ABSTRACT
Plant diversity and biogeochemical cycles are rapidly changing in response to exotic plant species invasion. However, there are conflicting conclusions regarding the quantification of such changes in the soil properties and plant diversity. Moreover, the relationships between soil properties and plant diversity are unclear. Here, a global meta-analysis was conducted on the impact of exotic species invasion on soil physicochemistry, microbial activity, and plant diversity using data from 123 published reports and 332 samples. Exotic species invasion significantly enhanced the soil pH, soil microbial activity, and soil nutrient content. The impact was more substantial for grass than for shrub and tree. Exotic species invasion did not significantly affect soil texture, but significantly reduced the plant diversity, richness, and evenness by 36.97%, 64.72%, and 47.21%, respectively. Soil pH, soil organic carbon, and total nitrogen were significantly correlated with plant diversity reduction. The response ratio of plant richness and evenness gradually increased with precipitation. However, the response ratio of phosphatase, microbial biomass nitrogen, microbial biomass phosphorus, total nitrogen, and soil moisture gradually decreased with precipitation. Overall, exotic species invasion significantly increased the soil nutrient content and soil microbial activity, but significantly decreased plant diversity. These effects were influenced by exotic species types and precipitation.
Subject(s)
Carbon , Soil , Biodiversity , Biomass , Ecosystem , Nitrogen/analysis , Plants , Soil MicrobiologyABSTRACT
RESUMEN La acidez del suelo limita la disponibilidad, la absorción y la concentración de nutrientes y el rendimiento del cultivo de cacao. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto del pH del suelo sobre la concentración de nutrientes en hoja, cáscara y grano, para cuatro clones de cacao autocompatibles (ICS-1, CCN-51) y autoincompatibles (ICS-39, TSH-565), en el departamento del Caquetá. El diseño experimental consistió en un arreglo factorial con cuatro clones (factor A), cuatro niveles de pH y fertilidad (factor B) y cuatro repeticiones. Los resultados indican diferencias en la concentración de nutrientes por efecto del clon y tratamiento, siendo la acumulación de N, P y Mg en grano>hoja>cáscara, K en cáscara>hoja>grano, Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn y B en hoja>cáscara>grano, S en cáscara>hoja>grano y Cu en grano>cáscara>hoja. La concentración de P, Mg y S fue mayor y, a su vez, menor Mn, cuando aumentó el pH. El orden de extracción nutrimental en grano fue N>K>P>Mg>S>Ca>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu>B. Con relación a los clones, CCN-51 presentó habilidad para la toma de nutrientes y alcanzar mayores producciones, incluso, en suelos con pH ≥ 5,5, lo que sugiere efecto de las condiciones edafoclimáticas y, por lo tanto, la necesidad de evaluar los clones para cada zona de cultivo.
ABSTRACT The soil acidity limits availability, absorption and concentration of nutrients and yield of the cocoa crop. The objective was to evaluate the effect of soil pH on the concentration of macro and micronutrients in leaf, husk and grain for four cocoa clones, self-compatible (ICS-1, CCN-51) and self-incompatible (ICS-39, TSH-565) in the department of Caquetá. The experimental design consisted in a factorial arrangement with four clones (factor A), four pH and fertility levels (factor B) and four repetitions. The results indicate differences in the concentration of nutrients due to the effect of the clone and the treatment, being the accumulation of N, P and Mg in grain>leaf>husk, K in husk>leaf>grain, Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn y B in leaf>husk>grain, S in husk>leaf>grain and Cu in grain>husk>leaf. The concentration of P, Mg and S was higher, and in turn Mn lower, when the pH increased. The order of nutrient extraction in grain was N>K>P>Mg>S>Ca>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu>B. Regarding clones, CCN-51 showed ability to take nutrients and reach higher productions, even in soils with pH ≥ 5.5, suggesting effect of edaphoclimatic conditions, and therefore, the need to evaluate the clones for each growing area.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this work was to evaluate the retention of P, K, Ca and Mg nutrients, as well as pH and electrical conductivity in Oxisols. Soil samples were placed into columns, with addition of humic substances (soil with and without liming). The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and the columns consisted of PVC tubes with 40 cm height x 5 cm diameter. The humic substances used were humic acid and fulvic acid, applied at rates of 0, 60, 120 and 240 L ha-¹, in soil with or without lime. Ten irrigation events were performed, simulating 32 mm rainfall. After that, samples were collected from the columns, at 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths, to identify the residual effect of the addition of humic substances. A completely randomized design was used for this experiment, with 2×2×4 factorial statistical model and 3 replications. The results showed that, under acidic soil conditions, the use of fulvic acid provides more significant P release (up to 40%) in soil when compared to humic acid. When the rate of 240 L ha-¹ is applied, the fulvic acid can release up to 83% of P in the soil.
Neste trabalho avaliou-se a retenção dos nutrientes P, K, Ca e Mg, além do pH e condutividade elétrica em Latossolos, inseridos em colunas e adicionados de substâncias húmicas (na ausência e presença de calagem). O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação e as colunas foram compostas por colunas de PVC de 40 cm de altura e 5 cm de diâmetro. As substâncias húmicas utilizadas foram o ácido húmico e o ácido fúlvico aplicados nas doses 0, 60, 120 e 240 L ha-¹ em solo com ou sem calcário. Dez eventos de irrigação foram realizados simulando chuvas de 32 mm. Em seguida, amostras das colunas foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0-20 e 20-40 cm para identificar o efeito residual da adição de substâncias húmicas. O experimento foi em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com modelo estatístico fatorial 2×2×4 com 3 repetições. Os resultados mostraram que em condições de solo ácido, o uso do ácido fúlvico é mais expressivo na liberação de P (até 40% de liberação) no solo quando comparado ao ácido húmico. E, quando utilizada a taxa de 240 L ha-¹, o ácido fúlvico pode liberar até 83% de P no solo.
