[Addictions, complex pathologies in constant evolution]. / Les addictions, des pathologies complexes en constante évolution.

Addiction is a dynamic field. Its ongoing changes reflect a persistent but evolving public health problem. Its evolution is reflected in subsequent classifications of mental illness. Numerous theories, inspired by psychoanalysis and neurobiology, address the development of the addictive process an many factors explain differences in susceptibility between individuals. In the last decade, behavioural addictions have been the subject of intense debate, leading to the inclusion of gambling disorder in the latest classification. The treatment of addictions is multifactorial and should take into account the specificities of each individual.

[Interest and mechanisms of action of ketamine in alcohol addiction- A review of clinical and preclinical studies]. / Intérêt et mécanismes d'action de la kétamine dans le traitement de l'addiction à l'alcool ­ Revue des études cliniques et précliniques.

Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a psychiatric condition characterized by chronic and excessive drinking despite negative consequences on overall health and social or occupational functioning. There are currently limited treatment options available for AUD, and the effects size and the response rates to these treatments are often low to moderate. The World Health Organization has identified the development of medications to treat AUD as one of its 24 priorities. This past decade was marked by a renewed interest in psychedelic use in psychiatry. At the centre of this renaissance, ketamine, an atypical psychedelic already used in the treatment of major depression, is an NMDA receptor antagonist that exists as a racemic compound made of two enantiomers, S-ketamine, and R-ketamine. Each form can be metabolized into different metabolites, some of which having antidepressant properties. In this article, we review both clinical and preclinical studies on ketamine and its metabolites in the treatment of AUD. Preclinical as well as clinical studies have revealed that ketamine is effective in reducing withdrawal symptoms and alcohol craving. Convergent data showed that antidepressant properties of ketamine largely contribute to the decreased likelihood of alcohol relapse, especially in patients undergoing ketamine-assisted psychotherapies. Its effectiveness is believed to be linked with its ability to regulate the glutamatergic pathway, enhance neuroplasticity, rewire brain resting state network functional connectivity and decrease depressive-like states. However, it remains to further investigate (i) why strong differences exist between male and female responses in preclinical studies and (ii) the respective roles of each of the metabolites in the ketamine effects in both genders. Interestingly, current studies are also focusing on ketamine addiction and the comorbidity between alcohol addiction and depression occurring more frequently in females.

Title: Intérêt et mécanismes d'action de la kétamine dans le traitement de l'addiction à l'alcool ­ Revue des études cliniques et précliniques. Abstract: Le Trouble de l'Usage d'Alcool (TUA) est une maladie psychiatrique caractérisée par une consommation chronique et excessive d'alcool malgré des conséquences négatives sur la santé et le fonctionnement social ou professionnel. Les options de traitements du TUA sont actuellement limitées et les tailles d'effet et taux de réponse à ces traitements sont souvent faibles à modérés. L'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé a identifié le développement des médicaments pour traiter le TUA comme l'une de ses 24 priorités. Cette dernière décennie a été marquée par un intérêt renouvelé pour l'utilisation de psychédéliques en psychiatrie. La kétamine, un psychédélique atypique déjà utilisé dans le traitement de la dépression majeure, est au centre de cette renaissance. Cet antagoniste des récepteurs NMDA existe sous deux formes énantiomères, la S-kétamine et la R-kétamine, qui peuvent être métabolisées en différents dérivés, dont certains ont montré des propriétés antidépressives. Cet article de revue vise à faire le bilan des études cliniques et précliniques sur l'utilisation de la kétamine et de ses métabolites dans le traitement du TUA. L'ensemble de ces études montre que la kétamine est efficace pour réduire les symptômes de sevrage et les envies irrépressibles d'alcool. Les propriétés antidépressives avérées de la kétamine contribuent à la diminution du risque de rechute dans le mésusage d'alcool, notamment chez les patients suivant des psychothérapies. Son efficacité est supposée être liée à sa capacité à réguler la voie glutamatergique, à améliorer la neuroplasticité, à réorganiser la connectivité fonctionnelle des réseaux d'état de repos (resting state networks) du cerveau et à réduire les états dépressifs. Bien que ces premiers résultats soient prometteurs, la mise en évidence de différences importantes entre les sexes, et la méconnaissance du rôle de chacun des métabolites dans les effets observés justifient la poursuite des recherches précliniques pour mieux comprendre comment agissent véritablement la kétamine et ses métabolites sur le TUA. En clinique, les études récentes s'intéressent désormais à la dépendance à la kétamine et à la dépression comorbide, ainsi qu'à l'influence du sexe, une comorbidité plus forte entre la dépendance à l'alcool et la dépression semblant exister chez la femme.

