Intelligent Clinic Nurse Scheduling Considering Nurses Paired with Doctors and Preference of Nurses.

The nurse scheduling problem (NSP) has been a crucial and challenging research issue for hospitals, especially considering the serious deterioration in nursing shortages in recent years owing to long working hours, considerable work pressure, and irregular lifestyle, which are important in the service industry. This study investigates the NSP that aims to maximize nurse satisfaction with the generated schedule subject to government laws, internal regulations of hospitals, doctor-nurse pairing rules, shift and day off preferences of nurses, etc. The computational experiment results show that our proposed hybrid metaheuristic outperforms other metaheuristics and manual scheduling in terms of both computation time and solution quality. The presented solution procedure is implemented in a real-world clinic, which is used as a case study. The developed scheduling technique reduced the time spent on scheduling by 93% and increased the satisfaction of the schedule by 21%, which further enhanced the operating efficiency and service quality.

A bioinspired supramolecular nanoprodrug for precision therapy of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Fludarabine (FA) is still considered as a first-line chemotherapy drug for hematological tumors related to B lymphocytes. However, it is worth noting that the non-specific distribution and non-different cytotoxicity of FA may lead to irreversible consequences such as central nervous system damage such as blindness, coma, and even death. Therefore, it is very important to develop a system to targeting delivery FA. In preliminary studies, it was found that B lymphoma cells would specific highly expressing the sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 2 (known as CD22). Inspired by the specific recognition of sialic acid residues and CD22, we have developed a supramolecular prodrug based on polysialic acid, an endogenous biomacromolecule, achieving targeted-therapy of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL). Specifically, the prepared hydrophobic reactive oxygen species-responsive FA dimeric prodrug (F2A) interacts with the TPSA, which polysialic acid were modified by the thymidine derivatives, through non-covalent intermolecular interactions similar to "Watson-Crick" base pairing, resulting in the formation of nanoscale supramolecular prodrug (F@TPSA). Cell experiments have confirmed that F@TPSA can be endocytosed by CD22+ B lymphoma cells including Raji and Ramos cells, and there is a significant difference of endocytosis in other leukocytes. Furthermore, in B-NHL mouse model, compared with FA, F@TPSA is determined to have a stronger tumor targeting and inhibitory effect. More importantly, the distribution of F@TPSA in vivo tends to be enriched in lymphoma tissue rather than nonspecific, thus reducing the leukopenia of FA. The targeted delivery system based on PSA provides a new prodrug modification strategy for targeted treatment of B-NHL.

Photothermal Assisted Biomass Oxidation for Pairing Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction with Low Cell Potential.

Integrating anodic biomass valorization with carbon dioxide electroreduction (CO2RR) can produce value-added chemicals on both the cathode and anode; however, anodic oxidation still suffers from high overpotential. Herein, a photothermal-assisted method was developed to reduce the potential of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) electrooxidation. Capitalizing on the copious oxygen vacancies, defective Co3O4 (D-Co3O4) exhibited a stronger photothermal effect, delivering a local temperature of 175.47 oC under near infrared light illumination. The photothermal assistance decreased the oxidation potential of HMF from 1.7 V over pristine Co3O4 to 1.37 V over D-Co3O4 to achieve a target current density of 30 mA cm-2, with 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid as the primary product. Mechanistic analysis disclosed that the photothermal effect did not change the HMF oxidation route but greatly enhanced the adsorption capacity of HMF. Meanwhile, faster electron transfer for direct HMF oxidation and the surface conversion to cobalt (oxy)hydroxide, which contributed to indirect HMF oxidation, was observed. Thus, rapid HMF conversion was realized, as evidenced by in situ surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy. Upon coupling cathodic CO2RR with an atomically dispersed Ni-N/C catalyst, the Faradaic efficiencies of CO (cathode) and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA, anode) exceeded 90.0% under a low cell potential of 1.77 V.

Stem-loop and circle-loop TADs generated by directional pairing of boundary elements have distinct physical and regulatory properties.