Subject(s)
Soil Analysis , Calcium/analysis , Phosphorus/analysis , Magnesium/analysis , Potassium/analysis , Soil Chemistry , Soil MoistureABSTRACT
The objective of this work was to evaluate the retention of P, K, Ca and Mg nutrients, as well as pH and electrical conductivity in Oxisols. Soil samples were placed into columns, with addition of humic substances (soil with and without liming). The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and the columns consisted of PVC tubes with 40 cm height x 5 cm diameter. The humic substances used were humic acid and fulvic acid, applied at rates of 0, 60, 120 and 240 L ha-¹, in soil with or without lime. Ten irrigation events were performed, simulating 32 mm rainfall. After that, samples were collected from the columns, at 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths, to identify the residual effect of the addition of humic substances. A completely randomized design was used for this experiment, with 2×2×4 factorial statistical model and 3 replications. The results showed that, under acidic soil conditions, the use of fulvic acid provides more significant P release (up to 40%) in soil when compared to humic acid. When the rate of 240 L ha-¹ is applied, the fulvic acid can release up to 83% of P in the soil.(AU)
Neste trabalho avaliou-se a retenção dos nutrientes P, K, Ca e Mg, além do pH e condutividade elétrica em Latossolos, inseridos em colunas e adicionados de substâncias húmicas (na ausência e presença de calagem). O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação e as colunas foram compostas por colunas de PVC de 40 cm de altura e 5 cm de diâmetro. As substâncias húmicas utilizadas foram o ácido húmico e o ácido fúlvico aplicados nas doses 0, 60, 120 e 240 L ha-¹ em solo com ou sem calcário. Dez eventos de irrigação foram realizados simulando chuvas de 32 mm. Em seguida, amostras das colunas foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0-20 e 20-40 cm para identificar o efeito residual da adição de substâncias húmicas. O experimento foi em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com modelo estatístico fatorial 2×2×4 com 3 repetições. Os resultados mostraram que em condições de solo ácido, o uso do ácido fúlvico é mais expressivo na liberação de P (até 40% de liberação) no solo quando comparado ao ácido húmico. E, quando utilizada a taxa de 240 L ha-¹, o ácido fúlvico pode liberar até 83% de P no solo.(AU)
Subject(s)
Soil Analysis , Soil Chemistry , Soil Moisture , Phosphorus/analysis , Potassium/analysis , Calcium/analysis , Magnesium/analysisABSTRACT
Berberis microphylla G. Forst. commonly named calafate, is a Patagonian shrub that grows in humid areas of the steppe, coastal thickets, edges and gaps of Nothofagus forests or along streams and rivers, with small purple berries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in leaf nutrient (carbon, nitrogen, carbon:nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) and pigment contents (chlorophyll a and b, chlorophyll a:b ratio and carotenoids) of B. microphylla plants growing under different irradiances (low = 24%, medium = 57%, and high = 100% of the natural irradiance) and fertilization levels (0 = 0.00 g, 1 = 3.36 g, and 2 = 6.72 g per plant) during two growing seasons (2008-2009, 2009-2010). Also, we explored the relationships of these variables with anthocyanin, as well as with total phenol fruit contents. The fertilization has been highlighted, particularly in the content of foliar nutrients, where nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents were highest with fertilization level 2 (2.0%, 0.1%, and 0.6%, respectively), while carbon:nitrogen ratio (37.5) was maximum on fertilization level 0. Irradiance has greatly affected the content of foliar pigments. Thus, chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids were highest under low irradiance (0.4, 0.1 and 0.2 mmol/m2, respectively), while chlorophyll a:b ratio was maximum under medium and high irradiance conditions (3.1). In addition, the quantity of fruit secondary metabolite (anthocyanin and phenol) could be estimated using carbon and potassium leaf contents and chlorophyll a and b contents. On the other hand, the annual climatic variability between 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 mainly affected the variables on nutrient and pigment contents, likely evidencing the influence of two distinct climate periods, El Niño/La Niña phenomena, respectively. The changes observed in the leaf nutrient and pigment contents of B. microphylla could be related to the acclimation capacity of B. microphylla shrubs to changes in environmental conditions via arrangements in leaf composition.
ABSTRACT
Chemical and physical properties of soil can be altered with the successive application of liquid swine manure (LSM), also known as slurry. Therefore, monitoring the impact of LSM is essential to an assessment of the potential agronomic and environmental benefits and risks associated with management practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of LSM on the chemical and physical attributes of soil under pasture (Cynodon spp.), located in southern Brazil. Four areas were sampled: three areas cultivated with Cynodon spp. pasture with successive applications of 200 m3 ha1 y1 of LSM for three, eight and 15 years; and untreated native forest as a reference. The soil attributes evaluated were: organic carbon (OC), active (pH water) and potential acidity (H + Al+ 3), nutrient availability (i.e., P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn), soil bulk density, macro, micro and total porosity. Successive applications of LSM on pasture reduced soil active acidity, and increased the soil organic C and plant-available N, P, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn contents. These effects were more intense with time and in the shallowest layers, i.e. 0-10 cm. Excessive increases in P, Cu and Zn in the soil should be carefully monitored to minimize the contamination risks to soil, ground and surface waters. Soil physical attribute changes were more associated with land use (pasture versus native forest) than LSM use, and LSM applications induced slight improvements in the soil structural quality over time.
Subject(s)
Soil Analysis , Waste Management , Percolating Liquid , Pasture , Soil Chemistry , Cynodon , SwineABSTRACT
Chemical and physical properties of soil can be altered with the successive application of liquid swine manure (LSM), also known as slurry. Therefore, monitoring the impact of LSM is essential to an assessment of the potential agronomic and environmental benefits and risks associated with management practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of LSM on the chemical and physical attributes of soil under pasture (Cynodon spp.), located in southern Brazil. Four areas were sampled: three areas cultivated with Cynodon spp. pasture with successive applications of 200 m3 ha1 y1 of LSM for three, eight and 15 years; and untreated native forest as a reference. The soil attributes evaluated were: organic carbon (OC), active (pH water) and potential acidity (H + Al+ 3), nutrient availability (i.e., P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn), soil bulk density, macro, micro and total porosity. Successive applications of LSM on pasture reduced soil active acidity, and increased the soil organic C and plant-available N, P, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn contents. These effects were more intense with time and in the shallowest layers, i.e. 0-10 cm. Excessive increases in P, Cu and Zn in the soil should be carefully monitored to minimize the contamination risks to soil, ground and surface waters. Soil physical attribute changes were more associated with land use (pasture versus native forest) than LSM use, and LSM applications induced slight improvements in the soil structural quality over time.(AU)
Subject(s)
Soil Analysis , Percolating Liquid , Soil Chemistry , Pasture , Waste Management , Cynodon , SwineABSTRACT
Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an aromatic and medicinal crop that produces metabolites rich in chemical constituents for various purposes. The composition of the essential oil is variable due to external factors during production, such as fertilization and the environment, and the oil concentration may vary even among the genotypes of a species. For sweet basil mores studies are needed to clarify understanding about the biomass and essential oil yield and nutrient management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biomass and essential oil yield of basil varieties with organo-mineral fertilizer under different agricultural systems. The experimental design was a randomized complete block (DBC), with three replications, in a 2X4 factorial scheme, with two varieties (Maria Bonita and Genovese) and four fertilizations (50 and 100% organo-mineral, one mineral source and one organic source). Two areas were carried out simultaneously (greenhouse and field) to evaluate plant height, fresh biomass, essential oil content, yield and chemical composition. Results indicate that Genovese showed superior height and biomass yield when mineral or organic fertilizer was used at the greenhouse. Organo-mineral and organic fertilizers provided significantly better results of biomass yield in both varieties at field cultivation. The oil content was higher in the field, reflecting higher oil yields in field treatments in comparison to greenhouse. We concluded that the environment of cultivation and the way fertilizer sources release the nutrients can be determinan factors in the performance of basil plants; without protected cultivation, the content of essential oil is higher and the organo-mineral fertilizer can provide better nutrient supply to the plants mainly during rainy season.
O manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) é uma cultura aromática e medicinal que produzmetabolitos ricos em constituintes químicos para vários fins. A composição do óleo essencial é variável com fatores externos durante a produção, como fertilização e meio ambiente, podendo variar até mesmo entre os genótipos de uma espécie. Para melhor compreensão sobre o rendimento de biomassa e óleo essencial e manejo de nutrientes no cultivo de manjericão são necessários mais estudos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o rendimento de biomassa e óleo essencial de variedades de manjericão com fertilizante organomineral em diferentes sistemas agrícolas. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados (DBC), com três repetições, em esquema fatorial 2X4, com duas variedades (Maria Bonita e Genovese) e quatro fertilizações (50 e 100% organomineral, uma fonte mineral e uma fonte orgânica). Duas áreas foram realizadas simultaneamente (estufa e campo) para avaliar a altura da planta, biomassa fresca, teor de óleo essencial, rendimento e composição química. Os resultados indicam que Genovese apresentou altura e rendimento de biomassa superior quando o fertilizante mineral ou orgânico foi utilizado na estufa. Os fertilizantes organominerais e orgânicos proporcionaram resultados significativamente melhores do rendimento de biomassa em ambas as variedades no cultivo de campo. O teor de óleo foi maior no campo, refletindo maiores rendimentos de óleo em tratamentos de campo em comparação com estufa. Concluímos que o ambiente de cultivo e a forma como as fontes de fertilizantes liberam os nutrientes podem ser fatores determinantes no desempenho das plantas de manjericão; sem cultivo protegido, o teor de óleo essencial é maior e o fertilizante organomineral pode fornecer um melhor suprimento de nutrientes para as plantas principalmente durante a estação chuvosa.
Subject(s)
Oils, Volatile , Biomass , Ocimum basilicum , Aromatic ExtractsABSTRACT
Microbial interactions play a key role in ecosystem functioning, with nutrient availability as an important determinant. Although phylogenetically distant bacteria and fungi commonly co-occur in nature, information on their cross-kingdom interactions under unstable, extreme environments remains poor. Hence, the aims of this work were to evaluate potential in vitro interactions among fungi and bacteria isolated from a phosphorous oligotrophic aquatic system in the Cuatro Ciénegas Basin, Mexico, and to test the nutrients-based shifts. We assessed growth changes in bacteria (Aeromonas and Vibrio) and fungi (Coprinellus micaceus, Cladosporium sp., and Aspergillus niger) on co-cultures in relation to monocultures under diverse nutrient scenarios on Petri dishes. Interactions were explored using a network analysis, and a metabolome profiling for specific taxa. We identified nutrient-dependent patterns, as beneficial interactions dominated in low-nutrients media and antagonistic interactions dominated in rich media. This suggests that cross-kingdom synergistic interactions might favor microbial colonization and growth under low nutrient conditions, representing an adaptive trait to oligotrophic environments. Moreover, our findings agree with the stress-gradient hypothesis, since microbial interactions shifted from competition to cooperation as environmental stress (expressed as low nutrients) increased. At a functional level consistent differences were detected in the production of secondary metabolites, agreeing with plate bioassays. Our results based on culture experiments, provides evidence to understand the complexity of microbial dynamics and survival in phosphorous-depleted environments.
ABSTRACT
Background and Aims: Studies of phenotypic plasticity in plants have mainly focused on (1) the effect of environmental variation on whole-plant traits related to the number of modules rather than on (2) the phenotypic consequences of environmental variation in traits of individual modules. Since environmental and developmental factors can produce changes in traits related to the mating system, this study used the second approach to investigate whether within-individual variation in herkogamy-related traits is affected by the environment during plant development in two populations of Datura stramonium , an annual herb with a hypothesized persistent mixed mating system, and to determine which morphological traits may promote self-fertilization. Methods: Full-sib families of two Mexican populations of D. stramonium , with contrasting ecological histories, were grown under low, mid and high nutrient availability to investigate the effects of genetic, environmental and within-plant flower position on flower size, corolla, stamen and pistil lengths, and herkogamy. Key Results: Populations showed differences in familial variation, plasticity and familial differences in plasticity in most floral traits analysed. In one population (Ticumán), the effect of flower position on trait variation varied among families, whereas in the other (Pedregal) the effect of flower position interacted with the nutrient environment. Flower size varied with the position of flowers, but in the opposite direction between populations in low nutrients; a systematic within-plant trend of reduction in flower size, pistil length and herkogamy with flower position increased the probability of self-fertilization in the Pedregal population. Conclusions: Besides genetic variation in floral traits between and within populations, environmental variation affects phenotypic floral trait values at the whole-plant level, as well as among flower positions. The interaction between flower position and nutrient environment can affect the plant's mating system, and this differs between populations. Thus, reductions in herkogamy with flower positions may be expected in environments with either low pollinator abundance or low nutrients.
Subject(s)
Datura stramonium/growth & development , Flowers/growth & development , Datura stramonium/anatomy & histology , Datura stramonium/physiology , Environment , Flowers/anatomy & histology , Flowers/physiology , Phenotype , Pollination/physiology , Reproduction/physiology , Self-Fertilization/physiologyABSTRACT
This study was conducted in order to evaluate the association of phytase with an enzymatic complex comprised of carbohydrases (-galactosidase, galactomannan, xylanase and -glucanase) in nutrition reduction diets for semi-heavy laying hens and its effect on egg performance and egg quality. Four hundred Isa Brown laying hens with 42 to 57 weeks of age were distributed in an entirely random experiment with five treatments and 8 repetitions, during five production periods of 21 days. Variables studied: egg production, feed intake, mean egg weight, feed conversion, Haugh unit, percentage of yolk, egg white and albumen, yolk color, eggshell thickness and specific gravity. There was a significant interaction (p 0.05) between treatments and experimental periods for feed intake. There were no significant effects (p > 0.05) of treatment on production, egg weight or internal and external egg quality. Treatment effects on feed conversion showed better values for hens fed with the control diet. The levels of nutrient reduction used in the diets with or without enzyme supplementation did not provide good results with regard to feed conversion and feed intake. However, they did not affect the other parameters for egg production and internal and external egg quality.
O estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a associação de fitase com um complexo enzimático composto por carboidrases (α-galactosidase, galactomananase, xilanase e β-glucanase) em dieta com redução nutricional para poedeiras semipesadas e seus efeitos sobre o desempenho e qualidade de ovos. Foram distribuídas 400 poedeiras Isa Brown de 42 a 57 semanas de idade em delineamento inteiramente casualisado com cinco tratamentos e oito repetições, sendo cinco períodos de produção, com 21 dias cada. As variáveis estudadas foram: produção de ovos, consumo de ração, peso médio dos ovos e conversão alimentar, unidade Haugh, porcentagens de gema, casca e albúmen, cor da gema, espessura da casca e gravidade específica. Houve interação significativa (p 0,05) dos tratamentos sobre produção e sobre as variáveis de peso médio e de qualidade interna e externa dos ovos. Houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre a conversão alimentar, com melhor valor para aves que receberam o tratamento controle. Os níveis adotados de redução nutricional das dietas com ou sem suplementação enzimática não proporcionaram bons resultados no que diz respeito à conversão alimentar e consumo de ração, não afetando, porém, os demais parâmetros produtivos e de qualidade interna e externa dos ovos.
Subject(s)
Animals , Poultry/abnormalities , Poultry/metabolism , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Animal Feed , Animal Feed/analysisABSTRACT
This study was conducted in order to evaluate the association of phytase with an enzymatic complex comprised of carbohydrases (-galactosidase, galactomannan, xylanase and -glucanase) in nutrition reduction diets for semi-heavy laying hens and its effect on egg performance and egg quality. Four hundred Isa Brown laying hens with 42 to 57 weeks of age were distributed in an entirely random experiment with five treatments and 8 repetitions, during five production periods of 21 days. Variables studied: egg production, feed intake, mean egg weight, feed conversion, Haugh unit, percentage of yolk, egg white and albumen, yolk color, eggshell thickness and specific gravity. There was a significant interaction (p 0.05) between treatments and experimental periods for feed intake. There were no significant effects (p > 0.05) of treatment on production, egg weight or internal and external egg quality. Treatment effects on feed conversion showed better values for hens fed with the control diet. The levels of nutrient reduction used in the diets with or without enzyme supplementation did not provide good results with regard to feed conversion and feed intake. However, they did not affect the other parameters for egg production and internal and external egg quality.(AU)
O estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a associação de fitase com um complexo enzimático composto por carboidrases (α-galactosidase, galactomananase, xilanase e β-glucanase) em dieta com redução nutricional para poedeiras semipesadas e seus efeitos sobre o desempenho e qualidade de ovos. Foram distribuídas 400 poedeiras Isa Brown de 42 a 57 semanas de idade em delineamento inteiramente casualisado com cinco tratamentos e oito repetições, sendo cinco períodos de produção, com 21 dias cada. As variáveis estudadas foram: produção de ovos, consumo de ração, peso médio dos ovos e conversão alimentar, unidade Haugh, porcentagens de gema, casca e albúmen, cor da gema, espessura da casca e gravidade específica. Houve interação significativa (p < 0,05) entre tratamentos e períodos experimentais para o consumo de ração. Não houve efeitos significativos (p > 0,05) dos tratamentos sobre produção e sobre as variáveis de peso médio e de qualidade interna e externa dos ovos. Houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre a conversão alimentar, com melhor valor para aves que receberam o tratamento controle. Os níveis adotados de redução nutricional das dietas com ou sem suplementação enzimática não proporcionaram bons resultados no que diz respeito à conversão alimentar e consumo de ração, não afetando, porém, os demais parâmetros produtivos e de qualidade interna e externa dos ovos.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Poultry/abnormalities , Poultry/metabolism , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Animal Feed/analysis , Animal FeedABSTRACT
Background: phytase supplementation to sow diets may improve digestibility of P and Ca and bone integrity of suckling piglets. Objective: two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of phytase supplementation to gestation and lactation diets on reproductive performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P, Ca, and N in sows and bone characteristics in sows and piglets. Methods: in Experiment 1, a multistate study involving 204 sows was conducted at 3 cooperating research stations. Sows were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments at breeding: 1) negative control [low Ca and available P (aP) diet], 2) Treatment 1 plus 300 FTU of supplemental phytase/kg of diet, 3) Treatment 1 plus 600 FTU of supplemental phytase/kg of diet, and 4) positive control (normal Ca and aP diet). In Experiment 2, a total of 16 sows (Yorkshire × Landrace; average parity, 2.3) were randomly allotted to 1 of 3 treatments based on body weight (BW) and parity at d 34 to 52 of gestation. Treatments were: 1) low Ca and aP diet, 2) low Ca and aP diet with 500 FTU of supplemental phytase/kg of diet, and 3) normal Ca and aP diet. Results: in Experiment 1, the number of total born (p<0.05), live born (p=0.05), litter weight of live born (p<0.01) and weaning pigs (p<0.05) were increased in a quadratic manner by increasing phytase supplementation level up to 300 FTU/kg. There was a linear increase in piglet weaning weight (p<0.05) by increasing supplemental phytase levels. There were no differences in reproductive performance in Experiment 2 (p>0.10). In gestation the ATTD of P was lower for the low Ca and aP without phytase group than the normal Ca and aP (p<0.01) and phytase-supplemented (p<0.05) groups. The ATTD of Ca in the normal Ca and aP group was higher than that in low Ca and aP without phytase group (p<0.05). In lactation, the phytase-supplemented group had higher ATTD of P compared with the other groups (p<0.05) whereas the ATTD of Ca in phytase-supplemented group was higher than that in low Ca and aP without phytase group (p<0.10). When the digestibility data was pooled for both gestation and lactation periods, the ATTD of P in the phytase-supplemented group was the highest among dietary treatments (p<0.05). There were no phytase effects on sow bone ash content at weaning, and piglet bone strength and ash content at birth. However, piglets from the phytase-supplemented sows had higher bone strength (p<0.10) and ash content (p<0.05) at weaning compared with those from non-phytase sows. There were positive correlations at birth between piglet BW and bone strength (p<0.01) and between bone strength and ash content (p<0.001). Additionally, at weaning positive correlations between piglet BW and bone ash content (p<0.05), between piglet BW and bone strength (p<0.001), and between bone strength and ash content (p<0.05) were observed. Conclusion: phytase supplementation from mid-gestation through lactation increased the ATTD of P and Ca both for gestating and lactating sows, improved bone integrity of their progeny, and had potential to increase litter size and performance but did not affect bone characteristics of sows and newborn pigs.
