these changes are related to other skills important for the nursing profession, such as resilience.

Psychometric Validity of the Minnesota Tobacco Withdrawal Scale in Smokers Attempting to Quit: Longitudinal Invariance across Smokers and Abstainers.

Tobacco withdrawal symptoms vary during smoking cessation increasing relapse risk; therefore, a longitudinal invariant measure seems necessary to validly assess withdrawal changes. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the 7-item Minnesota Tobacco Withdrawal Scale (MTWS) during cessation, and to analyze longitudinal invariance across smokers and abstainers. We conducted a longitudinal study with 309 Spanish smokers (56.2 ± 9.9 years; 52.4% women). We assessed withdrawal at three occasions: pre-treatment (T1), week-12 (T2), and week-24 (T3). Reliability, validity, and invariance analyses were performed. MTWS reliability remained adequate over time (ωT1 = 0.78; ωT2 = 0.68; ωT3 = 0.80) in both smokers and abstainers, with satisfactory temporal stability (ICC = 0.73). MTWS correlations with anxiety, depression, and nicotine dependence (rs > 0.3) supported convergent and concurrent validity. MTWS showed no correlation with craving at T2 (rs < 0.24), suggesting discriminant validity. Unifactorial structure proved partial scalar invariance across time (χ2 = 246.009; CFI = 0.91; IFI = 0.91; SRMR = 0.09), yet longitudinal invariance between abstainers and smokers was not supported. Across groups, partial scalar invariance was only achieved at T2. Noninvariance at T3 was mainly due to item irritability (dMACS = 0.93). The MTWS is reliable and valid measure to assess withdrawal changes during cessation. Long-term MTWS comparisons between smokers and abstainers should be taken with caution since different withdrawal patterns may exist.

Factor structure and measurement invariance of the Chinese version of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale in depressive symptoms sample during COVID-19 closure: An exploratory structural equation modeling approach.

The COVID-19 Phobia Scale is an instrument for measuring the phobia of coronavirus. It has a stable four-factor structure and good reliability and validity in other countries and regions. In order to expand related research, this study aims to test the reliability and validity of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale in Chinese adolescents with depressive symptoms. The C19P-SC was translated into Chinese by the method of forward and back translation and tested in 1933 Chinese adolescents with depressive symptoms. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) were used to test and compare the four-factor model of the C19P-SC. Then we tested the measurement invariance of the C19P-SC across gender and time. Finally, the reliability was measured with the McDonald's omega coefficients. Consistent with previous studies, the C19P-SC showed a stable four-factor structure. The results showed that ESEM was better than CFA and more reasonable. In addition, the results of multi-group ESEM showed that the C19P-SC met the strict invariance at male and female and partial longitudinal strict invariance. The Mcdonald's omega coefficients of the C19P-SC total scale and each subscale reached the expected acceptable level. In short, the reliability and validity index of C19P-SC has reached an acceptable level, and the measurement invariance of different genders and different time points was established, but the cross-factor phenomenon of individual items was abnormal, and a further revision and testing are still needed.

Validity and Longitudinal Invariance of the 10-Item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10) in Chinese Left-Behind and Non-Left-Behind Children.

The 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10) is a self-report instrument widely used to assess resilience in particular demographics. This study aimed to evaluate the validity and measurement invariance (MI) of the CD-RISC-10 in Chinese left-behind children. A total of 968 children from three middle schools in Guizhou Province participated in this study, with the CD-RISC-10 used twice, at the base line time point and again after six months. The Ego-resilience Scale (ERS), and General Self-efficiency Scale (GSES-10) were also used as criteria-related validity instruments. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was carried out to examine the one-factor model and the MI with regards to gender and left-behind status, as well as the longitudinal measurement invariance (LMI). The study proved satisfactory reliability and validity of the CD-RISC-10, with good criterion validity with the ERS and GSES-10. CFA results showed that the satisfactory model fit for the one-factor structure was supported in all groups (e.g., CFI = .942, TLI = .925, RMSEA = .057). The strict MI was evident across genders, as well as both the left-behind and non-left-behind groups. Additionally, the LMI of the CD-RISC-10 was also adequately supported. Generally speaking, these findings demonstrate that the CD-RISC-10 can effectively measure the resilience level of left-behind children - boys as well as girls - in China.