Addictions: current perspectives.

This paper seeks to integrate the perspectives of analytical psychology and neurobiology in order to understand the phenomenon of addiction in contemporary society, taking into account the COVID-19 pandemic. Jung emphasizes the role of the psyche's self-regulation and the development of consciousness in the individuation process. The search for experiences of transcendence is archetypal and can be achieved by the use of some substances or behaviours and can contribute to individuation. However, in contemporary society, many individuals seek to restore internal balance through behaviours that merely soothe discomfort. The difficulty in discerning use, abuse, and dependence, particularly in the case of behavioural addictions, is discussed and neurobiological factors are presented. Empathic relationships play a key role in this process as they can promote the integration of the right and left hemispheres, integrating non-verbal experiences and language, contributing to self-regulation. Jung emphasizes the importance of real encounters in the transformation process. Currently, meetings have become a source of anguish. The author concludes that more than ever it is necessary to invest in the quality of the interactions to prevent and treat addictions.

Cet article chercher à intégrer les perspectives de la psychologie analytique et de la neurobiologie afin de comprendre le phénomène de l'addiction dans la société contemporaine, en tenant compte de la pandémie de COVID-19. Jung a souligné le rôle autorégulateur de la psyché et le développement de la conscience dans le processus d'individuation. La recherche d'expériences de transcendance est archétypale et peut être atteinte par l'utilisation de certaines substances ou certains comportements et elle peut contribuer à l'individuation. Néanmoins dans la société contemporaine, beaucoup de personnes cherchent à restaurer l'équilibre intérieur par des comportements qui visent simplement à apaiser l'inconfort. La difficulté à différencier entre l'utilisation, l'abus, et la dépendance, particulièrement en ce qui concerne les addictions comportementales - est étudiée et les facteurs neurobiologiques sont exposés. Les relations empathiques jouent un rôle clé dans ce processus parce qu'elles peuvent promouvoir l'intégration des hémisphères droit et gauche, intégrant les expériences non-verbales et le langage, contribuant à l'autorégulation. Jung souligne l'importance des rencontres réelles dans le processus de transformation. En ce moment les réunions sont devenues une source d'angoisse. L'auteur conclut qu'il est plus que jamais nécessaire d'investir dans la qualité des interactions afin de prévenir et de soigner les addictions.

El presente trabajo busca integrar perspectivas de psicología analítica y neurobiología en vistas a la comprensión del fenómeno de la adicción en la sociedad contemporánea, tomando en cuenta la pandemia del COVID-19. Jung enfatiza el rol auto-regulador de la psique y el desarrollo de la consciencia en el proceso de individuación. La búsqueda de experiencias de trascendencia es arquetípica y puede ser alcanzada a través del uso de ciertas sustancias o conductas y puede contribuir al proceso de individuación. Sin embargo, en la sociedad contemporánea, muchos individuos buscan restaurar el balance interno a través de conductas que meramente alivian el malestar. Se discute acerca de la dificultad para discernir uso, abuso y dependencia, particularmente en el caso de conductas adictivas y se presentan los factores neurobiológicos. Las relaciones empáticas juegan un rol fundamental en este proceso en la medida que promueven la integración de los hemisferios derecho e izquierdo, integrando experiencias no-verbales y lenguaje, contribuyendo a la auto-regulación. Jung enfatiza la importancia de encuentros reales en el proceso de transformación. Actualmente, los encuentros se han convertido en una fuente de angustia. La autora concluye que más que nunca se vuelve necesario invertir en la calidad de las interacciones para prevenir y tratar las adicciones.