Antecedentes: la adición de fitasa a la dieta de cerdas puede mejorar la digestibilidad del P y Ca, así como la integridad ósea de los cerdos lactantes. Objetivo: se realizaron dos experimentos para investigar el efecto de la suplementación con fitasa en dietas de gestación y lactancia sobre el rendimiento reproductivo, la digestibilidad aparente de tracto total (ATTD) del P, Ca y N en cerdas, y las características óseas de cerdas y lechones. Métodos: el Experimento 1 involucró 204 cerdas evaluadas en 3 centros de investigación norteamericanos. Las cerdas fueron asignadas a 1 de 4 tratamientos al momento del servicio: 1) Control negativo [dieta baja en Ca y P disponible (aP)], 2) Tratamiento 1 más 300 unidades de fitasa (FTU)/kg de dieta, 3) Tratamiento 1 más 600 FTU/kg de dieta, y 4) Control positivo (dieta con contenido normal de Ca y aP). En el Experimento 2, un total de 16 cerdas (Landrace × Yorkshire, de 2,3 partos en promedio) se asignaron al azar a 1 de 3 tratamientos en el d 34 a 52 de gestación, con base en su peso corporal (BW) y número de partos. Los tratamientos fueron: 1) dieta baja en Ca y aP, 2) dieta baja Ca y aP con 500 FTU de fitasa/kg de dieta, y 3) dieta con normal contenido de Ca y aP. Resultados: en el Experimento 1, el número de nacidos totales (p<0,05), nacidos vivos (p=0,05), peso de la camada de los nacidos vivos (p<0,01), y cerdos destetados (p<0.05) se incrementó cuadráticamente con la adición creciente de fitasa hasta el nivel de 300 FTU/kg. Hubo un aumento lineal en el peso al destete de los lechones (p<0,05) al incrementar el nivel de fitasa. En el Experimento 2 no hubo diferencias en rendimiento reproductivo (p>0,10). En gestación, la ATTD del P fue menor en el grupo de bajo Ca y aP sin fitasa que en el de normal Ca y aP (p<0,01) y que en los grupos suplementados con fitasa (p<0,05). La ATTD del Ca en el grupo de normal Ca y aP fue mayor que en el grupo de bajo Ca y aP sin fitasa (p<0,05). En lactancia, el grupo suplementado con fitasa tuvo una mayor ATTD del P en comparación con los otros grupos (p<0,05), mientras que la ATTD del Ca en el grupo suplementado con fitasa fue mayor que en el de bajo Ca y aP sin fitasa (p<0,10). Cuando los datos de digestibilidad se agruparon para los períodos de gestación y lactancia, la ATTD del P en el grupo con fitasa fue la más alta entre los tratamientos dietarios (p<0,05). No hubo efecto de la fitasa en el contenido de cenizas en hueso de las cerdas al destete ni en la resistencia ósea de los lechones o en las cenizas óseas al nacimiento. Sin embargo, los lechones de las cerdas suplementadas con fitasa tuvieron al destete mayor resistencia ósea (p<0,10) y contenido de cenizas (p<0,05) en comparación con los de las cerdas no suplementadas. Hubo correlaciones positivas al nacimiento entre el peso (BW) del lechón y su resistencia ósea (p<0,01), y entre la resistencia ósea y su contenido de cenizas (p<0,001). Además, se observaron correlaciones positivas al destete entre el BW del lechón y su contenido de ceniza en hueso (p<0,05), entre el BW del lechón y su resistencia ósea (p<0,001), y entre la resistencia y el contenido de cenizas óseas (p<0,05). Conclusión: la suplementación con fitasa desde la mitad de la gestación y durante la lactancia aumentó la ATTD del P y Ca, en cerdas tanto gestantes como lactantes, mejoró la integridad ósea de la progenie, y mostró potencial para aumentar el tamaño y rendimiento de la camada, pero no afectó las características óseas de las cerdas ni de los recién nacidos.
Antecedentes: a adição de fitasse na dieta de porcas pode melhorar a digestibilidade do P e Ca, assim como a integridade óssea dos leitões. Objetivo: realizaram-se dois pesquisas para conferir o efeito da suplementação da fitasse em dietas para os períodos de gestação e lactação sobre o desempenho reprodutivo, a digestibilidade aparente no trato digestivo total (ATTD) de P, Ca e N em porcas, e as características ósseas de porcas e leitões. Métodos: o experimento 1 envolveu 204 porcas avaliadas em 3 centros de pesquisa dos Estados Unidos. As porcas foram designadas para um de quatro tratamentos no momento do serviço: 1) controle negativo [dieta baixa em Ca e P disponível (aP)], 2) Tratamento 1 mais de 300 unidades de fitasse (FTU) / kg de ração, 3) Tratamento 2, mais de 600 FTU / kg de ração, e 4) controle positivo (dieta com teor normal de Ca e aP). No Experimento 2, um total de 16 matrizes suínas (Landrace × Yorkshire, de 2,3 nascimentos em média) foram randomizados para 1 de 3 tratamentos nos dias 34-52 de gestação, com base no peso corporal (PC) e número de partos. Os tratamentos foram: 1) dieta pobre em Ca e Pd, 2) dieta pobre em Ca e aP com 500 FTU de fitasse / kg de ração, e 3) dieta com teor normal de Ca e aP. Resultados: no Experimento 1, o número de nascimentos totais (p<0,05), nascidos vivos (p=0,05), peso da leitegada de nascidos vivos (p<0,01) e leitões desmamados (p<0,05) aumentou quadraticamente com a adição crescente de fitasse no nível de 300 FTU / kg. Houve um aumento linear do peso ao desmame de leitões (p<0,05) com os níveis crescentes de fitasse. No experimento 2, não houve diferença no desempenho reprodutivo (p>0,10). Na gravidez, o ATTD de P foi menor no grupo de baixo Ca e aP sem fitasse do que no grupo Ca normal e aP (p<0,01) e nos grupos de fitasse suplementado (p<0,05). O ATTD de Ca no grupo normal de Ca e aP foi maior do que no grupo de baixo Ca e aP sem fitasse (p<0,05). Na lactação, no grupo suplementado com fitasse apresentou um ATTD de P maior em relação aos outros grupos (p<0,05), enquanto o ATTD de Ca do grupo suplementado com fitasse foi maior do que no grupo baixo de Ca e Pd e sem fitasse (p<0,10). Quando os dados de digestibilidade foram agrupados para os períodos de gestação e lactação, a ATTD de P no grupo com fitasse foi maior entre os tratamentos dietéticos (p<0,05). Não houve efeito da fitasse no teor de cinzas de osso de porcas ao desmame ou a força dos ossos ou cinzas ósseas dos leitões ao nascimento. No entanto, os leitões de porcas suplementadas com fitasse tiveram uma maior resistência óssea ao desmame (p<0,10), e cinzas (p<0,05) em comparação com as porcas não suplementadas. Houve correlação positiva entre peso (BW) ao nascimento do leitão e a resistência óssea (p<0,01) e entre a força dos ossos e cinzas (p<0,001). Além disso, foi observada uma correlação positiva entre o desmame dos leitões BW e teor de cinzas ósseas (p<0,05), entre BW dos leitões e a resistência óssea (p<0,001), e entre a resistência óssea e os conteúdos e cinza nos ossos (p<0,05). Conclusão: a suplementação com fitasse na etapa media da gestação e durante a lactação aumentou a ATTD de P e Ca, tanto em porcas gestantes quanto lactantes, melhorou muito a integridade óssea da progênie, e mostrou potencial para aumentar o tamanho e desempenho da leitegada, mas não afetou as características ósseas das porcas nem dos leitões recém nascidos.
