ABSTRACT
Polymeric nanoparticles encompass micelles and dendrimers. They are used for improving or controlling the action of the loaded therapy or imaging agent, including radionuclides. Some radionuclides possess properties appropriate for simultaneous imaging and therapy of a disease and are therefore called theranostic. The diversity in core materials and surface modification, as well as radiolabeling strategies, offers multiples possibilities for preparing polymeric nanoparticles using radionuclides. The present review describes different strategies in the preparation of such nanoparticles and their applications in nuclear nanomedicine.
Subject(s)
Dendrimers/chemistry , Drug Delivery Systems , Micelles , Radioisotopes/therapeutic use , Theranostic Nanomedicine , Animals , Humans , Nanoparticles/chemistryABSTRACT
Prosthetic heart valve (PHV) dysfunction is rare but potentially life-threatening. Although often challenging, establishing the exact cause of PHV dysfunction is essential to determine the appropriate treatment strategy. In clinical practice, a comprehensive approach that integrates several parameters of valve morphology and function assessed with 2D/3D transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography is a key to appropriately detect and quantitate PHV dysfunction. Cinefluoroscopy, multidetector computed tomography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and to a lesser extent, nuclear imaging are complementary tools for the diagnosis and management of PHV complications. The present document provides recommendations for the use of multimodality imaging in the assessment of PHVs.
Subject(s)
Bioprosthesis , Cardiac Imaging Techniques , Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional/methods , Heart Valve Prosthesis , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Brazil , China , Cineradiography/methods , Echocardiography/methods , Echocardiography, Transesophageal/methods , Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation/adverse effects , Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation/methods , Humans , Internationality , Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine/methods , Multidetector Computed Tomography/methods , Multimodal Imaging/methods , Prosthesis Failure , Societies, Medical , United StatesSubject(s)
3-Iodobenzylguanidine , Heart Failure/drug therapy , Heart/innervation , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Myocardial Perfusion Imaging/methods , Sympathetic Nervous System/physiopathology , Female , Heart Failure/diagnostic imaging , Heart Failure/physiopathology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Radiopharmaceuticals , Sympathetic Nervous System/drug effectsABSTRACT
A new application for the nuclear imaging techniques is the study of organic responses to stress. Neuroimaging techniques allow the assessment of brain activation changes in association with the metabolic responses to stress. In this paper, a review of general effects of the stress on organic activity is made, emphasizing important advances introduced by studies using PET and fMRI. The importance of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis to onset the adequate psychical and organic responses to sustain the homeostasis during the stress is discussed, as well as the possibility of traumatic stressing experiences have negative effects on the brain.
Uma nova aplicação para as técnicas de imagem nuclear é o estudo de respostas orgânicas ao estresse. Técnicas de neuroimagem permitem observar as mudanças da ativação cerebral associadas às respostas metabólicas ao estresse. Neste artigo, uma revisão dos efeitos do estresse sobre a atividade orgânica é feita, enfatizando importantes avanços introduzidos por estudos realizados com PET e fMRI. A importância do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal para o disparo das respostas orgânicas e psíquicas para a manutenção da homeostasia durante o estresse é discutida, bem como a possibilidade de experiências estressantes traumáticas exercerem efeitos negativos sobre o cérebro.