Is p53 immunohistochemistry alone useful for delineating adjuvant endometrial treatment in low-middle-income countries?

OBJECTIVE: Endometrial cancer (EC) treatment changed substantially with the introduction of molecular classification. Low-middle income (LMIC) countries will face barriers to including molecular classification to guide treatment. This study aims to analyse the value of p53 immunohistochemistry to delineate adjuvant treatment in FIGO stages I and II. METHODS: Patients with EC treated between 2010 and 2016 were retrospectively evaluated. Patients included in this analysis must have reviewed FIGO stage I/II high-grade histologies (endometrioid grade 3, serous, clear cell, carcinosarcoma, mixed and undifferentiated). Samples were subjected to p53 immunohistochemistry. Recurrence-free and overall survival were analysed using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed for multivariable analysis. RESULTS: From 2010 to 2016, 265 patients met the inclusion criteria. Patients with aberrant p53 (71.4 %) were associated with older age (59.7 % vs 77.8 % with more than 60 years), relapse (12.5 vs 29.6 %) and death (22.2 vs 46.7 %). The pattern of relapse was not different, with most being at extrapelvic sites (55.5 % vs 62.3 % for p53 wild type and aberrant, respectively). The median overall survival was not reached versus 92.2 months for p53 wild type and aberrant, respectively (p = 0.003). In multivariate analysis, chemotherapy decreased death (p = 0.014) in p53 aberrant tumours, a benefit not seen in the wild-type cohort (p = 0.22). CONCLUSION: This retrospective analysis corroborates the finding of worse outcomes for p53 aberrant tumours in stage I/II EC and the benefit of more aggressive adjuvant treatment (systemic therapy and radiotherapy). Although not ideal as a sole molecular marker, p53 immunohistochemistry could complement the classical anatomopathological features and be part of the decision-making process with patients in LMIC.

Molecular profile in endometrial carcinoma: can we predict the lymph node status? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Molecular classification of endometrial cancer (EC) has become a promising information to tailor preoperatively the surgical treatment. We aimed to evaluate the rate of lymph node metastases (LNM) in patients with EC according to molecular profile. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed according to PRISMA guidelines by searching in two major electronic databases (PubMed and Scopus), including original articles reporting lymph node metastases according to the molecular classification of EC as categorized in the ESGO-ESMO-ESP guidelines. RESULTS: Fifteen studies enrolling 3056 patients were included. Pooled prevalence LNM when considering only patients undergoing lymph node assessment was 4% for POLE-mutated (95%CI: 0-12%), 22% for no specific molecular profile (95% CI: 9-39%), 23% for Mismatch repair-deficiency (95%CI: 10-40%) and 31% for p53-abnormal (95%CI: 24-39%). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of LNM seems to be influenced by molecular classification. P53-abnormal group presents the highest rate of nodal involvement, and POLE-mutated the lowest.

Molecular profile of gastric adenocarcinoma, relevant epidemiological factors - Systematic review and meta-analysis relating sex with Epstein-Barr virus and unstable microsatellites subtypes.

INTRODUCTION: Gastric epithelial tumors exhibit morphological heterogeneity, diverse biological behaviors, and different oncopathological pathways. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) proposed a molecular classification of gastric adenocarcinomas based on genetic and molecular findings, which shows particular characteristics of diagnosis, prognosis, and indirectly, therapeutic alternatives. Within this classification, Epstein-Barr virus-positive (EBV+) and high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) subtypes stand out as subtypes that present a less aggressive biological behavior and a highly mutilated phenotype. This study conducted a systematic review with an emphasis on epidemiological and prognostic factors based on the molecular classification proposed by TCGA. METHODS: A broad, comprehensive, and reproducible search with methodological rigor was conducted for study selection using the ROBINS-I and GRADEpro protocols and appropriate combinations of keywords. RESULTS: A total of 25 studies were selected: six with a complete classification similar to TCGA and 19 with a distinction between MSI-H and EBV+. The application of meta-analysis calculations reinforces the prevalence of positive Epstein-Barr adenocarcinomas in males and high microsatellite instability in females, with a high level of certainty of evidence and low risk of bias in the analyzed studies due to the rigorous methods used. CONCLUSION: The molecular classification proposed by TCGA shows limited dissemination, with MSI-H and EBV+ subtypes being the most researched, probably due to the benefit of the association with immunotherapies. However, the subclassification cannot be restricted to less than a quarter of the cases, and improvements in this aspect are urgent for the construction of knowledge on this important topic of global health.