Este artigo busca integrar as perspectivas da psicologia analítica e da neurobiologia para entender o fenômeno dos vícios na sociedade contemporânea, levando em consideração a pandemia de COVID-19. Jung enfatiza o papel da autorregulação da psique e o desenvolvimento da consciência no processo de individuação. A busca por experiências de transcendência é arquetípica e pode ser alcançada pelo uso de algumas substâncias ou comportamentos e pode contribuir para a individuação. No entanto, na sociedade contemporânea, muitos indivíduos buscam restaurar o equilíbrio interno por meio de comportamentos que apenas acalmam o desconforto. A dificuldade em discernir o uso, abuso e dependência, particularmente no caso de vícios comportamentais, é discutida e fatores neurobiológicos são apresentados. As relações empáticas desempenham um papel fundamental nesse processo, pois podem promover a integração dos hemisférios direito e esquerdo, integrando experiências não verbais e linguagem, contribuindo para a autorregulação. Jung enfatiza a importância de encontros reais no processo de transformação. Atualmente, os encontros se tornaram uma fonte de angústia. O autor conclui que mais do que nunca é necessário investir na qualidade das interações para prevenir e tratar vícios.

[Bio-Psycho-Social Therapy for Stress-Induced Chronic Pain]. / Bio-psycho-soziale Therapie bei stressinduzierten Schmerzzuständen.

Bio-Psycho-Social Therapy for Stress-Induced Chronic Pain Abstract. Against the background of latest neurobiological and epigenetic findings the bio-psycho-social model of disease is outlined often misinterpreted in the context of chronic pain. It represents the basic principle for a personalized treatment of stress-induced chronic pain. Consequences for diagnostic procedures are delineated to detect this pathogenetic subgroup of chronic pain patients (e.g. fibromyalgia, back pain, temporomandibular dysfunction, tension headache). Finally, the principles of a bio-psycho-social treatment program with high efficiency are presented.

The early biopsychosocial development of boys and the origins of violence in males.

We apply a biopsychosocial approach to introduce early-in-life experiences that explain a significant part of the male preponderance in the perpetration of violence. Early caregiver abuse and neglect, father absence, and exposure to family and neighborhood violence exacerbate boys' greater risk for aggressive behavior and increase the probability of carrying out violent acts later in life. We examine the development of the psychological self and explore conditions that encourage physical aggression, focusing on the impact on the infant and toddler's emergent mental representation of self, others, and self-other relationships. Boys' slower developmental timetable in the first years of life may enhance their vulnerability for disorganization in emergent neurobiological networks mediating organization of socioemotional relationships. Emergent attachment and activation relationship systems may differentially affect risk and resilience in boys and girls, particularly in single-parent families. Evidence has suggested that the dramatic increase in single-parent families is especially linked to corresponding increases in behavioral undercontrol, antisocial behavior, and the emergence of violence in boys.

The Role of Religiosity in Families at High Risk for Depression.

BACKGROUND: About forty years ago we began a study of the offspring of depressed (high-risk) and not depressed (low-risk) parents, matched for age and gender, from the same community. We interviewed all of their biological children, blind to the clinical status of the parents. Over the years, we returned to re-interview the families at baseline, 2, 10, 20, 25 30, and 35 years. As the years went by and the sample grew up, we also interviewed the third generation, the grandchildren. As technology became available, we included measures of electrophysiology and magnetic resonance imaging in order to better understand the mechanisms of risk. At the 10-year follow up, we included measures of religion and spirituality - namely, personal religious/spiritual importance and frequency of religious service attendance. We included these measures in all subsequent waves including a more extensive follow up of religious beliefs at the 35-year follow up. ISSUES OF FOCUS: This paper describes the study design and highlights the key findings of the role of religious/spiritual belief in the transmission and endurance of depression using clinical and biological approaches. METHODS: We describe study findings based on clinical measures, as well as physiological measures that employed electrophysiology and magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: Taken together, the findings suggest that religiosity/spirituality is protective against depression in high-risk individuals at both clinical and physiological levels. IMPLICATIONS: The findings suggest religiosity interacts with both culture and biology in its impact on depression.