Longitudinal invariance of the positive and negative syndrome scale negative dimension in antipsychotic naïve first-episode schizophrenia.

AIM: Construct stability over time is required for reliable inference, but evidence regarding the longitudinal invariance of negative symptoms is still limited. Thus, we examined the longitudinal invariance of the negative dimension using the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) in an antipsychotic-naïve first-episode schizophrenia sample at baseline and after 10 weeks. METHODS: Our study was conducted at a specialized early intervention service. PANSS ratings were analysed for 138 patients, and two different models were specified and tested: a unidimensional and a two-correlated factor solution. RESULTS: The unidimensional model fulfilled criteria for longitudinal invariance, whilst the two-correlated did not. CONCLUSION: Our study provides support for the PANSS negative unidimensional model use to evaluate negative symptoms' longitudinal change following first-episode schizophrenia.

Altruistic Attitudes Among Older Adults: Examining Construct Validity and Measurement Invariance of a New Scale.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Scholarly research has established the role of altruism in facilitating human cooperation and prosocial behaviors and highlighted its contribution to psychological well-being. Given the health significance of altruistic attitudes and orientations, we developed a valid and reliable measure of this construct that is suitable for use with older adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Based on data from a long-term panel study on adaptation to frailty among older adults (n = 366; mean age = 86 years), we used confirmatory factor analysis to perform construct validation of a five-item Elderly Care Research Center Altruism Scale among older adults (e.g., "Seeing others prosper makes me happy"). Moreover, we examined the invariance of the scale's factor structure across time and gender using nested models. RESULTS: Composite reliability (coefficient omega = 0.78), factor loadings (>0.45 with eigenvalue = 2.84) from exploratory factor analysis, and model fit indices (e.g., comparative fit index = 0.999) from confirmatory factor analysis suggest a single factor, supporting a unidimensional reliable construct of altruistic orientation at baseline. The results provided support for configural, metric, and scalar invariance across time. Findings pertaining to measurement invariance across gender confirmed full configural invariance but only offered support for partial metric, scalar, and residual invariance at baseline. Strong correlations among the altruism scale, salient personality traits, psychological well-being, religiosity, and meaning in life help establish construct validity. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: The availability of a reliable and valid measure of altruistic attitudes enables a comprehensive evaluation of altruism's influence on later-life health and well-being.

Dimensionality of the Chinese CES-D: Is It Stable across Gender, Time, and Samples?

Depression is a common mental illness among Chinese adolescents. Although the Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) has been widely used in diverse populations, the reported factor structures are inconsistent, and its longitudinal invariance is under-researched. This study examined the psychometric properties and factorial invariance across gender and time of the CES-D among Chinese adolescents. Adolescents aged above 11 years from five schools in Chengdu responded to a questionnaire at Wave 1 (n = 5690). Among them, 4981 participants completed the same questionnaire after six months (Wave 2). The matched sample was composed of 4922 students (51.5% were girls; mean age = 13.15 years) at Wave 1. We used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine the factor structure and performed multi-group CFA to test the factorial invariance across gender and time. A three-factor solution was identified, including "positive affect", "somatic complaints", and "depressed affect". Results of multi-group CFA comparisons supported the factorial invariance of the resultant three-factor solution. Using a new sample of Chinese adolescents in Southwestern China, the present study reproduced earlier findings on adolescents in other areas in China. This study has implications for depression assessment and research in Chinese adolescents.