Proteomics-based clustering of lung adenocarcinoma identifies three subtypes with significantly different clinical and molecular features.

BACKGROUND: Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a predominant subtype of lung cancer. Although molecular classification of LUAD has been widely explored, proteomics-based subtyping of LUAD remains scarce. METHODS: We proposed a subtyping method for LUAD based on the expression profiles of 500 proteins with the largest expression variability across LUAD. Furthermore, we comprehensively compared molecular and clinical features among the LUAD subtypes. RESULTS: Consensus clustering identified three subtypes of LUAD, namely MtE, DrE, and StE. We demonstrated this subtyping method to be reproducible by analyzing two independent LUAD cohorts. MtE was characterized by high enrichment of metabolic pathways, high EGFR mutation rate, low stemness, proliferation, invasion, metastasis and inflammation signatures, favorable prognosis; DrE was characterized by high enrichment of DNA repair pathways, high TP53 mutation rate, and high levels of genomic instability, stemness, proliferation, and intratumor heterogeneity (ITH); and StE was characterized by high enrichment of stroma-related pathways, high KRAS mutation rate, and low levels of genomic instability. CONCLUSIONS: The proteomics-based clustering analysis identified three LUAD subtypes with significantly different molecular and clinical properties. The novel subtyping method offers new perspectives on the cancer biology and holds promise in improving the clinical management of LUAD.

Canine Mammary Cancer: State of the Art and Future Perspectives.

Mammary cancer is the most frequently diagnosed neoplasia in women and non-spayed female dogs and is one of the leading causes of death in both species. Canines develop spontaneous mammary tumors that share a significant number of biological, clinical, pathological and molecular characteristics with human breast cancers. This review provides a detailed description of the histological, molecular and clinical aspects of mammary cancer in canines; it discusses risk factors and currently available diagnostic and treatment options, as well as remaining challenges and unanswered questions. The incidence of mammary tumors is highly variable and is impacted by biological, pathological, cultural and socioeconomic factors, including hormonal status, breed, advanced age, obesity and diet. Diagnosis is mainly based on histopathology, although several efforts have been made to establish a molecular classification of canine mammary tumors to widen the spectrum of treatment options, which today rely heavily on surgical removal of tumors. Lastly, standardization of clinical study protocols, development of canine-specific biological tools, establishment of adequate dog-specific disease biomarkers and identification of targets for the development of new therapies that could improve survival and have less adverse effects than chemotherapy are among the remaining challenges.

Advances in Central Nervous System Tumor Classification.

Historically, the classification of tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) relies on the histologic appearance of cells under a microscope; however, the molecular era of medicine has resulted in new diagnostic paradigms anchored in the intrinsic biology of disease. The 2021 World Health Organization (WHO) reformulated the classification of CNS tumors to incorporate molecular parameters, in addition to histology, to define many tumor types. A contemporary classification system with integrated molecular features aims to provide an unbiased tool to define tumor subtype, the risk of tumor progression, and even the response to certain therapeutic agents. Meningiomas are heterogeneous tumors as depicted by the current 15 distinct variants defined by histology in the 2021 WHO classification, which also incorporated the first moelcular critiera for meningioma grading: homozygous loss of CDKN2A/B and TERT promoter mutation as criteria for a WHO grade 3 meningioma. The proper classification and clinical management of meningioma patients requires a multidisciplinary approach, which in addition to the information on microscopic (histology) and macroscopic (Simpson grade and imaging), should also include molecular alterations. In this chapter, we present the most up-to-date knowledge in CNS tumor classification, particularly in meningioma, in the molecular era and how it could affect their future classification and clinical management of patients with these diseases.