CONTEXTE: Il y a environ quarante ans, nous avons entrepris une étude sur la progéniture de parents déprimés (à risque élevé) et non déprimés (à faible risque), appariés par âge et par sexe, et de la même communauté. Nous avons interrogé tous leurs enfants biologiques, ignorant l'état clinique des parents. Au fil des ans, nous avons réinterrogé les familles lors des années 2, 10, 20, 25, 30 et 35. Avec le passage des années et la croissance de l'échantillon, nous avons également interrogé la troisième génération, les petits-enfants. Avec l'introduction de nouvelles technologies, nous avons aussi inclus des mesures d'électrophysiologie et d'imagerie par résonance magnétique afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de risque. Lors du suivi de 10 ans, nous avons inclus des mesures sur la religion et la spiritualité, c'est-à-dire l'importance personnelle de la religion/spiritualité et la fréquence de présence à des services religieux. Nous avons inclus ces mesures dans tous les suivis ultérieurs, notamment un suivi plus approfondi sur les croyances religieuses au terme de 35 ans. QUESTION PRINCIPALE: Ce document décrit la conception de l'étude et met en évidence les principales conclusions concernant le rôle des croyances religieuses / spirituelles dans la transmission et la persévérance de la dépression à l'aide d'approches cliniques et biologiques. MÉTHODES: Nous décrivons les résultats des études basées sur des mesures cliniques, ainsi que des mesures physiologiques utilisant l'électrophysiologie et l'imagerie par résonance magnétique. RÉSULTATS: L'ensemble des résultats suggère que la religiosité / spiritualité a un effet protecteur contre la dépression chez les individus à haut risque aux niveaux clinique et physiologique. Implications : Les résultats suggèrent que la religiosité interagit avec la culture et la biologie dans son impact sur la dépression.

On matters of mind and body: regarding Descartes.

In this paper the author considers Descartes' place in current thinking about the mind-body dilemma. The premise here is that in the history of ideas, the questions posed can be as significant as the answers acquired. Descartes' paramount question was 'How do we determine certainty?' and his pursuit of an answer led to cogito ergo sum. His discovery simultaneously raised the question whether mind is separate from or unified with the body. Some who currently hold that brain and subjectivity are unified contend that the philosopher 'split' mind from body and refer to 'Descartes' error'. This paper puts forward that Descartes' detractors fail to recognise Descartes' contribution to Western thought, which was to introduce the Enlightenment and to give a place to human subjectivity. Added to this, evidence from Descartes' correspondence with Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia supports the conclusion that Descartes did in fact believe in the unity of mind and body although he could not reconcile this rationally with the certainty from personal experience that they were separate substances. In this Descartes was engaged in just the same dilemma as that of current thinkers and researchers, a conflict which still is yet to be resolved.

["Food addiction" as a possible risk factor for obesity]. / «Ess-Sucht¼ als eine mögliche Ursache der Adipositas.

The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity are, internationally as well as in Switzerland, increasing in recent years. The neurobiology tries to explore an improved understanding of the central nervous causes of obesity. Findings from addiction research seem very useful because there are certain similarities between addiction and obesity in terms of neurobiological causes. An improved understanding of the disease of obesity could help to develop more effective therapies for obese patients in the future. Further research, e. g. in the field of stress regulation, is thus urgently needed.

[Theoretical reflection on the place of memory and temporal cognitive mechanisms in addictive disorders]. / Réflexion théorique sur la place des mécanismes cognitifs mnésiques et temporels dans l'addiction.