Factor structure of the Chinese CES-D and invariance analyses across gender and over time among Chinese adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Research findings on the factor structure and invariance of the Center for the Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) are inconclusive. Besides, very few studies have examined factorial invariance of the scale over time. Related studies based on Chinese adolescents are also sparse. This study attempted to examine the factor structure of the CES-D and its invariance across gender and time over a one-year period among adolescents in mainland China. METHOD: A total of 3,010 adolescents (mean age = 13.16 years, 1,730 boys) completed a questionnaire including the CES-D at Wave 1 and 2,648 of them completed the same survey one year later. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed to examine the factor structure of the CES-D. Factorial invariance of the resultant factor structure was tested using cross-sectional multi-group CFA (girls vs. boys) at Wave 1 and Wave 2 and longitudinal CFA (Wave 1 vs. Wave 2). RESULTS: EFA and CFA revealed a three-factor model of the CES-D, including "somatic complaints," "depressed affect," and "positive affect." Additionally, findings supported the factorial invariance across gender and over time for the three-factor model. LIMITATIONS: Limitations of the present study included a lack of adolescents from different areas in mainland China (particularly rural areas) and only a one-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This pioneering study suggests that there are three stable dimensions of the CES-D in Chinese adolescents in mainland China which are invariant across gender and over time.

The Strengths Use Scale: Psychometric Properties, Longitudinal Invariance and Criterion Validity.

Strengths use is an essential personal resource to consider when designing higher-educational programs and interventions. Strengths use is associated with positive outcomes for both the student (e.g., study engagement) and the university (e.g., academic throughput/performance). The Strengths Use Scale (SUS) has become a popular psychometric instrument to measure strengths use in educational settings, yet its use has been subjected to limited psychometric scrutiny outside of the U.S. Further, its longitudinal stability has not yet been established. Given the wide use of this instrument, the goals of this study were to investigate (a) longitudinal factorial validity and the internal consistency of the scale, (b) its equivalence over time, and (c) criterion validity through its relationship with study engagement over time. Data were gathered at two-time points, 3 months apart, from a sample of students in the Netherlands (n = 360). Longitudinal confirmatory factor analyses showed support for a two-factor model for overall strengths use, comprised of Affinity for Strengths and Strengths Use Behaviors. The SUS demonstrated high levels of internal consistency at both the lower- and upper bound limits at both time points. Further, strict longitudinal measurement invariance was established, which confirmed the instrument's temporal stability. Finally, criterion validity was established through relating strengths use to study engagement at different time stamps. These findings support the use of the SUS in practice to measure strengths use and to track the effectiveness of strengths use interventions within the higher education sector.

Questioning the Meaning of a Change on the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog): Noncomparable Scores and Item-Specific Effects Over Time.

Longitudinal invariance indicates that a construct is measured over time in the same way, and this fundamental scale property is a sine qua non to track change over time using ordinary mean comparisons. The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive (ADAS-Cog) and its subscale scores are often used to monitor the progression of Alzheimer's disease, but longitudinal invariance has not been formally evaluated. A configural invariance model was used to evaluate ADAS-Cog data as a three correlated factors structure for two visits over 6 months, and four visits over 2 years (baseline, 6, 12, and 24 months) among 341 participants with Alzheimer's disease. We also attempted to model ADAS-Cog subscales individually, and furthermore added item-specific latent variables. Neither the three-correlated factors ADAS-Cog model, nor its subscales viewed unidimensionally, achieved longitudinal configural invariance under a traditional modeling approach. No subscale achieved scalar invariance when considered unidimensional across 6 months or 2 years of assessment. In models accounting for item-specific effects, configural and metric invariance were achieved for language and memory subscales. Although some of the ADAS-Cog individual items were reliable, comparisons of summed ADAS-Cog scores and subscale scores over time may not be meaningful due to a lack of longitudinal invariance.

Further Validation of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits in Chinese Children: Cross-Informants Invariance and Longitudinal Invariance.

The present study examined the factor structure and measurement invariance of the shortened versions of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU) with data from multiple informants. Five short versions of the ICU proposed in previous studies were tested and compared through confirmatory factor analysis. The measurement invariance across different informants (i.e., self-report, parent-report, and teacher-report) and longitudinal measurement invariance for the resulting best-fitting model were tested thoroughly. Results indicated that a shortened form that consists of 11 items (ICU-11) to assess callousness and uncaring factors had excellent overall fit. Moreover, the ICU-11 was invariant across informant and occasions. However, the ICU-11 was not without limitations; the internal consistency α for the uncaring factor with self-report scores was marginal. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the ICU-11 was an excellent fit for our data and displayed measurement invariance across informants and over time. The ICU-11 may be a promising assessment tool that could be used in research to assess callous-uncaring traits in Chinese children.