The chromosomes in multicellular eukaryotes are organized into a series of topologically independent loops called TADs. In flies, TADs are formed by physical interactions between neighboring boundaries. Fly boundaries exhibit distinct partner preferences, and pairing interactions between boundaries are typically orientation-dependent. Pairing can be head-to-tail or head-to-head. The former generates a stem-loop TAD, while the latter gives a circle-loop TAD. The TAD that encompasses the Drosophila even skipped (eve) gene is formed by the head-to-tail pairing of the nhomie and homie boundaries. To explore the relationship between loop topology and the physical and regulatory landscape, we flanked the nhomie boundary region with two attP sites. The attP sites were then used to generate four boundary replacements: λ DNA, nhomie forward (WT orientation), nhomie reverse (opposite of WT orientation), and homie forward (same orientation as WT homie). The nhomie forward replacement restores the WT physical and regulatory landscape: in MicroC experiments, the eve TAD is a 'volcano' triangle topped by a plume, and the eve gene and its regulatory elements are sequestered from interactions with neighbors. The λ DNA replacement lacks boundary function: the endpoint of the 'new' eve TAD on the nhomie side is ill-defined, and eve stripe enhancers activate a nearby gene, eIF3j. While nhomie reverse and homie forward restore the eve TAD, the topology is a circle-loop, and this changes the local physical and regulatory landscape. In MicroC experiments, the eve TAD interacts with its neighbors, and the plume at the top of the eve triangle peak is converted to a pair of 'clouds' of contacts with the next-door TADs. Consistent with the loss of isolation afforded by the stem-loop topology, the eve enhancers weakly activate genes in the neighboring TADs. Conversely, eve function is partially disrupted.

Chromosome structure in Drosophila is determined by boundary pairing not loop extrusion.

Two different models have been proposed to explain how the endpoints of chromatin looped domains ('TADs') in eukaryotic chromosomes are determined. In the first, a cohesin complex extrudes a loop until it encounters a boundary element roadblock, generating a stem-loop. In this model, boundaries are functionally autonomous: they have an intrinsic ability to halt the movement of incoming cohesin complexes that is independent of the properties of neighboring boundaries. In the second, loops are generated by boundary:boundary pairing. In this model, boundaries are functionally non-autonomous, and their ability to form a loop depends upon how well they match with their neighbors. Moreover, unlike the loop-extrusion model, pairing interactions can generate both stem-loops and circle-loops. We have used a combination of MicroC to analyze how TADs are organized, and experimental manipulations of the even skipped TAD boundary, homie, to test the predictions of the 'loop-extrusion' and the 'boundary-pairing' models. Our findings are incompatible with the loop-extrusion model, and instead suggest that the endpoints of TADs in flies are determined by a mechanism in which boundary elements physically pair with their partners, either head-to-head or head-to-tail, with varying degrees of specificity. Although our experiments do not address how partners find each other, the mechanism is unlikely to require loop extrusion.

Magneto-Enzymatic Microgels for Precise Hydrogel Sculpturing.

The inclusion of hollow channels in tissue-engineered hydrogels is crucial for mimicking the natural physiological conditions and facilitating the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to cells. Although bio-fabrication techniques provide diverse strategies to create these channels, many require sophisticated equipment and time-consuming protocols. Herein, collagenase, a degrading agent for methacrylated gelatin hydrogels, and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are combined and processed into enzymatically active spherical structures using a straightforward oil bath emulsion methodology. The generated microgels are then used to microfabricate channels within biomimetic hydrogels via a novel sculpturing approach that relied on the precise coupling of protein-enzyme pairs (for controlled local degradation) and magnetic actuation (for directional control). Results show that the sculpting velocity can be tailored by adjusting the magnetic field intensity or concentration of MNPs within the microgels. Additionally, varying the magnetic field position or microgel size generated diverse trajectories and channels of different widths. This innovative technology improves the viability of encapsulated cells through enhanced medium transport, outperforming non-sculpted hydrogels and offering new perspectives for hydrogel vascularization and drug/biomolecule administration. Ultimately, this novel concept can help design fully controlled channels in hydrogels or soft materials, even those with complex tortuosity, in a single wireless top-down biocompatible step.

Characteristics and Cytological Analysis of Several Novel Allopolyploids and Aneuploids between Brassica oleracea and Raphanus sativus.