INTRODUCTION: Addictions can be regarded as cognitive disorders related to neurobiological impairments. On the one hand, some cognitive impairments occur as a result of substance intake and withdrawal upon stopping intake, while, on the other hand, cognitive mechanisms are responsible for initiating and maintaining addiction. In this review, we detail the memory and temporal mechanisms involved in this pathology. METHODOLOGY: We reviewed the literature dedicated to the mechanisms of conditioning association between a substance and a context, and the memory and temporal mechanisms involved in the maintenance of addiction. Cognitive impairments in this context are accompanied by both short-term and long-term neurobiological disorders. RESULTS: Drug-context conditioning is dependent on learning abilities in rats and humans, and it is the first step towards the development of an addiction. In fact, with the beginning of an addiction, it is the context associated with the substance intake, which determines the reinforcing factors (such as pleasure in the case of drug consumption) for the development of an addiction. Maintenance of addiction is related to the persistence of this association between context and substance. Furthermore, the impulsiveness of patients renders them unable to delay their gratification. Consequently, even if delayed gratifications are more valuable, patients prefer immediate gratification such as substance use. DISCUSSION: The memory and temporal mechanisms of addiction are central to the initiation and maintenance of drug addiction. They also affect patients' ability to develop projects for the future. The salience of the memory association between drug and context is accompanied by a decline in autobiographical memories, which become poor and lacking in detail. It is probably these impairments which are responsible for the difficulty that the patients have while investigating their story during psychotherapy. On the other hand, given that even though delayed gratification is greater patients prefer immediate gratification, they have difficulty making plans for the future and constructing their own personality. These cognitive impairments are sustained by neurobiological correlates such as dopamine dysregulation in the short-term and changes in neural plasticity in the cortico-meso-limbic system in the long term. CONCLUSION: We reviewed full arguments which highlight that addiction is mediated by cognitive mechanisms which are related on the one hand to clinical symptoms and, on the other hand, to neurobiological alterations. According to the literature, memory and time mechanisms seem to be central to the initiation and maintenance of addictive behaviours. More research is needed to improve our knowledge of the cognitive mechanisms of addiction and to develop new tools for treating patients.

[Female conduct disorders]. / Mädchen mit störungen des sozialverhaltens.

The last few years have seen much research on girls with conduct disorder (CD). This article summarizes the gender-specific data regarding prevalence, differences with respect to symptomatology (e.g., subtypes of aggression, callous-unemotional (cu)-traits), and it presents data on the autonomic and neuroendocrine stress system as well as genetic, neurocognitive, and neuroimaging data. Differences in the impact of environmental factors on boys and girls for the development of CD are discussed. Taken together, the data indicate that there is great overlap in symptomatology, personality traits, and neurobiological aberrations in girls and boys with CD. Since fewer girls than boys exhibit CD symptomatology, further investigations on CD in girls might help to identify resilience factors that could improve future therapeutic interventions.

[Anorexia nervosa - from a neuroscience perspective]. / Anorexia nervosa. Aktuelle neurowissenschaftliche Befunde.

Anorexia nervosa is a frequent disorder especially among adolescent girls and young women, with high morbidity, mortality, and relapse rates. To date, no single therapeutic approach has proved to be superior to others (Herpertz et al., 2011). It remains unclear how its etiology and pathology are encoded within cognitive, neural, and endocrinological processes that modulate important mechanisms in appetitive processing and weight regulation. Yet, several trait characteristics have been identified in AN which might reflect predisposing factors. Further, altered levels of neuropeptides and hormones that regulate appetite and feeding behavior have been found during both the acute and the recovered state, pointing to dysfunctional mechanisms in AN that persist even after malnutrition has ceased. Researchers are also hoping that brain imaging techniques will allow for a more detailed investigation of the neural basis of reward and punishment sensitivity that appears to be altered in AN. The integration and extension of recent findings in these areas will hopefully provide a more comprehensive understanding of the disorder and hence enable the development of more effective treatments.