Longitudinal Sport Motivation Among Young Athletes in Intensive Training Settings: Using Methodological Advances to Explore Temporal Structure of Youth Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire Scores.

This study aimed to examine the factor structure, the simplex structure, and the self-determination continuum of the Youth Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (YBRSQ); to test longitudinal invariance of the YBRSQ and to examine differential item functioning in the YBRSQ responses as a function of sex, type of sport, and competitive level; and to explore the dynamics of change and stability of motivational regulation across the competitive season in a sample of 736 adolescent athletes involved in intensive training settings across 3 measurement points (beginning, middle, and end). Results provided evidence of a simplex structure of YBRSQ scores and revealed differences between self-determination-theory-based measures of motivation in various contexts. Results revealed partial strict temporal invariance of the YBRSQ and did not reveal differential item functioning. Finally, the results demonstrated an increase in amotivation and external regulation and a decrease in intrinsic motivation across the season, probably because of daily pressures.

Evaluating Longitudinal Invariance in Dimensions of Mental Health Across Adolescence: An Analysis of the Social Behavior Questionnaire.

Measurement invariance over time (longitudinal invariance) is a core but seldom-tested assumption of many longitudinal studies on adolescent psychosocial development. In this study, we evaluated the longitudinal invariance of a brief measure of adolescent mental health: the Social Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ). The SBQ was administered to participants of the Zurich Project on the Social Development of Children and Youths in up to four waves spanning ages 11 to 17. Using a confirmatory factor analysis approach, metric invariance held for all constructs, but there were some violations of scalar and strict invariance. Overall, intercepts tended to increase over time while residual variances decreased. This suggests that participants may become more willing or able to identify and report on certain behaviors over time. The noninvariance was not practically significant in magnitude, except for the Anxiety dimension where artifactual increases over development would be liable to occur if invariance is not appropriately modeled. Overall, results support the utility of the SBQ as an omnibus measure of psychosocial health across adolescence.

Using the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale With Early Adolescents: Factor Structure, Reliability, Stability, and External Validity.

The present investigation is the first examination of the factor structures, reliability, external validity, longitudinal invariance, and stability of the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (DJGLS), as used with early adolescents. It is based on a two-wave, large, representative sample of Polish primary school pupils. The results demonstrate that the model most reflective of the factor structure of the DJGLS is the bifactor model, which assumes the occurrence of one, highly reliable, general factor (overall sense of loneliness) and two, relatively irrelevant, subfactors. Essential unidimensionality (the general factor accounting for three fourth of the common variance) suggest that the interpretation of the subfactors over and above the general factor is inappropriate. The longitudinal confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the bifactor structure of the DJGLS is invariant over time. Correlations with self-rated loneliness, sociometric acceptance/rejection, social self-efficacy, identification with class group, family structure, and gender provide support for the validity of the DJGLS. This implies that it could be used as a measure of loneliness in adolescence, which does not involve references to the school context, making it possible to conduct studies that go beyond school period and compare the intensity of the feeling of loneliness in that group with other age groups.

Longitudinal measurement invariance and explanatory IRT models for adolescents' oral health-related quality of life.

BACKGROUND: Longitudinal invariance is a perquisite for a valid comparison of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) scores over time. Item response theory (IRT) models can assess measurement invariance and allow better estimation of the associations between predictors and latent construct. By extending IRT models, this study aimed to investigate the longitudinal invariance of the two 8-item short forms of the Child Perception Questionnaire (CPQ11-14) regression short form (RSF:8) and item-impact short form (ISF:8) and identify factors associated with adolescents' OHRQoL and its change. METHODS: All students from S1 and S2 (equivalent to US grades 6 and 7) who were born in April 1997 and May 1997 (at age 12) from 45 randomly selected secondary schools were invited to participate in this study and followed up after 3 years. Data on the CPQ11-14 RSF:8 and CPQ11-14 ISF:8, demographics, oral health behavior and status were collected. Explanatory graded response models were fitted to both short forms of the CPQ11-14 data for assessing longitudinal invariance and factors associated with OHRQoL. The Bayesian estimation method - Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) with Gibbs sampling was adopted for parameter estimation and the credible intervals were used for inference. RESULTS: Data from 649 children at age 12 at baseline and 415 children at age 15 at follow up were analyzed. For the 12 years old children, healthier oral health behavior, better gum status, families with both parents employed and parents' education level were found to be associated with better OHRQoL. Four items among the 2 short forms lacked longitudinal invariance. With statistical adjustment of longitudinal invariance, OHRQoL were found improved in general over the 3 years but no predictor was associated with OHRQoL in follow-up. For those with decreased family income, their OHRQoL had worsened over 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: IRT explanatory analysis enables a more valid identification of the factors associated with OHRQoL and its changes over time. It provides important information to oral healthcare researchers and policymakers.