ABSTRACT
O cultivo e a deposição de resíduos de plantas de cobertura em sistema plantio direto podem afetar os atributos químicos do solo e a produção de cebola. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a interferência do cultivo de plantas de cobertura sobre a produção de cebola e sobre os atributos químicos do solo em sistema plantio direto (SPD) agroecológico. O experimento foi conduzido na EPAGRI, em Ituporanga (SC), em um Cambissolo Húmico, nas safras de 2010 e 2011. Em abril, foram implantados os tratamentos: testemunha com vegetação espontânea (T1); cevada (2010)/aveia-preta (2011) (T2); centeio (T3); nabo-forrageiro (T4); centeio + nabo-forrageiro (T5); e cevada (2010)/aveia-preta (2011) + nabo-forrageiro (T6). Aos 60, 80 e 95 dias após a semeadura (DAS) das espécies de inverno, coletou-se a parte aérea das plantas e determinou-se a produção de matéria seca por hectare. Em julho, foram transplantadas mudas de cebola e, em novembro, avaliou-se a produção. Após o acamamento das plantas de cobertura de inverno e a colheita da cebola, foi coletado solo na camada de 0-10 cm e submetido à análise de atributos químicos. O cultivo e a deposição dos resíduos de matéria seca das espécies de plantas de cobertura em SPD contribuíram para o aumento e a manutenção da produção total de cebola ao longo dos anos. Os atributos químicos do solo, com exceção do K trocável, P disponível e valores de saturação da CTCpH7,0 por bases não foram afetados pelo cultivo de plantas de cobertura.
The cultivation and deposition of waste from cover crops in no-tillage can affect soil chemical attributes and onion yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dry matter yield of plant species from winter cover crops, onion yield and chemical attributes of soil in agroecological no-tillage system. The experiment was carried out at EPAGRI Experimental Station in Ituporanga (SC) under Humic Haplumbrept in the agricultural years of 2010 and 2011. The following treatments was implanted in April: weed vegetation (T1), Hordeum vulgare L. (2010)/Avena strigosa L. (2011) (T2), Secale cereale L. (T3), Raphanus sativus L. (T4), Secale cereale L + Raphanus sativus L. (T5) e Hordeum vulgare L. (2010)/Avena strigosa L. (2011) + Raphanus sativus L. (T6). At 60, 80 and 95 days after sowing (DAS) of winter species, the cover crops were collected to determine the dry matter yield. In July the onion seedlings were transplanted and in November the yield was evaluated. After the rolling of winter cover crops and after onion harvest, soil was collected at 0-10cm for the evaluation of chemical attributes. The cultivation and deposition of waste from cover crops in no-tillage contributed to the growth and maintenance of the total production of onion over the years. The soil chemical attributes in 0-10cm layer, with the exception of exchangeable K, available P and CTCpH7,0 saturation values for bases, were not affected by cover crops cultivation and deposition of waste.
ABSTRACT
The cultivation and deposition of waste from cover crops in no-tillage can affect soil chemical attributes and onion yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dry matter yield of plant species from winter cover crops, onion yield and chemical attributes of soil in agroecological no-tillage system. The experiment was carried out at EPAGRI Experimental Station in Ituporanga (SC) under Humic Haplumbrept in the agricultural years of 2010 and 2011. The following treatments was implanted in April: weed vegetation (T1), Hordeum vulgare L. (2010)/Avena strigosa L. (2011) (T2), Secale cereale L. (T3), Raphanus sativus L. (T4), Secale cereale L + Raphanus sativus L. (T5) e Hordeum vulgare L. (2010)/Avena strigosa L. (2011) + Raphanus sativus L. (T6). At 60, 80 and 95 days after sowing (DAS) of winter species, the cover crops were collected to determine the dry matter yield. In July the onion seedlings were transplanted and in November the yield was evaluated. After the rolling of winter cover crops and after onion harvest, soil was collected at 0-10cm for the evaluation of chemical attributes. The cultivation and deposition of waste from cover crops in no-tillage contributed to the growth and maintenance of the total production of onion over the years. The soil chemical attributes in 0-10cm layer, with the exception of exchangeable K, available P and CTCpH7,0 saturation values for bases, were not affected by cover crops cultivation and deposition of waste.