Polyploids are essential in plant evolution and species formation, providing a rich genetic reservoir and increasing species diversity. Complex polyploids with higher ploidy levels often have a dosage effect on the phenotype, which can be highly detrimental to gametes, making them rare. In this study, offspring plants resulting from an autoallotetraploid (RRRC) derived from the interspecific hybridization between allotetraploid Raphanobrassica (RRCC, 2n = 36) and diploid radish (RR, 2n = 18) were obtained. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using C-genome-specific repeats as probes revealed two main genome configurations in these offspring plants: RRRCC (2n = 43, 44, 45) and RRRRCC (2n = 54, 55), showing more complex genome configurations and higher ploidy levels compared to the parental plants. These offspring plants exhibited extensive variation in phenotypic characteristics, including leaf type and flower type and color, as well as seed and pollen fertility. Analysis of chromosome behavior showed that homoeologous chromosome pairing events are widely observed at the diakinesis stage in the pollen mother cells (PMCs) of these allopolyploids, with a range of 58.73% to 78.33%. Moreover, the unreduced C subgenome at meiosis anaphase II in PMCs was observed, which provides compelling evidence for the formation of complex allopolyploid offspring. These complex allopolyploids serve as valuable genetic resources for further analysis and contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the formation of complex allopolyploids.

Azatriangulenetrione as the Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries: Reversible Redox Chemistry Mediated by Lone Pair Electrons.

Redox-active organic molecules have potential as electrode materials, but their cycling stability is often limited by the irreversible formation of σ-bonds from the radical intermediates. Herein, we present an effective approach to achieve high reversibility by using lone pair electrons to mediate intramolecular radical-radical coupling. Azatriangulenetrione (1) was examined as the anode in sodium-ion batteries, which displayed a reversible four-step, one-electron redox chemistry. In situ electron spin resonance, ex situ Fourier transform infrared/X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculation revealed that the unstable radical anions can couple with each other through the lone pair electrons of the central nitrogen atom, leading to stabilized radical species. Furthermore, scan-rate-dependent cyclic voltammetry measurements and galvanostatic intermittent titration techniques demonstrated that the redox reaction kinetics for radical formation were much faster than the radical paring process. This study offers deep insights into the design of highly reversible organic electrodes.

Nor-LAAM loaded PLGA microparticles for treating opioid use disorder.

The treatment landscape for opioid use disorder (OUD) faces challenges stemming from the limited efficacy of existing medications, poor adherence to prescribed regimens, and a heightened risk of fatal overdose post-treatment cessation. Therefore, there is a pressing need for innovative therapeutic strategies that enhance the effectiveness of interventions and the overall well-being of individuals with OUD. This study explored the therapeutic potential of nor-Levo-α-acetylmethadol (nor-LAAM) to treat OUD. We developed sustained release nor-LAAM-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles (MP) using a hydrophobic ion pairing (HIP) approach. The nor-LAAM-MP prepared using HIP with pamoic acid had high drug loading and exhibited minimal initial burst release and sustained release. The nor-LAAM-MP was further optimized for desirable particle size, drug loading, and release kinetics. The lead nor-LAAM-MP (F4) had a relatively high drug loading (11 wt%) and an average diameter (19 µm) and maintained a sustained drug release for 4 weeks. A single subcutaneous injection of nor-LAAM-MP (F4) provided detectable nor-LAAM levels in rabbit plasma for at least 15 days. We further evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of nor-LAAM-MP (F4) in a well-established fentanyl-addiction rat model, and revealed a marked reduction in fentanyl choice and withdrawal symptoms in fentanyl-dependent rats. These findings provide insights into further developing long-acting nor-LAAM-MP for treating OUD. It has the potential to offer a new effective medication to the existing sparse armamentarium of products available to treat OUD.

Generic method for the detection of short & long chain PFAS extended to the lowest concentration levels of SERS capability.