Gastric cancer molecular classification based on immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization: Analysis in western patients after curative-intent surgery.

BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer (GC) is a highly heterogeneous disease, and the identification of molecular subtyping of gastric adenocarcinoma emerged as a promising option to define therapeutic strategies and prognostic subgroups. However, the costs and technical complexity of molecular methodologies remains an obstacle to its adoption, and their clinical significance by other approaches needs further evidence. AIM: To evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics and long-term survival of GC based on the subgroups of molecular classification by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH). METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated all patients who underwent D2-gastrectomy between 2009 and 2016 in a Western cohort of GC patients treated with curative intent. Microsatellite instability (MSI) status, E-cadherin, and p53 expression were analyzed by IHC, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) by ISH. Tissue microarrays were constructed for analysis. Clinicopathological characteristics and survival of GC were evaluated according to subtypes defined by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network Group and Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG) classification systems. RESULTS: A total of 287 GC patients were included. Based on IHC and ISH analysis, five profiles were defined as follows: E-cadherin aberrant (9.1%), MSI (20.9%), p53 aberrant (36.6%), EBV positivity (10.5%), and p53 normal (31%), which corresponded to tumors that showed no alteration in another profile. A flowchart according to the TCGA and ACRG classifications were used to define the subtypes, where clinical and pathological characteristics associated with GC subtypes were evidenced. Proximal location (P < 0.001), total gastrectomy (P = 0.001), and intense inflammatory infiltrate (P < 0.001) were characteristics related to EBV subtype. MSI subtype was predominantly associated with advanced age (P = 0.017) and the presence of comorbidities (P = 0.011). While Laurén diffuse type (P < 0.001) and advanced stage (P = 0.029) were related to genomically stable (GS) subtype. GS tumors and microsatellite stable/epithelial to mesenchymal transition phenotype subtype had worse disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) than other subtypes. Conversely, MSI subtype of GC had better survival in both classifications. Type of gastrectomy, pT and the TCGA subtypes were independent factors associated to DFS and OS. CONCLUSION: The IHC/ISH analysis was able to distinguish immunophenotypic groups of GC with distinct characteristics and prognosis, resembling the subtypes of the molecular classifications. Accordingly, this method of classification may represent a viable option for use in a clinical setting.

Molecular biomarkers and integrated pathological diagnosis in the reclassification of gliomas.

The present study aimed to evaluate the impact caused by the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic classification of gliomas in 139 patients studied in Argentina. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues were used for histological and immunohistochemical analysis [glial fibrillary acidic protein, KI67, synaptophysin and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)1-R132H]. DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues was used for molecular analysis: 1p/19q co-deletion and mutation status of the IDH gene. These experiments were performed by direct Sanger sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. According to the new classification, diagnoses included oligodendroglioma IDH-mutant and 1p/19q co-deletion (4.20%), anaplastic oligodendroglioma IDH-mutant and 1p/19q co-deletion (2.52%), diffuse astrocytoma IDH-mutant (6.72%), diffuse astrocytoma IDH-wild type (1.68%), anaplastic astrocytoma IDH-mutant (5.04%), anaplastic astrocytoma IDH-wild type (8.40%), glioblastoma IDH-mutant (5.88%) and glioblastoma IDH-wild type (65.56%). Regarding tumor histology, 60% of oligodendrogliomas, 35% of astrocytoma and 100% of unclassified gliomas were re-classified, while glioblastomas maintained their initial classification. Additionally, the present study evaluated the prognostic value of the histological grade for the 2007 and 2016 WHO classifications of gliomas. The histological subgroup associated with longer overall survival (OS) was grade II glioma (OS-2007WHO, 35.6 months; and OS-2016WHO, 47.7 months). Glioblastoma was the subgroup associated with a poor outcome (OS-2007WHO, 10.4 months; and OS-2016WHO, 11.1 months). The present study evaluated the OS of tumor grade subgroups with respect to their IDH status. For all subgroups, IDH-mutant tumors were associated with an improved prognosis compared with IDH-wild type tumors. The results suggested that the incorporation of molecular biomarkers in the new WHO classification improves tumor characterization and prognostic value of the subgroups.