O cultivo e a deposição de resíduos de plantas de cobertura em sistema plantio direto podem afetar os atributos químicos do solo e a produção de cebola. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a interferência do cultivo de plantas de cobertura sobre a produção de cebola e sobre os atributos químicos do solo em sistema plantio direto (SPD) agroecológico. O experimento foi conduzido na EPAGRI, em Ituporanga (SC), em um Cambissolo Húmico, nas safras de 2010 e 2011. Em abril, foram implantados os tratamentos: testemunha com vegetação espontânea (T1); cevada (2010)/aveia-preta (2011) (T2); centeio (T3); nabo-forrageiro (T4); centeio + nabo-forrageiro (T5); e cevada (2010)/aveia-preta (2011) + nabo-forrageiro (T6). Aos 60, 80 e 95 dias após a semeadura (DAS) das espécies de inverno, coletou-se a parte aérea das plantas e determinou-se a produção de matéria seca por hectare. Em julho, foram transplantadas mudas de cebola e, em novembro, avaliou-se a produção. Após o acamamento das plantas de cobertura de inverno e a colheita da cebola, foi coletado solo na camada de 0-10 cm e submetido à análise de atributos químicos. O cultivo e a deposição dos resíduos de matéria seca das espécies de plantas de cobertura em SPD contribuíram para o aumento e a manutenção da produção total de cebola ao longo dos anos. Os atributos químicos do solo, com exceção do K trocável, P disponível e valores de saturação da CTCpH7,0 por bases não foram afetados pelo cultivo de plantas de cobertura.
ABSTRACT
The cultivation and deposition of waste from cover crops in no-tillage can affect soil chemical attributes and onion yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dry matter yield of plant species from winter cover crops, onion yield and chemical attributes of soil in agroecological no-tillage system. The experiment was carried out at EPAGRI Experimental Station in Ituporanga (SC) under Humic Haplumbrept in the agricultural years of 2010 and 2011. The following treatments was implanted in April: weed vegetation (T1), Hordeum vulgare L. (2010)/Avena strigosa L. (2011) (T2), Secale cereale L. (T3), Raphanus sativus L. (T4), Secale cereale L + Raphanus sativus L. (T5) e Hordeum vulgare L. (2010)/Avena strigosa L. (2011) + Raphanus sativus L. (T6). At 60, 80 and 95 days after sowing (DAS) of winter species, the cover crops were collected to determine the dry matter yield. In July the onion seedlings were transplanted and in November the yield was evaluated. After the rolling of winter cover crops and after onion harvest, soil was collected at 0-10cm for the evaluation of chemical attributes. The cultivation and deposition of waste from cover crops in no-tillage contributed to the growth and maintenance of the total production of onion over the years. The soil chemical attributes in 0-10cm layer, with the exception of exchangeable K, available P and CTCpH7,0 saturation values for bases, were not affected by cover crops cultivation and deposition of waste.
O cultivo e a deposição de resíduos de plantas de cobertura em sistema plantio direto podem afetar os atributos químicos do solo e a produção de cebola. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a interferência do cultivo de plantas de cobertura sobre a produção de cebola e sobre os atributos químicos do solo em sistema plantio direto (SPD) agroecológico. O experimento foi conduzido na EPAGRI, em Ituporanga (SC), em um Cambissolo Húmico, nas safras de 2010 e 2011. Em abril, foram implantados os tratamentos: testemunha com vegetação espontânea (T1); cevada (2010)/aveia-preta (2011) (T2); centeio (T3); nabo-forrageiro (T4); centeio + nabo-forrageiro (T5); e cevada (2010)/aveia-preta (2011) + nabo-forrageiro (T6). Aos 60, 80 e 95 dias após a semeadura (DAS) das espécies de inverno, coletou-se a parte aérea das plantas e determinou-se a produção de matéria seca por hectare. Em julho, foram transplantadas mudas de cebola e, em novembro, avaliou-se a produção. Após o acamamento das plantas de cobertura de inverno e a colheita da cebola, foi coletado solo na camada de 0-10 cm e submetido à análise de atributos químicos. O cultivo e a deposição dos resíduos de matéria seca das espécies de plantas de cobertura em SPD contribuíram para o aumento e a manutenção da produção total de cebola ao longo dos anos. Os atributos químicos do solo, com exceção do K trocável, P disponível e valores de saturação da CTCpH7,0 por bases não foram afetados pelo cultivo de plantas de cobertura.
ABSTRACT
The cultivation and deposition of waste from cover crops in no-tillage can affect soil chemical attributes and onion yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dry matter yield of plant species from winter cover crops, onion yield and chemical attributes of soil in agroecological no-tillage system. The experiment was carried out at EPAGRI Experimental Station in Ituporanga (SC) under Humic Haplumbrept in the agricultural years of 2010 and 2011. The following treatments was implanted in April: weed vegetation (T1), Hordeum vulgare L. (2010)/Avena strigosa L. (2011) (T2), Secale cereale L. (T3), Raphanus sativus L. (T4), Secale cereale L + Raphanus sativus L. (T5) e Hordeum vulgare L. (2010)/Avena strigosa L. (2011) + Raphanus sativus L. (T6). At 60, 80 and 95 days after sowing (DAS) of winter species, the cover crops were collected to determine the dry matter yield. In July the onion seedlings were transplanted and in November the yield was evaluated. After the rolling of winter cover crops and after onion harvest, soil was collected at 0-10cm for the evaluation of chemical attributes. The cultivation and deposition of waste from cover crops in no-tillage contributed to the growth and maintenance of the total production of onion over the years. The soil chemical attributes in 0-10cm layer, with the exception of exchangeable K, available P and CTCpH7,0 saturation values for bases, were not affected by cover crops cultivation and deposition of waste.
O cultivo e a deposição de resíduos de plantas de cobertura em sistema plantio direto podem afetar os atributos químicos do solo e a produção de cebola. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a interferência do cultivo de plantas de cobertura sobre a produção de cebola e sobre os atributos químicos do solo em sistema plantio direto (SPD) agroecológico. O experimento foi conduzido na EPAGRI, em Ituporanga (SC), em um Cambissolo Húmico, nas safras de 2010 e 2011. Em abril, foram implantados os tratamentos: testemunha com vegetação espontânea (T1); cevada (2010)/aveia-preta (2011) (T2); centeio (T3); nabo-forrageiro (T4); centeio + nabo-forrageiro (T5); e cevada (2010)/aveia-preta (2011) + nabo-forrageiro (T6). Aos 60, 80 e 95 dias após a semeadura (DAS) das espécies de inverno, coletou-se a parte aérea das plantas e determinou-se a produção de matéria seca por hectare. Em julho, foram transplantadas mudas de cebola e, em novembro, avaliou-se a produção. Após o acamamento das plantas de cobertura de inverno e a colheita da cebola, foi coletado solo na camada de 0-10 cm e submetido à análise de atributos químicos. O cultivo e a deposição dos resíduos de matéria seca das espécies de plantas de cobertura em SPD contribuíram para o aumento e a manutenção da produção total de cebola ao longo dos anos. Os atributos químicos do solo, com exceção do K trocável, P disponível e valores de saturação da CTCpH7,0 por bases não foram afetados pelo cultivo de plantas de cobertura.