The detection of the highly toxic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS, constitutes a challenging task in terms of developing a generic method that could be rapid and applicable simultaneously to both long and short-chain PFAS at ppt concentration level. In the present study, the method introduced by the USA Environmental Protection Agency, EPA, to detect surfactants, using methylene blue, MB, which is identified an ideal candidate for PFAS-MB ion pairing, is extended at the lowest concentration range by a simple additional step that involves the dissociation of the ion pairs in water. In this work, Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering, SERS, is applied via Ag nanocolloidal suspensions to probe MB and indirectly either/or both short-chain (perfluorobutyric acid, PFBA) and long-chain (perfluoloctanoic acid, PFOA) PFAS downt to 5 ppt. This method, which can be further optimized to sub-ppt level via a custom-made SERS-PFAS dedicated Raman system, offers the possibility to be applied to either specific PFAS (both short and long-chain) in a targeted analysis or to total PFAS in a non-targeted analysis at very low detection limits, following any type of MB detection method in aqueous solutions and obviously with any type of SERS substrate.

Evaluation of a training package to teach pairing procedures.

Pairing is a commonly recommended practice used to build rapport and create positive therapeutic environments. However, there are limited evaluations of training procedures to teach pairing skills to direct-care staff. The purpose of the present study was to formalize and improve the efficiency of the training process for the initial stages of pairing using video modeling with embedded voice-over instructions plus performance feedback. Participants included three dyads of behavior technicians and children with autism. The results indicated that the training package increased the consistency of pairing implementation. These outcomes were maintained in a novel setting and for up to 4 weeks following training. We also measured relevant child behaviors such as joint attention, engagement, indices of happiness, and calm. Specific areas for future research are described.

Exploring cheese and red wine pairing by an in vitro simulation of tasting.

The cheese wine pairing is a beloved combination subject to a certain subjectivity due to sensorial, psychological, chemical, and cultural factors. This work represents a first attempt to explore the in vitro interactions between cheese, wine, and saliva to objectively measure the pairing. Two experimental red wines obtained from the same grape cultivar and four different cheeses were studied for their composition. Binding reactions between wine and cheese were carried out in three simulated tasting trials and, after precipitation, the wine phenolic content, Saliva Precipitation Index (SPI), and total proteins were evaluated. The optimal pairing (OP) was calculated considering the decrease in salivary and cheese proteins by wine, defined as the cleansing effect; the decrease in astringency due to the cheese, measured by the SPI, and the coating fat which would remain in mouth after eating a piece of cheese. Based on obtained results, the semi-hard cheese was identified as the best pairing option for the two experimental red wines. The differences in the phenolic content between the two wines were instead not enough to show a significant influence on the OP. The in vitro cheese wine pairing can contribute to understanding of wine tasting but it is only a part of the puzzle. However, this first contribution paves the way for additional studies on the molecular and chemical interactions involved in aroma and textural perception in simulated trials.

Diffusion Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Measurements on Cationic Gold (I) Complexes in Catalytic Conditions: Counterion and Solvent Effects.

The amount of free ions, ion pairs, and higher aggregate of the possible species present in a solution during the gold(I)-catalyzed alkoxylation of unsaturated hydrocarbon, i.e., ISIP (inner sphere ion pair) [(NHC)AuX] and OSIP (outer sphere ion pairs) [(NHC)Au(TME)X] [NHC 1,3-bis(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)-imidazol-2-ylidene; TME = tetramethylethylene (2,3-bis methyl-butene); X- = Cl-, BF4-, OTf-; and OTs- BArF4- (ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3)], has been determined. The 1H and 19F DOSY NMR measurements conducted in catalytic conditions indicate that the dissociation degree (α) of the equilibrium ion pair/free ions {[(NHC)Au(TME)X] [(NHC)Au(TME)]+ + X-} depends on the nature of the counterion (X-) when chloroform is the catalytic solvent: while the compounds containing OTs- and OTf- as the counterion gave a low α (which means a high number of ion pairs) of 0.13 and 0.24, respectively, the compounds containing BF4- and BArF4- showed higher α values of 0.36 and 0.32, respectively. These results experimentally confirm previous deductions based on catalytic and theoretical data: the lower the α value, the greater the catalytic activity because the anion that can activate methanol during a nucleophilic attack, although the lower propensity to activate methanol of BF4- and BArF4-, as suggested by the DFT calculations, cannot be completely overlooked. As for the effect of the solvent, α increases as the dielectric constant increases, as expected, and in particular, green solvents with high dielectric constants show a very high α (0.90, 0.84, 0.80, and 0.70 for propylene carbonate, γ-valerolactone, acetone, and methanol, respectively), thus confirming that the moderately high activity of NHC-Au-OTf in these solvents is due to the specific effect of polar functionalities (O-H, C=O, O-R) in activating methanol. Finally, the DOSY measurements conducted in p-Cymene show the formation of quadrupole species: under these conditions, the anion can better exercise its 'template' and 'activating' roles, giving the highest TOF.