O corpo humano em uma aproximação à antropologia da saúde / The human body in an approach to the anthropology of health / El cuerpo humano en un acercamiento a la antropología de la salud / Le corps humain dans une approche de l'anthropologie de la santé

Este estudo foi estruturado a partir de discussões acerca da antropologia da saúde e da neurobiologia, em disciplina do doutorado em antropologia da saúde, numa perspectiva reflexiva. Como direcionadora das reflexões perguntou-se qual a relação do corpo, no processo saúde-doença, estabelecida entre a neurobiologia e a antropologia da saúde? Para o alcance reflexivo apresenta como objetivo ponderar acerca do corpo como objeto humano de vivenciar os processos saúde-doença em aproximação com a antropologia da saúde. Traz em si uma reflexão em parte intimista da relação humana, que se faz com o corpo e sua representação social como materialidade do ser-humano em exteriorizar o saudável e o patológico numa abrangência sociocultural. Delineia uma inter-relação entre a antropologia da saúde e a neurobiologia a partir de literatura antropológica específica. Esta articulação das duas ciências está no sentido de realizar a adoção de novos conceitos, em uma tentativa de trazer à tona que o conhecimento da fisiologia humana não se faz somente no limite do corpo, mas também em resposta aos estímulos externos, influenciando comportamentos, sinais e sintomas, relações da saúde e da doença em acordo com a realidade social culturalmente estabelecida. Assim, as dimensões física, vivencial e antropossocial são indissociáveis para a compreensão do processo saúde-doença.(AU)

This study was structured based on the discussions of health anthropology and neurobiology in the discipline of the doctorate in anthropology of health, a reflexive perspective. The guiding thought is a question about what kind of relationship, in the health-disease process, is established between body, neurobiology and anthropology of health. To achieve the objective of this reflection, this paper discusses the human body as the object of the experience of health-disease processes using the approach of anthropology of health. It carries, in itself a consideration, in part intimate, of the human relations carried out with the body and its social representation as a concrete mode of externalize health and pathology in the scopes social and cultural. The article outlines an interrelation between health anthropology and neurobiology, using specific anthropological literature. This articulation of the two sciences has the aim to point to the adoption of new concepts, in an attempt to bring to the surface the idea that knowledge of human physiology does not reside only in the limits of the body, but also in response to external stimuli, influencing behaviors, signs and symptoms, relationships and health and disease, in accordance with a culturally established social reality. Thus, physical, experiential and anthropology-social dimensions are inseparable for the understanding of the health-disease process.(AU)

El presente estudio fue estructurado a partir de discusiones sobre la antropología de la salud y da neurobiología, en asignatura del Doctorado en Antropología de la Salud, en una perspectiva reflexiva. Como desencadenante de las reflexiones, se ha preguntado cuál es la relación del cuerpo en el proceso salud-enfermedad, establecida entre la neurobiología y la antropología de la salud? Para el alcance reflexivo presenta como objetivo ponderar sobre el cuerpo como objeto humano de vivencia de los procesos salud- enfermedad en acercamiento con la antropología de la salud. Trae en si una reflexión en parte intimista de la relación humana que se hace con el cuerpo y su representación social como materialidad del ser humano en exteriorizar lo sano y lo patológico en un abordaje socio-cultural. Delinea una interrelación entre la antropología de la salud y la neurobiología a partir de la literatura antropológica especifica. Esta articulación de las dos ciencias ocurre con la intención de realizar la adopción de nuevos conceptos, como un intento de sacar a la luz que el conocimiento de la fisiología humana no se hace solamente en el límite del cuerpo, sino también en respuesta a los estímulos externos, influyendo en comportamientos, señales y síntomas, relaciones de la salud y da la enfermedad de acuerdo con la realidad social culturalmente establecida. Así, las dimensiones física, vivencial y antropológica-social son indisolubles para la comprensión del proceso salud-enfermedad.(AU)