ABSTRACT
Com o objetivo de avaliar as alterações em algumas propriedades químicas do solo sob adição sucessiva de composto de lixo urbano, conduziu-se um experimento a campo, em um solo Argissolo Vermelho de textura média na Estação Experimental Agronômica da UFRGS. Os tratamentos constaram de cinco doses de composto (0, 20, 40, 80 e 160t ha-1), de um tratamento com adubo mineral e uma testemunha (Calagem e NPK), com aplicações sucessivas por um período de quatro anos. A adição de composto no solo aumentou o pH, CTC, C orgânico, N total, P e Na extraíveis, bem como da relação de adsorção de sódio (RAS), Ca e Mg trocáveis e o teor de K extraível após a terceira aplicação. O Al trocável teve os seus teores diminuídos após aplicações sucessivas de composto. Os resultados permitiram concluir que aplicação de até 80t ha-1 por ano de composto de lixo urbano pode ser considerada como adequada para melhorar e, ou, manter as propriedades químicas do solo.
In order to assess the changes in some chemical properties of soil under the successive addition of urban waste compost, it was conducted a field experiment in an Ultisol soil at Agronomic Experimental Station of UFRGS. The treatments consisted of five successive applications of different doses of municipal solid waste compost (0, 20, 40, 80 and 160t ha-1) for a period of four years and a comparative treatment with mineral fertilizer and a control (without compost and fertilization). The addition of the compost increased soil pH, CEC, organic C, total N, extractable P and Na and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), calcium, and magnesium and extractable K after the third application. The exchangeable Al had their levels reduced by successive applications of compost. The results showed that application of up to 80t ha-1 yr-1 of urban waste compost can be the dose recommended to improve and maintain the chemical properties of soil.
ABSTRACT
The use of swine manure as fertilizer is the main method for final disposal of this waste. However, the dose applied must not exceed the reception capacity of the soil, to avoid the excess of elements that have potential pollutants, particularly P, Cu and Zn. In order to evaluate changes in chemical attributes of a South Brazilian Oxisol, caused by six annual applications of swine manure at the rates 0 (control), 25, 50, 100 and 200 m3 ha-1, soluble fertilizer, and manure supplemented with soluble fertilizer, a field experiment was conducted in Campos Novos, SC, in the period from 2001 to 2007. Each year, successive crops of corn (Zea mays) and oat (Avena strigosa) were grown under no-tillage. In August 2007, the soil was sampled at depths of 0-2, 4-6, 9-11, 19-21, 29-31 and 39-41 cm. Compared to the control treatment, the manure did not affect the pH and concentration of exchangeable Al and Mg, but it increased the exchangeable Ca, although only at the rate of 200 m3 ha-1, at 0-2 and 4-6 cm depths. At the first depth, soluble fertilizer decreased the pH in relation to other treatments, and at 4-6 cm depth the soluble fertilizer decreased this attribute only in relation to manure applied at the highest dose. The manure in doses of 100 and 200 m3 ha-1 increased significantly the content of extractable P at depths 0-2 and 4-6 cm, including in relation to soluble fertilizer. At th
O uso do dejeto suíno como fertilizante é a alternativa mais utilizada para o descarte desse resíduo. Entretanto, a dose aplicada não deve ultrapassar a capacidade de adsorção do solo a fim de evitar que o excesso de elementos, especialmente P, Cu e Zn, possa atuar como poluente. O presente estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar as variações nos atributos químicos de um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico provocadas por seis aplicações anuais de dejeto suíno (DJ), nas doses 0 (testemunha), 25, 50, 100 e 200 m3 ha-1, de adubo solúvel (AS), e de dejeto complementado com adubo solúvel (DJ+AS). O experimento foi conduzido a campo, no município de Campos Novos, SC, no período de 2001 a 2007. Anualmente, foram cultivados milho (Zea mays) e aveia (Avena strigosa) em cultivos sucessivos, no sistema plantio direto. Em agosto de 2007, o solo foi amostrado nas profundidades de 0-2, 4-6, 9-11, 19-21, 29-31 e 39-41 cm. O DJ não afetou o pH e os teores de Al e Mg trocáveis do solo, mas aumentou o teor de Ca trocável, embora somente na dose 200 m3 ha-1 e na profundidade 0-2 cm. Nesta, o AS diminuiu o pH em relação aos demais tratamentos, tendo também diminuído este atributo na profundidade 4-6 cm, porém, somente em relação ao DJ na maior dose aplicada. O DJ, em doses de 100 e 200 m3 ha-1, aumentou o teor de P extraível nas camadas de 0-2 e 4-6 cm, inclusive em relação ao AS. Na maior dos
ABSTRACT
In order to assess the changes in some chemical properties of soil under the successive addition of urban waste compost, it was conducted a field experiment in an Ultisol soil at Agronomic Experimental Station of UFRGS. The treatments consisted of five successive applications of different doses of municipal solid waste compost (0, 20, 40, 80 and 160t ha-1) for a period of four years and a comparative treatment with mineral fertilizer and a control (without compost and fertilization). The addition of the compost increased soil pH, CEC, organic C, total N, extractable P and Na and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), calcium, and magnesium and extractable K after the third application. The exchangeable Al had their levels reduced by successive applications of compost. The results showed that application of up to 80t ha-1 yr-1 of urban waste compost can be the dose recommended to improve and maintain the chemical properties of soil.
Com o objetivo de avaliar as alterações em algumas propriedades químicas do solo sob adição sucessiva de composto de lixo urbano, conduziu-se um experimento a campo, em um solo Argissolo Vermelho de textura média na Estação Experimental Agronômica da UFRGS. Os tratamentos constaram de cinco doses de composto (0, 20, 40, 80 e 160t ha-1), de um tratamento com adubo mineral e uma testemunha (Calagem e NPK), com aplicações sucessivas por um período de quatro anos. A adição de composto no solo aumentou o pH, CTC, C orgânico, N total, P e Na extraíveis, bem como da relação de adsorção de sódio (RAS), Ca e Mg trocáveis e o teor de K extraível após a terceira aplicação. O Al trocável teve os seus teores diminuídos após aplicações sucessivas de composto. Os resultados permitiram concluir que aplicação de até 80t ha-1 por ano de composto de lixo urbano pode ser considerada como adequada para melhorar e, ou, manter as propriedades químicas do solo.