ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Continuous efforts have been made to hasten the zirconia densification process without compromising properties. This study evaluated the long-term structural durability of microwave speed-sintered zirconia (MWZ) relative to a conventionally sintered zirconia (CZ). METHODS: As-machined dental 3Y-TZP discs (Ø12 × 1.2 mm) were speed sintered at 1450 °C for 15 min using an industrial microwave oven, while conventional sintering was conducted in a standard dental furnace at 1530 °C for 2 h. Both were followed by natural cooling. The total sintering time was 105 min for MWZ and 600 min for CZ. Groups were compared regarding density, grain size, phase composition, and fracture resistance. Structural durability was investigated employing two fatigue protocols, step-stress and dynamic fatigue. RESULTS: Compared to CZ, MWZ exhibited a slightly lower density (MWZ = 5.98 g/cm3, CZ = 6.03 g/cm3), but significantly smaller grain sizes (MWZ = 0.53 ± 0.09 µm, CZ = 0.89 ± 0.10 µm), lower cubic-zirconia contents (MWZ = 15.3%, CZ = 22.7%), and poorer translucency properties (TP) (MWZ = 13 ± 1, CZ = 29 ± 0.8). However, the two materials showed similar flexural strength (MWZ = 978 ± 112 MPa, CZ = 1044 ± 161 MPa). Additionally, step-stress testing failed to capture the fatigue effect in 3Y-TZP, whereas dynamic fatigue revealed structural degradation due to moisture-assisted slow-crack-growth (SCG). Finally, MWZ possessed a slightly higher Weibull modulus (MWZ = 7.9, CZ = 6.7) but similar resistance to SCG (MWZ = 27.5, CZ = 24.1) relative to CZ. SIGNIFICANCE: Dental 3Y-TZP with similar structural durability can be fabricated six-times faster by microwave than conventional sintering.
Subject(s)
Dental Materials , Yttrium , Materials Testing , Microwaves , Surface Properties , Technology , ZirconiumABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Microwaves are an interesting alternative to process dental ceramics. It is well documented that Microwave Hybrid Sintering (MHS) allows important savings in time and energy consumption. However, little is known about its effect on lithium disilicate glass ceramics, a popular material in dentistry today. We analyzed the microstructure of lithium disilicate glass ceramics sintered with MHS compared with conventional sintering. We sintered lithium disilicate glass ceramics using MHS and conventional furnaces, and we analyzed the samples using X-Ray diffraction and SEM. Samples sintered with MHS showed an increased crystalline phase, with an increased number of crystals. These crystals have larger perimeters compared with samples sintered in conventional furnaces. MHS produced a different crystallization pattern and crystal/ matrix ration in lithium disilicate glass ceramics when compared to conventional sintering. This can be associated with the improved mechanical properties of these materials reported previously.
RESUMEN: Las microondas son una interesante alternativa para procesar cerámicas dentales. Está bien documentado que el Sinterizado Híbrido por Microondas (MHS) permite ahorros importantes de tiempo y energía. Sin embargo, poco se ha publicado respecto a sus efectos en cerámicas de disilicato de litio, un material bastante popular en odontología en estos días. En este artículo analizamos la micro estructura de cerámicas de disilicato de litio sinterizada con MHS comparada con el sinterizado convencional. Sinterizamos muestras de cerámicas de disilicato de litio usando MHS y hornos convencionales, y analizamos las muestras usando difracción de rayos X y SEM. Las muestras sintetizadas usando MHS tienen una mayor fase cristalina, con mayor número de cristales. Estos cristales tienen además perímetros mayores, comparados con las muestras sinterizadas en hornos convencionales. MHS produce patrones de cristalización y proporción de cristal/matrix diferentes a las producidos por sinterizado convencional. Esto puede asociarse a las mejoras en propiedades mecánicas reportadas previamente.
Subject(s)
Ceramics/chemistry , Silicates/chemistry , Microwaves , X-Ray Diffraction , Analysis of Variance , Crystallization , Dental Materials/chemistry , Dental Porcelain/therapeutic use , Phase Transition , Graphite/analysisABSTRACT
Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate a Y-TZP ceramic sintered by a microwave protocol on volume shrinkage and surface roughness. Material and Methods: Twenty four (N=24) Y-TZP discs were fabricated by milling in CAD/ CAM for size standardization. The mean final dimensions of the specimens were 15 mm X 1.6 mm. Samples were divided into 2 groups (n=12): conventional resistive heating sintering protocol (C - Control) and microwave sintering protocol (MO - experimental). For the characterization of the specimens, surface roughness (Ra and Rz parameters) was evaluated with a roughness tester, and volume shrinkage was measured with a hand micrometer. Data were statistically evaluated by Student's t and Mann-Whitney U tests (α=0.05). Results: The roughness results were: 0.25 µm ± 0.02 (Ra) and 2.68 µm ± 0.666 (Rz) for the MO samples; 0.26 µm ± 0.04 (Ra) and 2.73 µm ± 0.461 (Rz) for the C group (Ra: p = 0.19; Rz: p = 0.81). The shrinkage results was: MO (21.02% ± 2.70) and C (20.10% ± 0.52) (p = 0.274). Conclusion: The conventional and microwave sintering methods were similar regarding surface roughness and volume shrinkage of Y-TZP dental ceramic (AU)
Objetivo: avaliar uma cerâmica de zircônia estabilizada com óxido de ítrio (Y-TZP) sinterizada por um protocolo em micro-ondas quanto à contração volumétrica e a rugosidade superficial. Material e Métodos: Vinte e quatro discos (n = 24) de Y-TZP foram fresados em CAD / CAM para padronização do tamanho. A dimensões finais médias dos corpos de prova foram de 15 mm X 1,6 mm. As amostras foram divididas em 2 grupos (n = 12): protocolo de sinterização convencional por aquecimento resistivo (C - Controle) e protocolo de sinterização por microondas (MO - experimental). A caracterização das amostras foi realizada pela avaliação da rugosidade superficial, com um rugosímetro (parâmetros Ra e Rz) e da contração volumétrica, medida com um micrômetro manual. Os dados foram estatisticamente avaliados pelos testes de t-Studant e U-Mann-Whitney (α=0,05). Resultados: Os resultados de rugosidade foram: 0,25 µm ± 0,02 (Ra) e 2,68 µm ± 0,666 (Rz) para o MO; e 0,26 µm ± 0,04 (Ra) e 2,73 µm ± 0,461 (Rz) para o grupo C (Ra: p = 0,19; Rz: p = 0,81). A contração volumétrica foi de: MO (21,02% ± 2,70) e C (20,10% ± 0,52) (p = 0,274). Conclusão: os métodos de sinterização convencionais e de microondas são semelhantes, no que diz respeito à rugosidade superficial e retração de volume da cerâmica dental Y-TZP. (AU)