Invarianza longitudinal y error transitorio de una medida de burnout académico en universitarios / Invariância longitudinal e erro transitório de uma medida de desgaste acadêmico em estudantes universitários / Longitudinal invariance and transient error from an academic burnout measure in college students

El presente estudio evaluó la invarianza longitudinal (IL) y error transitorio (ET) de la Escala de Cansancio Emocional (ECE) en una muestra de 116 estudiantes de psicología (79 mujeres; Medad=23.88) de una universidad privada en Lima Metropolitana. La IL fue evaluada mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio, y el ET, utilizando indicadores basados en puntuaciones observadas (por ejemplo, alfa test-retest) y variables latentes (por ejemplo, omega jerárquico por subescala). Los resultados indican que, con la muestra del presente estudio, la medición realizada por la ECE se mantiene invariable y con cierta fiabilidad a lo largo del tiempo. Se llegó a la conclusión que la ECE sería de utilidad en proyectos pre y post test, así como en estudios empíricos, en los cuales podría proporcionar resultados estables. Algunas limitaciones y futuras perspectivas de investigación son discutidas. (AU)

O presente estudo avaliou a invariância longitudinal (IL) e o erro transitório (ET) da Escala de Fadiga Emocional (EFE) em uma amostra de 116 estudantes de psicologia (79 mulheres, Medade=23,88) de uma universidade privada em Lima Metropolitana. A IL foi avaliada usando análise fatorial confirmatória, e ET, usando indicadores baseados em pontuações observadas (por exemplo, testeteste reativo) e variáveis latentes (por exemplo, omega hierárquico por subescala). Os resultados indicam que, pelo menos com a amostra do presente estudo, a medição realizada pela ECE permanece invariante, aceitável e confiável ao longo do tempo. Concluiuse que a ECE seria útil em projetos pré e pós-teste, bem como em estudos empíricos, nos quais poderia fornecer resultados estáveis. Algumas limitações e futuras perspectivas de pesquisa são discutidas. (AU)

The present study evaluated longitudinal invariance (LI) and transient error (TE) in the Emotional Fatigue Scale (EFS) in a sample of 116 psychology students (79 women, Mage=23.88) from a private university in Lima metropolitan area. LI was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis, and TE using indicators based on observed scores (e.g., reactive test) and latent variables (e.g., omega hierarchical by subscale). Results indicate that, at least with the sample from the present study, the measurement performed by EFS remains invariant and acceptable over time. It was concluded that EFS would be useful in pre- and post-test projects, as well as in empirical studies, in which it could provide stable results. Some limitations and future research perspectives are discussed. (AU)

Factor structure of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms in trauma-exposed adolescents: Examining stability across time.

This study investigated the latent structure of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms using two-wave longitudinal data collected from a sample of adolescents exposed to an explosion accident. Two waves of surveys were conducted approximately 3 and 8 months after the accident, respectively. A total of 836 students completed the baseline survey, and 762 students completed the follow-up survey. The results of confirmatory factor analyses(CFA) indicated that a seven-factor hybrid model composed of intrusion, avoidance, negative affect, anhedonia, externalizing behaviors, anxious arousal and dysphoric arousal factors yielded significantly better data fit at both waves than the other models including the DSM-5 four-factor model, the six-factor anhedonia and externalizing behaviors models. Furthermore, the results of CFA invariance tests supported the longitudinal invariance of the model. Implications and limitations in terms of these results are discussed.