A Molecular Stratification of Chilean Gastric Cancer Patients with Potential Clinical Applicability.

Gastric cancer (GC) is a complex and heterogeneous disease. In recent decades, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG) defined GC molecular subtypes. Unfortunately, these systems require high-cost and complex techniques and consequently their impact in the clinic has remained limited. Additionally, most of these studies are based on European, Asian, or North American GC cohorts. Herein, we report a molecular classification of Chilean GC patients into five subtypes, based on immunohistochemical (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) methods. These were Epstein-Barr virus positive (EBV+), mismatch repair-deficient (MMR-D), epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like, and accumulated (p53+) or undetected p53 (p53-). Given its lower costs this system has the potential for clinical applicability. Our results confirm relevant molecular alterations previously reported by TCGA and ACRG. We confirm EBV+ and MMR-D patients had the best prognosis and could be candidates for immunotherapy. Conversely, EMT-like displayed the poorest prognosis; our data suggest FGFR2 or KRAS could serve as potential actionable targets for these patients. Finally, we propose a low-cost step-by-step stratification system for GC patients. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Latin American report on a molecular classification for GC. Pending further validation, this stratification system could be implemented into the routine clinic.

Adjuvant treatment of endometrial cancer in molecular era: Are we ready to move on?

For many decades, the Bokhman dualist vision was used to stratify endometrial cancer (EC) in good or bad tumors. Nowadays, a more robust and reliable molecular stratification is taking place with the The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network (TCGA) classification bringing new and important information in the field. Collaborative groups are replicating TCGA using accessible tools with immunohistochemistry. It's time to move on and include this information along with pathology features to better delineate adjuvant treatment in EC.

[Clasificación molecular del carcinoma de colon y recto. Una revisión corta].

Traditionally, carcinoma classifications have been based on clinical or pathological features. However, with the development of molecular biology in recent decades, more tumors are increasingly being genetically studied and, in several of them, molecular classifications have been created (the most widely studied and used is that for breast cancer). Colon and rectum cancer are no exception. In this short review, the evolution of colon and rectum cancer molecular classification is explained and the consensus conclusions on the subject are addressed.

Tradicionalmente las clasificaciones de los carcinomas se han basado en características clínicas o patológicas. Sin embargo, en las últimas décadas, con el desarrollo de la biología molecular, cada vez más tumores se están estudiando genéticamente y en varios se han creado clasificaciones moleculares (la más estudiada y utilizada es la de cáncer de mama). El cáncer de colon y recto no es la excepción. En esta revisión corta se explica la evolución de la clasificación molecular del cáncer de colon y recto y se abordan los conclusiones consensuadas al respecto.

The conundrum of the Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma in the Americas.

Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma shows a higher prevalence in the Americas than Asia. We summarize all studies of Epstein Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma in the Americas, focusing on host characteristics, environmental associations and phylogeographic diversity of Epstein-Barr virus strains. In the Americas, the prevalence of Epstein Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma is 11.4%, more frequent in males and portray predominantly diffuse-type histology. EBERs, EBNAs, BARTs and LMP are the highest expressed genes; their variations in healthy individuals may explain the phylogeographic diversity of Epstein-Barr virus across the region. Gastric cancer cases harbor exclusively the western genotype (subtype D and kept Xho I site), suggesting a disrupted co-evolution between the pathogen and its host. Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma molecular subtype cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas display PIK3CA gene mutations, amplification of JAK2, PD-L1 and PD-L2 and CpG island methylator phenotype, leading to more extensive methylation of host and viral genomes than any other subtypes from the study. Environmental conditions include negative- and positive- associations with being firstborn child and smoking, respectively. A marginal association with H. pylori has also been reported. Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma is associated with Epstein Barr virus in 80%-86% of cases, most of which have been included as part of Epstein Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma series (prevalence 1.1%-7.6%). Whether these cases represent a variant of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma is discussed. We propose novel research strategies to solve the conundrum of the high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma in the Americas.

Caracterização molecular de Cryptosporidium spp. em criações comerciais brasileiras de coelhos / Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in Brazilian rabbit farms

A criptosporidiose é uma importante zoonose que pode ser transmitida por meio de alimentos, água de bebida e por contato com animais e pessoas infectadas. Além disso, trata-se de uma enfermidade clínica ou subclínica frequente em diversas espécies de animais, incluindo coelhos domésticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a ocorrência de Cryptosporidium spp., realizar sua classificação molecular e relacionar a presença do parasito às diferentes fases de criação em 21 criações comerciais de coelhos, localizadas nos estados de Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pernambuco, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul e São Paulo. Quinhentas e catorze amostras de fezes foram colhidas e armazenadas em solução de dicromato de potássio 5%. Os oocistos foram purificados por centrífugo-flutuação em solução de Sheather e visualizados por microscopia, utilizando-se a coloração negativa com verde malaquita. Cinquenta e cinco amostras foram submetidas à reação em cadeia pela polimerase (nested PCR) e ao sequenciamento de fragmentos amplificados, referentes aos genes da subunidade 18S do rRNA e da glicloproteína GP60, visando à caracterização molecular de Cryptosporidium spp. Oito amostras foram positivas para Cryptosporidium spp. pela microscopia (1,56%; 8/514) e sete foram positivas pela nested PCR (12,73%; 7/55). Pela análise molecular, foi possível identificar Cryptosporidium cuniculus (18S rRNA) e C. cuniculus subtipo VbA21 (gp60) em coelhos jovens e em matrizes.(AU)

Cryptosporidiosis is an important zoonotic disease that can be transmitted via water, food and contact with infected animals and people. Furthermore, clinical and subclinical disease occur in many animal species, including the domestic rabbit. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp., perform its molecular classification and correlate the presence of the parasite to the different animal categories in Brazilian rabbits farms. A total of 514 fecal samples from 21 rabbits farms located in the states of Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pernambuco, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo were collected and stored in 5% potassium dichromate. Fecal samples were purified by centrifugal-flotation in Sheather solution and screened for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts using the negative malachite green staining. Aiming the molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., nested PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene and gp60 gene followed by sequencing of amplified fragments were accomplished in 55 samples. Eight samples were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. by microscopy (1.56%; 8/514) and seven samples were positive by PCR (12.73%; 7/55). Molecular analysis revealed Cryptosporidium cuniculus for the 18S rRNA gene and C. cuniculus subtype VbA21 for the gp60 gene in kits and does.(AU)

Caracterização molecular de Cryptosporidium spp. em criações comerciais brasileiras de coelhos / Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in Brazilian rabbit farms