Cette étude a été structurée, basée sur des discussions sur l'anthropologie de la santé et de la neurobiologie de la discipline de l'anthropologie doctorat en santé, dans une perspective réflexive. Comme les pensées directeurs se demandait quelle est la relation du corps, le processus santé-maladie, établi entre la neurobiologie et de l'anthropologie de la santé? Pour atteindre l'objectif d'écrans réfléchissants méditer sur le corps humain comme un objet à l'expérience du processus santé-maladie avec la proximité de l'anthropologie de la santé. Il porte en lui un reflet dans le cadre de la relation humaine intime, qui rend le corps et sa représentation sociale comme l'incarnation de l'humanité sur l'externalisation sains et pathologiques socio-culturel de portée. Décrit une interrelation entre la santé et de neurobiologie de l'anthropologie de la littérature anthropologique précise. Cette articulation des deux sciences est de tenir l'adoption de nouveaux concepts dans une tentative de mettre en évidence que la connaissance de la physiologie humaine n'est pas seulement dans la limite du corps, mais aussi en réponse à des stimuli externes, influencer le comportement, les signes et symptômes, les relations, la santé et la maladie en fonction de la réalité sociale culturellement établie. Ainsi, la physique, l'expérience et antropossocial sont indissociables pour la compréhension des processus santé-maladie.(AU)

O corpo humano em uma aproximação à antropologia da saúde / The human body in an approach to the anthropology of health / El cuerpo humano en un acercamiento a la antropología de la salud / Le corps humain dans une approche de l'anthropologie de la santé

Este estudo foi estruturado a partir de discussões acerca da antropologia da saúde e da neurobiologia, em disciplina do doutorado em antropologia da saúde, numa perspectiva reflexiva. Como direcionadora das reflexões perguntou-se qual a relação do corpo, no processo saúde-doença, estabelecida entre a neurobiologia e a antropologia da saúde? Para o alcance reflexivo apresenta como objetivo ponderar acerca do corpo como objeto humano de vivenciar os processos saúde-doença em aproximação com a antropologia da saúde. Traz em si uma reflexão em parte intimista da relação humana, que se faz com o corpo e sua representação social como materialidade do ser-humano em exteriorizar o saudável e o patológico numa abrangência sociocultural. Delineia uma inter-relação entre a antropologia da saúde e a neurobiologia a partir de literatura antropológica específica. Esta articulação das duas ciências está no sentido de realizar a adoção de novos conceitos, em uma tentativa de trazer à tona que o conhecimento da fisiologia humana não se faz somente no limite do corpo, mas também em resposta aos estímulos externos, influenciando comportamentos, sinais e sintomas, relações da saúde e da doença em acordo com a realidade social culturalmente estabelecida. Assim, as dimensões física, vivencial e antropossocial são indissociáveis para a compreensão do processo saúde-doença.

This study was structured based on the discussions of health anthropology and neurobiology in the discipline of the doctorate in anthropology of health, a reflexive perspective. The guiding thought is a question about what kind of relationship, in the health-disease process, is established between body, neurobiology and anthropology of health. To achieve the objective of this reflection, this paper discusses the human body as the object of the experience of health-disease processes using the approach of anthropology of health. It carries, in itself a consideration, in part intimate, of the human relations carried out with the body and its social representation as a concrete mode of externalize health and pathology in the scopes social and cultural. The article outlines an interrelation between health anthropology and neurobiology, using specific anthropological literature. This articulation of the two sciences has the aim to point to the adoption of new concepts, in an attempt to bring to the surface the idea that knowledge of human physiology does not reside only in the limits of the body, but also in response to external stimuli, influencing behaviors, signs and symptoms, relationships and health and disease, in accordance with a culturally established social reality. Thus, physical, experiential and anthropology-social dimensions are inseparable for the understanding of the health-disease process.

El presente estudio fue estructurado a partir de discusiones sobre la antropología de la salud y da neurobiología, en asignatura del Doctorado en Antropología de la Salud, en una perspectiva reflexiva. Como desencadenante de las reflexiones, se ha preguntado cuál es la relación del cuerpo en el proceso salud-enfermedad, establecida entre la neurobiología y la antropología de la salud? Para el alcance reflexivo presenta como objetivo ponderar sobre el cuerpo como objeto humano de vivencia de los procesos salud- enfermedad en acercamiento con la antropología de la salud. Trae en si una reflexión en parte intimista de la relación humana que se hace con el cuerpo y su representación social como materialidad del ser humano en exteriorizar lo sano y lo patológico en un abordaje socio-cultural. Delinea una interrelación entre la antropología de la salud y la neurobiología a partir de la literatura antropológica especifica. Esta articulación de las dos ciencias ocurre con la intención de realizar la adopción de nuevos conceptos, como un intento de sacar a la luz que el conocimiento de la fisiología humana no se hace solamente en el límite del cuerpo, sino también en respuesta a los estímulos externos, influyendo en comportamientos, señales y síntomas, relaciones de la salud y da la enfermedad de acuerdo con la realidad social culturalmente establecida. Así, las dimensiones física, vivencial y antropológica-social son indisolubles para la comprensión del proceso salud-enfermedad.