Construction of injectable micron-sized polymorphic vesicles for prolonged local anesthesia with weekly sustained release of ropivacaine.

Currently, to overcome the short half-life of the local anesthetic ropivacaine, drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles and liposomes have been used to prolong the analgesic effect, but they are prone to abrupt release from the site of administration or have poor slow-release effects, which increases the risk of cardiotoxicity. In this study, injectable lipid suspensions based on ropivacaine-docusate sodium hydrophobic ion pairing (HIP) were designed to significantly prolong the duration of analgesia. The resulting ion-paired lipid suspension (HIP/LIPO) had a micrometer scale and a high zeta potential, which facilitates stable in situ retention. The strong interaction between docusate sodium and ropivacaine was verified using thermal and spectroscopic analyses, and the formation of micron-sized polymorphic vesicles was attributed to the mutual stabilizing interactions between ropivacaine-docusate sodium HIP, docusate sodium and lecithin. The HIP/LIPO delivery system could maintain drug release for more than 5 days in vitro and achieve high analgesic efficacy for more than 10 days in vivo, reducing the side effects associated with high drug doses. The stable HIP/LIPO delivery system is a promising strategy that offers a clinically beneficial alternative for postoperative pain management and other diseases.

New Engineering Science Insights into the Electrode Materials Pairing of Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices.

Pairing the positive and negative electrodes with their individual dynamic characteristics at a realistic cell level is essential to the practical optimal design of electrochemical energy storage devices. However, the complex relationship between the performance data measured for individual electrodes and the two-electrode cells used in practice often makes an optimal pairing experimentally challenging. Taking advantage of the developed tunable graphene-based electrodes with controllable structure, experiments with machine learning are successfully united to generate a large pool of capacitance data for graphene-based electrode materials with varied slit pore sizes, thicknesses, and charging rates and numerically pair them into different combinations for two-electrode cells. The results show that the optimal pairing parameters of positive and negative electrodes vary considerably with the operation rate of the cells and are even influenced by the thickness of inactive components. The best-performing individual electrode does not necessarily result in optimal cell-level performance. The machine learning-assisted pairing approach presents much higher efficiency compared with the traditional trial-and-error approach for the optimal design of supercapacitors. The new engineering science insights observed in this work enable the adoption of artificial intelligence techniques to efficiently translate well-developed high-performance individual electrode materials into real energy storage devices.

Peanut Pairing Baijiu: To Enhance Retronasal Aroma Intensity while Reducing Baijiu Aftertaste.

Liquor-pairing food is a common dietary combination. Baijiu and peanuts are unquestionably a classic pairing in China. But no one has explained why. Its alteration in baijiu flavor was studied using multiple sensory evaluation, as well as nontargeted proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry coupled with GC × GC-MS. Multiple statistical analyses were used to discover the changes in the retronasal aroma and its contribution to baijiu flavor. It showed that the consumption of peanuts enhances the burst intensity of ester aroma (0.814-1.00) and Jiao aroma (0.889-0.963) but decreases the aftertaste of baijiu (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, it increases the release intensity and advances the burst time of baijiu retronasal aroma (p < 0.05), suppressing its aftertaste through the retention effect of the food matrix, the changes in oral processing, and cross-modal interactions. Hydrophobicity, polarity, and chemical characteristics are key factors of the uneven impact of accompanying food to aroma compounds. Esters, especially ethyl caprylate (2103 ± 927 to 51.9 ± 4.05) is most impacted by peanuts and contributes most to baijiu flavor changes. Pyrazines from peanut enhance the Qu-aroma, grain aroma, and Chen aroma in baijiu flavor. Therefore, we revealed the chemical nature of baijiu-peanut combination and help to optimize baijiu consumption experience.

Exploring food and beverage pairing from a cross-cultural projective mapping.