Cryptosporidiosis is an important zoonotic disease that can be transmitted via water, food and contact with infected animals and people. Furthermore, clinical and subclinical disease occur in many animal species, including the domestic rabbit. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp., perform its molecular classification and correlate the presence of the parasite to the different animal categories in Brazilian rabbits farms. A total of 514 fecal samples from 21 rabbits farms located in the states of Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pernambuco, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo were collected and stored in 5% potassium dichromate. Fecal samples were purified by centrifugal-flotation in Sheather solution and screened for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts using the negative malachite green staining. Aiming the molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., nested PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene and gp60 gene followed by sequencing of amplified fragments were accomplished in 55 samples. Eight samples were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. by microscopy (1.56%; 8/514) and seven samples were positive by PCR (12.73%; 7/55). Molecular analysis revealed Cryptosporidium cuniculus for the 18S rRNA gene and C. cuniculus subtype VbA21 for the gp60 gene in kits and does.(AU)

A criptosporidiose é uma importante zoonose que pode ser transmitida por meio de alimentos, água de bebida e por contato com animais e pessoas infectadas. Além disso, trata-se de uma enfermidade clínica ou subclínica frequente em diversas espécies de animais, incluindo coelhos domésticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a ocorrência de Cryptosporidium spp., realizar sua classificação molecular e relacionar a presença do parasito às diferentes fases de criação em 21 criações comerciais de coelhos, localizadas nos estados de Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pernambuco, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul e São Paulo. Quinhentas e catorze amostras de fezes foram colhidas e armazenadas em solução de dicromato de potássio 5%. Os oocistos foram purificados por centrífugo-flutuação em solução de Sheather e visualizados por microscopia, utilizando-se a coloração negativa com verde malaquita. Cinquenta e cinco amostras foram submetidas à reação em cadeia pela polimerase (nested PCR) e ao sequenciamento de fragmentos amplificados, referentes aos genes da subunidade 18S do rRNA e da glicloproteína GP60, visando à caracterização molecular de Cryptosporidium spp. Oito amostras foram positivas para Cryptosporidium spp. pela microscopia (1,56%; 8/514) e sete foram positivas pela nested PCR (12,73%; 7/55). Pela análise molecular, foi possível identificar Cryptosporidium cuniculus (18S rRNA) e C. cuniculus subtipo VbA21 (gp60) em coelhos jovens e em matrizes.(AU)

Molecular classification of gastric cancer: Towards a pathway-driven targeted therapy.

Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Although surgical resection is a potentially curative approach for localized cases of GC, most cases of GC are diagnosed in an advanced, non-curable stage and the response to traditional chemotherapy is limited. Fortunately, recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that mediate GC hold great promise for the development of more effective treatment strategies. In this review, an overview of the morphological classification, current treatment approaches, and molecular alterations that have been characterized for GC are provided. In particular, the most recent molecular classification of GC and alterations identified in relevant signaling pathways, including ErbB, VEGF, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and HGF/ MET signaling pathways, are described, as well as inhibitors of these pathways. An overview of the completed and active clinical trials related to these signaling pathways are also summarized. Finally, insights regarding emerging stem cell pathways are described, and may provide additional novel markers for the development of therapeutic agents against GC. The development of more effective agents and the identification of biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis, prognosis, and individualized therapy for GC patients, have the potential to improve the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness for GC treatments.

Gliomas triple negativo / Triple-negative gliomas

Los gliomas son los tumores más comunes entre las neoplasias primarias del Sistema Nervioso Central. LaOrganización Mundial de la Salud propone un sistema para su clasificación en cuatro grados crecientes demalignidad, teniendo en cuenta algunos rasgos histológicos. Sin embargo, esta clasificación supone varias limitacionesque afectan la conducta terapéutica y dificultan la predicción pronóstica. Estudios recientes han confirmadoel valor pronóstico de alteraciones moleculares específicas, demostrando que la clasificación molecularpredice la supervivencia de forma más precisa que el estudio histológico. De estas, las más emblemáticas sonla deleción 1p19q y las mutaciones en los genes que codifican para IDH1 y TP53. Las mutaciones en los genesIDH1/2 (80% de los gliomas difusos de grado II), la codeleción 1p19q (70% de los oligodendrogliomas) y lasmutaciones en TP53 (60% de astrocitomas difusos) constituyen marcadores de mayor supervivencia, por locual deben comprobarse rutinariamente en los pacientes con estos tumores como marcadores de pronóstico...