Cette étude a été structurée, basée sur des discussions sur l'anthropologie de la santé et de la neurobiologie de la discipline de l'anthropologie doctorat en santé, dans une perspective réflexive. Comme les pensées directeurs se demandait quelle est la relation du corps, le processus santé-maladie, établi entre la neurobiologie et de l'anthropologie de la santé? Pour atteindre l'objectif d'écrans réfléchissants méditer sur le corps humain comme un objet à l'expérience du processus santé-maladie avec la proximité de l'anthropologie de la santé. Il porte en lui un reflet dans le cadre de la relation humaine intime, qui rend le corps et sa représentation sociale comme l'incarnation de l'humanité sur l'externalisation sains et pathologiques socio-culturel de portée. Décrit une interrelation entre la santé et de neurobiologie de l'anthropologie de la littérature anthropologique précise. Cette articulation des deux sciences est de tenir l'adoption de nouveaux concepts dans une tentative de mettre en évidence que la connaissance de la physiologie humaine n'est pas seulement dans la limite du corps, mais aussi en réponse à des stimuli externes, influencer le comportement, les signes et symptômes, les relations, la santé et la maladie en fonction de la réalité sociale culturellement établie. Ainsi, la physique, l'expérience et antropossocial sont indissociables pour la compréhension des processus santé-maladie.

Para uma neurobiologia do eu: uma contribuição às teorias da subjetividade / Para una neurobiología del yo: una contribución a las teorías de la subjetividad / Pour une neurobiologie du "moi": une contribution aux théories de la subjectivité / For a neurobiology of the "self": a contribution to theories of subjectivity

O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar como a neurobiologia ou as neurociências tem proposto novas narrativas da mente a partir do ponto de vista biológico. O autor aponta de forma crítica como essas disciplinas descrevem a vida subjetiva, a identidade pessoal e o nosso “eu” a partir das contribuições do neurologista Antonio Damásio. Defende-se a idéia da necessidade de novas descrições subjetivas no campo clínico e nas teorias da mente tais como a psicologia e a psicanálise.

The objective of this study is to analyze how neurology and the neurosciences in general have theorized new narratives of the mind from the biological point of view. The author critically points out how these fields describe subjective life, personal identity and the “self”, based on the approach of Antonio Damasio. Stress is given to the position that there is need for new descriptions of the subject in the clinical field and theories of the mind, such as in psychology and psychoanalysis.

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar como la neurología o la neurociencia ha propuesto nuevas narrativas de la mente a partir del punto de vista biológico. El autor señala de forma critica cómo esas disciplinas describen la vida subjetiva, la identidad personal y de nuestro yo a partir de las contribuciones del neurólogo Antonio Damasio. El autor defiende la idea de la necesidad de seguir las descripciones subjetivas en la clínica y la teoría de la mente, tales como la psicología y el psicoanálisis.

L'objectif de cette étude est d'analyser de quelle façon la neurologie ou les neurosciences suggèrent de nouveaux récits de l'esprit du point de vue biologique. L'auteur décrit de façon critique comment ces disciplines décrivent la vie subjective, l'identité personnelle et notre "moi" à partir de la contribution du neurologue Antonio Damasio. L'auteur soutient l'idée de la nécessité de nouvelles descriptions subjective dans les domaines de la clinique et de la théorie de l'esprit, telles que la psychologie et la psychanalyse.