Culture is a well-known driver of food choices, and therefore, it could also impact food pairing preferences. Food pairing has been studied from different approaches; however, little cross-cultural research has been done. This work explored food and beverage pairing using projective mapping (PM) to create maps of food-beverage combinations. Four countries (Mexico, Argentina, France, and Norway), thirty foods, and six beverages were selected. PM was carried out through an online study in each country. Participants were asked to map foods together with beverages following the instruction that foods and beverages closer together represented a good combination. The coordinates of each product were analyzed through Multiple Factorial Analyses (MFA) by countries. The first four factors of each MFA were used to perform RV coefficients to test similarities in food-beverage pairings between the countries. Finally, a k-means clustering was performed on the beverage coordinates of each MFA. PM provided maps representing food and beverage pairings for each country in which the proximity between food-beverages represented a good combination according to consumers. RV coefficients between countries were low, showing that food-beverage pairings were not similar across countries, evidencing the cultural effect in food-drink combinations. Results from the k-means clustering showed some similarities and differences between countries. In general, the food-beverage pairing was effectively explored with PM, from which several differences and similarities were found within cultures.

Impact of ion-pairing systems choice on diastereomeric selectivity of phosphorothioated oligonucleotides in reversed-phase liquid chromatography.

Ion-pairing reversed-phase liquid chromatography was utilized for the analysis of native and phosphorothioated oligonucleotides differing in the length (2-6mers and 21mer) and the number and position of phosphorothioate modifications. We investigated the influence of counterion (acetate vs. hexafluoroisopropanol) on the adsorption of eleven alkylamines on the stationary phases. A stronger adsorption of charged alkylamines on octadecyl- and phenyl-based stationary phases led to greater retention of oligonucleotides, and the adsorption of alkylamines was promoted with greater concentration of hexafluoroisopropanol in the mobile phase. Selected amines (triethylamine, dipropylamine, hexylamine) were used to study the resolution of n and n-x mers (main peak and its impurities shortened at 5´end), and diastereomeric separation of phosphorothioated oligonucleotides. The results confirmed a crucial role of alkylamine and counterion choice on the diastereomeric separation. The increasing hydrophobicity of alkylamine led to diminished diastereomeric selectivity which produced narrower phosphorothioated oligonucleotides peaks and led to improved n/n-x separation. Using hexafluoroisopropanol instead of acetate as counterion further enhances this effect (except for 100 mM concentration of hexafluoroisopropanol in combination with highly hydrophobic hexylamine). The elevated column temperature led to suppression of the diastereomeric resolution and improved resolution of n and n-x mers oligonucleotides. Baseline separation of oligonucleotides with different number of phosphorothioate linkages was achieved; this may be useful for therapeutic oligonucleotide analysis.

Microplastics impair the reproductive behavior and life history traits of the amphipod Parhyale hawaiensis.

We investigated the distribution and effects of waterborne microplastic (MP) (polyethylene microspheres, 53-63 um) on the emergent model for ecotoxicology, the amphipod Parhyale hawaiensis, during 30 days of exposure. The following life-history traits were measured: (1) survival, (2) specific growth rate (SGR), (3) reproductive performance (precopulatory pairing behavior, fecundity, and time to release neonates), (4) molting frequency, (5) F1 newborn offspring survival and (6) MP bioaccumulation. No significant mortality or molt was seen in any of the treatments. MP caused a reduction in SGR, being more pronounced in females. The time for precopulatory pairing was 3-fold longer in amphipods exposed to MP. Fecundity decreased by 50 %, and the time to release juveniles was 6.7 days longer for amphipods exposed to MP. Finally, neonate survival decreased by 80 % after ten days of release. MP disrupts the reproductive mechanisms and triggers adverse effects on life history traits in P. hawaiensis.

Ion-Pairing Assemblies of Anion-Responsive π-Electronic Systems That Have Noncovalently Assisted Expanded Planar Region.

Arylethynyl-substituted dipyrrolyldiketone BF2 complexes as anion-responsive π-electronic molecules exhibited characteristic electronic properties derived from conformation changes upon anion binding, which caused an increase in UV/vis absorption and associated two-photon absorption. The anion complexes showed expanded planar regions assisted by intramolecular interactions, resulting in charge-by-charge ion-pairing assemblies in the solid state.