Among the primary neoplasms of the central nervous system, gliomas are the most common. The tumourclassification system proposed by the World Health Organization assigned four grades of increasing malignancyto gliomas based on some histological features. However, this classification has several limitations, one ofwhich is the poor prognostic prediction which affects the therapeutic approach. Recent studies have shown theprognostic value of specific molecular alterations. The most representative of these are the 1p19q deletion andmutations of the genes encoding IDH and TP53. Mutations of IDH1/2 (80% of low-grade diffuse gliomas,grade II), the 1p19q deletion (70% of oligodendrogliomas) and mutations of TP53 (60% diffuse astrocytomas)are associated with better survival. These three immunohistochemical markers greatly contribute to theclassification of gliomas and must be checked routinely as prognostic markers...

Gene expression profile analysis of human intervertebral disc degeneration.

In this study, we used microarray analysis to investigate the biogenesis and progression of intervertebral disc degeneration. The gene expression profiles of 37 disc tissue samples obtained from patients with herniated discs and degenerative disc disease collected by the National Cancer Institute Cooperative Tissue Network were analyzed. Differentially expressed genes between more and less degenerated discs were identified by significant analysis of microarray. A total of 555 genes were significantly overexpressed in more degenerated discs with a false discovery rate of < 3%. Functional annotation showed that these genes were significantly associated with membrane-bound vesicles, calcium ion binding and extracellular matrix. Protein-protein interaction analysis showed that these genes, including previously reported genes such as fibronectin, COL2A1 and ß-catenin, may play key roles in disc degeneration. Unsupervised clustering indicated that the widely used morphology-based Thompson grading system was only marginally associated with the molecular classification of intervertebral disc degeneration. These findings indicate that detailed, systematic gene analysis may be a useful way of studying the biology of intervertebral disc degeneration.

Funciones de cottorno para árboles como medida e similitud entre campos escalaares moleculares. un estudo de similitud molecular / Contour tree fucctions over molcular scalar fields representations. a moleculaar similarity study / Funções de conorrno de árvore em representaçõe de campos escalares molecularees. um estudo de similaridade molecular

En este trabajo se implementó una función de contorno de un árbol para establecer medidas de similitud molecular. El estudio se realizó con 73 moléculas orgánicas divididas en 8 grupos funcionales optimizadas con un nivel de teoría DFT//B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) a las cuales se les calculó el Potencial Electrostático Molecular y el Laplaciano de la Densidad Electrónica en una rejilla tridimensional. A partir de los valores de estas propiedades, caracterizando y codificando según su topología, se generaron grafos (árboles) que se compararon a través de la función propuesta. La caracterización y clasificación de las moléculas orgánicas con el Potencial Electrostático Molecular muestra una separación correspondiente a moléculas que en su estructura poseen heteroátomos con funciones químicas por lo menos estructuralmente similares, y con el Laplaciano de la Densidad Electrónica se obtuvo como resultado una clasificación acorde con el número de pares de electrones libres asociados a los heteroátomos en las moléculas y a la naturaleza de los átomos que los aportan. Lo anterior evidencia que las funciones de contorno de árbol propuestas en el estudio son una alternativa rápida para clasificar a grosso modo moléculas orgánicas.

In this job, Contour Tree Functions were implemented to establish molecular similarity measures. The study was carried by using 73 organic molecules, divided in 8 functional groups and optimized at theory level DFT//B3LYP/6-31G(d,p). The molecular electrostatic potential and the Laplacian of the electron density in a 3D grid for each one were calculated. From the values of these properties, characterizing and encoding the topology, we generated graphs (trees) that are compared with the proposed function. The characterization and classification of the organic molecules with the molecular electrostatic potential show a separation corresponding to molecules that have heteroatoms in their structure with at least similar chemical functions; with the Laplacian of the electron density we achieved a classification according to the number of free pairs of electrons associated to the heteroatoms in the molecules and to the nature provided by the heteroatoms. This is evidence that Contour Tree Functions proposed in this study are a quick alternative to broadly classify organic molecules.

Neste trabalho, funções de contorno de árvore foram implementadas para estabelecer medidas de similaridade molecular. O estudo foi conduzido com 73 moléculas orgânicas, divididas em 8 grupos funcionais, otimizadas com nível de teoria DFT//B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) para que eles calculassem o potencial eletrostático molecular e o Laplaciano da densidade de elétrons em uma grade tridimensional. A partir dos valores dessas propriedades, caracterização e codificação da topologia, geramos gráficos (árvores) que são comparados com a função proposta. A caracterização e classificação de moléculas orgânicas com potencial eletrostático molecular mostra uma separação correspondente ás moléculas que possuem heteroátomos em sua estrutura com funções químicas, pelo menos, estruturalmente semelhantes. Com o Laplaciano da densidade de elétrons foi obtido como resultado consistente com a classificação do número de pares de elétrons livres associados com heteroátomos nas moléculas e a natureza dos átomos que contribuem. Essa é uma evidência de que as funções de contorno de árvore proposto no estudo são uma alternativa rápida para classificar, grosso modo, moléculas orgânicas.

Clasificación molecular del cáncer de mama / Molecular classification of breast cancer

El cáncer de mama causa 1000 muertes al año en nuestro país, siendo la segunda causa de muerte por cáncer en la mujer. La base fundamental del tratamiento es la cirugía, la cual, según la evaluación de los caracteres clínicopatológicos puede complementarse con distintas terapias coadyuvantes (radioterapia, quimioterapia, hormonoterapia). Existe un grupo de pacientes en las que, a pesar de la terapia, la enfermedad presentará un curso ominoso, con recidiva precoz y pobre sobrevida libre de enfermedad y sobrevida total. Las razones de esta mala evolución permanecen sin explicaciones precisas que permitan plantear terapias adecuadas para estas pacientes. El estudio histopatológico de los tumores proporciona gran cuantía de información que permite predecir el comportamiento biológico del tumor. El desarrollo de las técnicas inmunohistoquímicas, a su vez, ha permitido develar caracteres tumorales que son factores pronósticos y predictivos. El avance de los estudios moleculares en cáncer, ha proporcionado argumentos para establecer subclasificaciones de importancia diagnóstica y terapéutica, las cuales están acercando a la práctica diaria la deseada posibilidad de una terapia personalizada para las pacientes de cáncer de mama. Dentro de estos factores se han identificado una serie de alteraciones génicas que explicarían en parte algunos casos de mal pronóstico. En el presente artículo se presenta la clasificación molecular del cáncer de mama, haciendo énfasis en la descripción de los diferentes subtipos desde el punto de vista histopatológico y clínico.

Breast cancer causes 1000 deaths a year in our country, being the second leading cause of cancer death in women. The fundamental basis of treatment is surgery, which can be complemented with different adjuvant therapies (radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy). Exists a group of patients in whom, despite therapy, the disease presents an ominous course with early recurrence and poor disease-free survival and overall survival. The reasons for this poor outcome remain present precise explanations that enable appropriate therapies for these patients. Histopathological examination of tumors provides much information that can predict the biological behavior of tumor. The development of immunohistochemical techniques, in turn, has allowed to reveal tumor characteristics that are predictive and prognostic factors. The advancement of cancer molecular studies have provided arguments to establish subclassifications of diagnostic and therapeutic importance which are closer to the daily practice the desired possibility of personalized therapy for breast cancer patients. Among these factors have identified several genetic alterations that partly explain some por prognosis cases. In this paper we present the molecular classification of breast cancer, emphasizing the description of the different histopathology and clinical subtypes.